Google
This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project
to make the world's books discoverable online.
It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject
to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books
are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.
Marks, notations and other maiginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the
publisher to a library and finally to you.
Usage guidelines
Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing tliis resource, we liave taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.
We also ask that you:
+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.
+ Refrain fivm automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.
+ Maintain attributionTht GoogXt "watermark" you see on each file is essential for in forming people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.
+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of
any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liabili^ can be quite severe.
About Google Book Search
Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers
discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web
at|http: //books .google .com/I
err
THE GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY,
A NEW EDITION.
VOL. XXIX.
Printed by Nichols, Son, and Bentley»
Ked lion Passagei Fleet Street, London*
THE GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
CONTAINING _J: ^ —
AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL ACCOUNT
O.F THB
LIVES AND WRITINGS
/ OF THE
MOST EMINENT PERSON^
IN EVERY NATION;
PARTICULARLY THE BRITISH AND IRISHi
FROM THE EARLIESTS ACCOUNT TO THE PRESENT TIME.
A NEW EDITION,
. REVISED AND ENLARGED BY
ALEXANDER CHALMERS, E; S. A.
VOL. XXIX.
LONDONt
PRIKTEO FOR J. NICHOLS AND SON ; F. C. AND J. RIVINOTON | T. PAYNE ;
OTRIDGB AND SON; O. AND W. NICOL ; O. WILKIE ; J. WALKER; W.
LOWNDES; T. EGERTON; LACRINGTON, ALLEN, AND CO.; J.' CARPENTER |
LONGMAN, HtJRST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN; CADBLL AND DA VIES; LAW
AND WHITTAKER ; J. BOOKER ; J. CUTHELL ; CLARKE AND SONS ; J. AND
A. ARCH; J. HARRIS; BLACK, PARBURY, AND ALLEN ; J. BLACK; J. BOOTH;
J. MAWMAN; GALE AND FENNER; R. H. EVANS; J. HATCHARD ; J. MURRAY |
BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AMD JOY; B. BENTLEY ; OGLE AND CO.; W. GINGER;
RODWELL AMD MARTIN; P. WRIGHT; J. DBIOHTON AND SON, CAMBRIDQX|
CONSTAB]LB AND CO. EDINBURGH; AND WILSON ANp SON, YORK.
1816.
A
«>
A NEW AND GENERAL
BIOGEAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
OUAREZ (FfiANCis)y A Spanish Jesuit, born at Grenada,
Jan. 5, £548, was a professor of reputation at Alcala, at
Salamanca, and at Rome. He was afterwards invited
to Coimbra in Portugal, where he became the princi-
pal professor of divinity. He is an author of the most
voluminous kind: his works extended to twenty -three
volumes, in folio ; and so extraordinary was his memory,
that if any passage was cited from them, he could imme*
diately go on to the end of the chapter or book. Yet,
with all his talents, his examiners had such an indifferent
opinion of him, that it was with some diiBcuity he gained
admission into the order of Jesuits. He died at Lisbon,
Sept. 215, 161 7. B^ order of pope Paul V. he wrote u
book *' against the errors of the English sect,*' which
James I. caused to be publicly burnt at St. Paul's. ^* Happy^
should I be," said he, '^ could I seal with my blood the
truths I have defended with my pen." Yet unpopular aa
this work must have rendered his name in this country,
his treatise on law, '* Tractatus de Legibus,'^ was printed
in London in 1679, in folio. His works are chiefly on
the subjects of metaphysics, morality, and theology ; and
what seeois to recommend them is, that he alAiost every
where relates and explains, with great fidelity and precis
sion, the different sentiments of divines concerning the
subjects on which he treats. The Jesuits consider Suarez
as the greatest and best scholastic divine their order has
produced, and lavish the highest encooiiums upon him.
He was the principal author of the system of Congruisi^,
which is at bottom only that of Molina, although, perhaps,
better adapted to the method and language of the theo-
VOL. XXIX. B
S S U A R E Z.
logiansy and disguised under a less offensive form* Father
Noel, a French Jesuit, made an abridgment of the works*
of this commentator, which was published at Geneva in
1732, in fo\io. There is a prolix life of him by Antony-
Ignatius Deschamp», printed at Perpignan in 1671, a 4to
of 800 pages. * , -
SUCKLING (Sir John), an accomplished courtier, scho-
lar, and poet, was the son of sir John Suckling, cooop-
troller of the royal household, and was born at Whitton in
Middlesex, where his father resided, in 1609. His bio-
graphers have hitherto fixed the time of his birth in 1612,
but, according to some extracts from the parish-register
of Twickenham, in Lysons's '< Environs,^* it appears, that
he was baptised Feb. 10, 1608-9. Lloyd, from whom we
have the first account of this poet, mentions a circumstance
relating to his birth, from which more was presaged tbai>.
folbwed. He was born, according to his mother^s compu«
tation, in th^ eleventh month, and long life and health,
were expected from so extraordinary an occurrence. Du-
ring his infancy he certainly displayed an uncommon fa-
cility of acquiring every branch of education. He spoke
Latin at five years of age, and could write in that language
at the age of nine. It is probable that he was taught more
languages than one at the same time, and by practising
frequently with men of education who kept company with,
bis fiither, soon acquired an ease and elegance of address
which qualified him for the court as well as for foreiga
^travel. His father is represented as a man of a serious turiv
and grave manners ; the son volatile, good-tempered, and.
thoughtless ; characteristics which be seems to have pre-
^inerved throughout life. His tutors found him particularly
tuboiissive, docile, easy to be taught, and quick in learn-
ing, it does not appear that he was sent to either uni-
versity, jret a perusal of his prose works can leave no doubt
that be laid a very solid and extensive foundation for va-
rious learning, and studied, not only such authors as were
suitable to the'vivacity of his disposition, but made him-
self acquainted with those political and religious controver-
sies which were about to involve his country in all the mi-
series of civil war.
'After continuing for some years Under his father^s tutor-
age, he travelled over the kingdom, and tbeo went to the
SUCKLING. J
cantinent, where, his biographer informs us, '^ he made an
honourable collection of the virtues of each nation, withr
out any tincture of theirs, unless it were a httle too much
of the French air» which was indeed the fault of bis com*
plexion, rather than his person." It was about this time»
probably in his twentieth year, that he joined the standard
of the illustrious Gustavus Adolphus, and was present at
three battles and (ive sieges, besides lesser engagements^
within the space of six months.
On his return he employed his time, and expended his
fortune, among the wits of his age, to whom he was re-
commended,- not only by generous and social habits, but
by a solid sense in argument and conversation far beyond
whati might be expected from his years, and the apparent
lightness of his disposition. Among bis principal asso*
ciates, we find the names of lord Falkland, Davenant, Ben
Jonson, Digby, Carew, sir Toby Matthews, and the "ever
memprabje'* Hales of Eton, to whom he addresses a lively
invitation to come to town* His plays, " Aglaura,**
^^ Brennoralt,*' "The Goblins/' and an unfinished piece
entitled " The Sad One," added considerably to his fame^
although they have not been able to perpetuate it. The first
only was printed in his life-time. All bis plays, we aretoldj
were acted with applause, and he spared no expence in
costly dresses and decorations.
While thus seemingly devoted to pleasure only, the un-
fortunate aspect of public affairs roused him to a sense of
duty, and induced him to offer his services, and devote
bis life and fortune, t^^the causes of royaltyl ^ How justly
be could contemplate the unfortunate disptite between the
court and nation, appears in his letter to^Mr.Germaine (af-
terwards lord Albemarle), a cooipo^tion Almost unrivaned
in that age for elegance of styl^ andHepth of obse/vation.
It was, however, too much the practice ; with 4%%9e^ who
made voluntary offers of soldiers, to equip them in Sa
expensive and useless manner. Suckling, who was mag-
nificent in all his expenses, was not to be outdone in an
article which be had studied more \han became a soldier,
and which he might suppose would afford unquestionable
proof of his attachment to the royal cause ; and, having
been permitted to raise a troop of horse, consisting of aii
hundred, he equipped them so '"richly, that they ari said
to have cost him the sum of twelve thousand pounds.
A SUCKLING.
Thi$ exposed him to soine degree of ridiculei a weapotk
ivliioh the republicans often wielded with successfol dex«-
terityi and which, in this instance, was sharpened by tli«
-misconduct of his gaudy soldiers. The particulars of this
Afiair are not recorded; but it appears, that in 1639, the
royai army, of which his troop formed a part, was defeated
by the tScotch, and that sir John*s men behaved remark^
ably ill. All this is possible, without any imputation on
the courage of their commander ; but it afforded his ene-
mies an opportunity of turning the expedition into ridi-
cole with an effect that is yet r emembered* The lines in
Dr. Percy's collection, by sir John Mennis, are not the only
specimen of the wit of the times at our author's expense.
This unhappy affair is said by Lloyd to have contributed
to shorten his days ; but Oldys, in his MS notes on Lang^^
4>aine, attributes his death to another cause. Lord Oxford
informed Oldys, on the authority of dean Chetwood, who
feaid he had it from lord Roscommon, that sir John Suck-
ling, in his' way to France, was robbed of a casket of gold
%nd jewels, by his valet, who gave him poison, and besides
utttck the blade of a pen-knife into his boot in such a inan«>
tier, that sir John was disabled from pursuing the villain,
And was wounded incurably in the heel. Dr. Warton, in a
«K)to to bis Essay on Pope, relates the story somewhat
differently : <* Sir John Suckling was robbed by his valet-
^e^diambre ; the moment he discovered it, he clapped on
liis boots in a f>as9ionate hnrry, and perceived not a large
fusty nail that was concealed at the bottom, which pierced
fm feed, and brought on a mortification.^* He died May 7,
'1641, in the thirty-second year of his age. That he was
■on his way to France, when he met mih the occasion of his
<dealh, seems to be confirmed by a ludicrous poem, lately^
re-printed in the " Censura Literaria," entitled "ALet-
<ter sent by sir John Suckling from Franoe, deploring bis
«ad estate and flight : with a discoverie of the plot and
conspiraeie, intended by him and bis adherents against
England. Imprinted at London, 1641.*' This poem is
dated Paris, June 16, 1641, at which time the author pro-
l»ably had not learned that the object of his satire was be-
yond his reach.
As a poet, he was one of those who wrote for amuse-
inent, Imd was not stimulated by ambition, or anxious for
fame. His pieces were sent loose about the world ; and
not having been collected until after his death, they are
SUCKLING. 1^
probs^ly le!is correct than be left them; Jtlany of hU yerscm
are as rugged and unharmonioiis as thos^e of Donne ; butbia
aongs and ballads are elegant and graceful. He was par-
tictilarly bappy and original in expressing tba feelings of
artificial love, disdain, or disappointmeDt. The ** Session,
of the Poets/' tbe << Lines lo a Rival/* the *'< HoMb
Lover/' and the ^rfiallad upon a Wedding/' are sufficient
td entitle hipa to the honours. of poetry, which the autho(
of tbe lives published under the name of Cibber,isestreiKiely
anxious to wrest from him.
His works have been often reprinted ; first in 1646, 9vQ|
again in 1 6i9^ and 1 676 ; very correctly by Tonscm in 1 7 I9f
and elegantly, but incorrectly, by Davies in 1770. Tb9
edition of Tonson has been followed in the late edition of
the ^' English Poets/' with the omission of such pieces aa
were thought degrading to his meoiory, and insulting to
publio decency *. But whatever opinion is entertained of
Suckling as a poet, it may be doubted whether his prose
writings are not calculated to raise a yet higher opinion of
bis talents. His letters, with a dash of gallantry piore
free than modern times will admit, are shrewd in observa«*
tion, and often elegant in style. That addressed to Mr.
Germaine has already been noticed, and bis ** Account <4
Religion by Reason/' is remarkable for soundness of argu*
ment, and purity of expression, far exceeding the oon«
troversial writings of that age. This piece affords a pre^
sumption that he was even now no stranger to those re-»
flections which elevate the human character, and that if
bis life had been spared, it would have been probably d^««
voted to more honourable objects than those in which b^
had employed his youthful days.^
SUETONIUS (Caius Suetonius Traijouiiaus), an
ancient historian and biographer, was born at Rome aboul
the beginning of the reign of Vespasian, perhaps in th<|
year 70, as may be collected from his own words in the
life of Nero. His father Suetonius Lenis was tribune of 4
legion, in the service of the emperor Otho, against Vitel**
lius. He passed his first years probably at Rome; mkA
when groyvn up, applied himself to the bar. He appears
to have very early acquired tbe friendship of the youngev
^ There is m manuscript poem from is of that gross kin4 w^ich delicacy
his pen ia the British Maseura* re- ivill not now tolerate.)
^lete wiUi humour 1 but tbe subjeot
1 En^lith Poetf, 21 ▼ob.Sro, IS 10, k<i*
6 SUETONIUS.
Pliny, /who procured for him the office of tribune; and
afterwards, upon his resignation, transferred it to his kins-
than, at Suetonius*s request. He obtained also for him
the " Jus trium Hberorum;" a favour seldom granted, and
which Pliny could not have obtained, if, beisides his great
Interest at court, he had not very earnestly solicited the
fenperor Trajan, in a letter written from Bitliynia, of
which he was at that tihfft oovernor. In this letter he de*
Scribes Suetonius as a man of great integritjf, honour, arid
learning, whose manners and studies were^ the same with
his own ; and he aiids, *' the better I have known him, the
more I have loved him. He has been rather unhappy in
bis marriage ; and the privileges of those who have tl^ree
' children are upon several accounts necessary. He begs
through mej therefore, that your bounty will' supply what
bis ill fortune has denied him. 1 know, sir, the high value
of the favour I ask ; but I am asking a sovereign whose
indulgence to all my wishes I have long experienced. How
desirous I am to obtain it, you wiih easily conclude, from
iny applying to you at this distance; which Ishould not
have done, if it had been a matter of indifference to me.**
Suetonius advanced himself to be afterwards secretary to
the emperor Adrian ; but he lost that place, fo^ not paying
a due respect to the empress. Spartian, speaking of him
and others involved in the same blame, uses the words
^ quod apud Sabinam uxorem, injussu ejus, familiarius se
tunc egerant, quam reverentia domus aulicse postulabat.*'
On the nature of this disrespect, or " too great familiarity,**
critics are not agreed. Their offence probabl}- rose only
from the capricious temper of the emperor, who, we are
told, treated her with great contempt himself for some
reason, and permitted others also 'to do so uiider certain
limitations; which limitations Suetonius and others might
ignorantly transgress.
' We know nothing more of Suetonius, nor of the time of
bis death. He wrote many books, none of which are come
down to us, except his Lives of the first twelve emperors,
and part of his treatise concerning the illustrious gram-
marians and rhetoricians ; for he applied himself much to
the study of grammar and rhetoric, and many are of opi-
nion that he was a teacher. Suidas ascribes to him seve-
ral works of the grammatical kind ; and observes, that he
wrote a book respecting the Grecian games, two upon the
shows of the Romans, two upon the laws and customs of
« U ET ON I U S. f
itome, one upon the life of Cicero, or upoB. btr booin
'' De Republic^* and *' A catalogue of the illustrious meo
4»f Roine.^ Matiy other pieces of his are cited by variotti
authors; and the lives of Terence, Horace, Juvenal, Per*
sius, and Lucan, have usually gone under his naoiey and
been printed at the end of his works, though it is not aln
sdutely certain that they are his. His ** History of tb#
Emperors" is a work of great value, as illustrative <^ thft
manners of the times, and the particular character of thes^
sovereigns, but is not written strictly either in the bistort*
jcal or biographical form. It consists of a continued series
of curious facts, related succinctly, without digressions or
tTeflections. There is in it a character of sincerity^ wbicli
^bews very plainly, that the author feaced and hoped for
nothings and that his pen was not directed ^y hatred or
ilattery. Suetonius, says Politian, ** has given us evident
proofs of his dttigence, veracity, and freedom. There is
DO room for any suspicion of partiality in bis books ; no*
thing is advanced out of favour, or suppressed out of fear :
the facts themselves have engrossed bis whole attention,
and he has consulted truth in the first place/' Politian is
also of opinion, that he forbore writing the lives of Nerva,
Trajan, and Adrian, the emperors of his time, because be
would not be tempted to disregard the love of truth. Some
have blamed him for his descriptions of the horrid debau*
cberies of Tiberius, Caligula, Nero, and Domitian, which
Erasmus is willing to excuse on the score of bis care and
.fidelity as an historian ; but certainly such descri|)tions caB*
Aot be defended, because they cannot be necessary even to
fidelity itself. A goad4£nglish translation was published in
1796 by Dr. Alexander Thomson, in which he softened or
suppressed Suetonjus^s indelicacies, without any injury to
the general effect of the narrative. Suetonius speaks dis«
respectfully of the Christians, catling them ** genus boroi-
niim superstitionis novae & maleficae, a sort of people of a
new and nviscbievous superstition f ' but Lardner has se*
lected froip him some important corroborations of the facts
of gospel history.
Suetonius was first printed at Rome in 1470, fol. and
was often reprinted in tb^t century, with and without dates;
since when, the best editions are : those of Stepbanua^
1543, Svo : *< Cum notis jc numismatiboa a Carolo Patin/'
Basil, 1675, 4to : ^* Cum notis integris Isaaci Casauboni,
Laevini Torrentii, Joannis Georgii GrsDvii, & selectis alio*
I SUETONIUS.
niin,*^ HagnCooiit 1691, 4to. << Cum notis varioMtn A
Pirisci," L. Bat. 1692, 2 torn. 8vo. And, " Cum hotis
•ttctioribus Pitisci,'' Leovard. 1714. This last is by far
the best; but tbere is another printed at the Hague in
1727, 4to; " In usttm Delphini," Paris, 1684, 2 torn. 4to ;
•^^ Cum notis Burmanni," 1736, in 2 vols. 4to; << Emesti,^*
l^ipsic, 1748—75, 8vo. " Oudendorp," Leyden, 1751,
•S vols. 8 vo ; and <* Wolfius," Leipsic, 1 808, 4 vols. 8 vo. ^
' SUEUR (EuSTACHE le), one of the best painters in his
-time which the French nation had produced, was born at
Paris in 1617, and studied the principles of his art und^r
Simon Vouet, whom he infinitely surpassed ; and although
he was never out of France, carried the art to a very
'high degree of perfection. His style was formed upon
antiquity, and after the best Italian masters. He invented
.with ease, and bis execution was always worthy of his de-
signs. His attitudes are simple and noble, and bis ex-i-
-pr«ssion well adapted to the subject. His draperies are
; designed after the manner of Raphael's last works. Al-
.though he knew little of the local colours, or the chiaro
scuro, he was so much master of the other parts of paint-
. ing, that there was a great likelihood of his throwing off
Vouet's manner entirely, had he lived longer. Itnmedi-
ately after Vouet's death, he perceived that his master had
ied him out of the way : and by considering the antiques
that were in France, and the designs and prints of the best
Italian masters, particularly Raphael, he contracted a more
refined style and happier manner. Le Brun could not
' forbear being jealous of Le Sueur, who did not mean,
however, to give any man pain ; for he had great simpli-
' city of manners, and much candour, and probity. He
died at Paris April 30, 1655, at no more than thirty-eight
years of age. The life of St. Bruno, in twenty pictures,
' originally preserved iu the Chartreux, and which employed
him for three years, have, as Mr. Fuseli informs us, been
- ** lately consigned to the profane clutch of restoration in
the attic of the Luxembourg, and are now little more than
the faint traces of what they were when issuing from thig
liand of their master. They have siiflered martyrdom more
; than ovroe. It is well that the naturae of the subject per-
, mitted little anore than fresco in the colouring at first, and
Aat the grent merit of their execution consisted in that
» Geo. Diet— riiou U^fiuU-^Voumi de Hjpt Lat.— te»i PsOiMsU
8 U EC IL 9
breadth of vehicle which monafttic drapeiy demands, else
we shddd have lost even the fragments that remain. The
old man in the fore-ground, the head of St. Bruno, and
some of the disputants in the hack-ground of the Predica-
tion ; the bishop and the condemned defunct in the fune*
fal ; the apparition of St. Bruno himself in the camp ; the
female figure in the eleemosinary scene, and what has suf*
fered least of all, the death of St. Bruno, contain the leatt
disputable marks of the master's primitive touch. The
subject of the whole, abstractly considered, is the'persoin*
fication of sanctity, and it has been represented in the
series with a purity which seems to place the artist's heart
on a level with that of his hero. The simplicity which telb
that tale of resignation and innocence, despises vll contrast
of more varied composition, though not always with equal
anccess. St. Bruno on his bed, visited by angels, build-
ing or viewing the plan for building his rocky retreat ; the
iiunting-scen^, and the apotheosis ; might probably ^ave
admitted happier combinations. As, in the difiPerent re*
touchings, the faces have suffered most, the expression
hdust be estimated by those that escaped ; and Arom What
still remains, we may conclude that it was uot inferior to
the composition.** *
SUGER, theabb^, a celebrated minister under Louis VII.
was born at Tguri in Beauce, in 1082, and being bred up
at St. Denis with the young prince, afterwards Louis le
Gros, became his principal guide and counsellor. On the
death of Adam, abbot of St. Denis, in 1122, Suger ob-
tained his* place, and even in his abbey performed the
duties of a minister. He reformed and improved not only
his own society, as abbot, but all departments of the state
as minister, and obtained sa high a reputation, that after
his death it was thought sufficient to write on his tomb,
" Cy git rabb6 Suger." " Here lies the abb6 8uger.F»
He died' at St. Denis, in 1152. His life has been written
in 3 vols. 12mo, by a Dominican of the name of Gervaise, .
and some works which he wrote have been inserted by Du
Chesne in his historical collections.*
SUICER (John Gaspard), a learned Gernnm divine,
was bom at Zurich June 26, 1619 ; became professor there
of the Greek and Hebrew languages ; and died at HeideU .
berg Nov. 8, 1634, according to Saxius. He Was the
1 ArgtBTille^ vol. IV.-- FilkiHgtoii. • Morari.— Diet. Hist.
ja « U I C E R,
compiler of a very useful work, called ** Lexicon, sive
Thesaurus Ecclesiasticus Patrum GraecoruiB :*' the beat
cditipo of which is that of Amsterdam, 1728, 2 vols, foU
He bad a son, Henrv Suiper, distinguished by some lite-*
rary productions, who wjm a professor, first at Zurich^ tbcB
at Hi^delberg, and who died in 1705.*
SU19AS, author of a celebrated Greek Lexicon, is a
personage of whom we are unable to give manyij^rticulars.
Who be was, or when be jived, are points of great uncer*
tarnty ; no circumstances of bis life having been recorded,
either by himself or any other writer. Politian and some
others have been of opinion that no such person ever ex«*
isted ; but that Suidas was ^ real person, appears, not only
from his namejbeing found in all the manuscripts of his
Lexicon, but from bis being ofteui mentioned by Eusta*
tbius in bis Commentary upon HomeVt% The learned have
differed in the same manner concerning the age of Suidas ;
some, as Grotius^ supposing him to have lived under Conr
stantinus, the son. of Leo, emperor of the East, who begao
to reign in the year 912; while others have brought him eveii
lower than Eustatbius, who is known to have lived in 1 ISO.
The learned Benlley thinks that as he has referred a point
of chronology to the death of the emperor Zimisces, that
is, to the year of Christ 975: we may infer that he wrote
bis Lexicon between that time and the death of the suc-
ceeding emperor, which was in 1025. This Lexicon is a .
compilation of matters from various authors, sometimes
made with judgment and diligence, but often from bad
copies ; and he therefore sometimes gives his reader cor-
rupt and spurious words, instead of those that are pure
and genuine. He also mixes things of a different kind,
and belonging to different authors, promiscuously ; and
some of his examples to illustrate the signification of words
are very little to the purpose. His Lexicon, however, is a
very useful book,- and a storehouse of all sorts of erudition.
Scholars hy profession have all prized it hijghly ; as exhi-
biting many excellent passages of ancient authors whose
works are lost. It is to be ranked uith the Bibliotbeca of
I^hotius and works of that kind. The ^^ Etymologicon
Ma|i;num^' has been ascribed to Suidas, but without suffi-
cient authority, though it may have been composed in the
same period with the Lexicon.
1 Moreri. — Diet. Hiit.— Saiii Ooomait.
S U I D A S. n
Suidas^s Lexicon was first published at Milan, 1 499, ia
Greek only : it has since been printed with a Latin ^tt^
sion : bat the best edition, indeed the only good one, it
that of Kuster, Gr. & Lat. Cambridge, 1705, 5 vols, folie*
To this should be added Toup^s v^oable *^ Emeodationct
in Saidam," Oi[on. 1790, 4 vols. 8va Mr. Taylqr had
begun an appendix to Snidas, four sheets only of which
were printed off at the time of bis death, April 4, 1 766.
It had the following title, ^'Appendix notarum in Suidae
Lexicon, ad paginasedit Cantab^ 1705, adcommodatarum ;
colUgente, qui et suas etiam aliquammultas adjecit, Joanne
Taylor." This, we believe, was never fihisl^d.'
SULLY (Maximiuan de Bethume, duke of), one of the
most able and honest ministers that France ever had, was
descended from an ancient and illustrious house, and bom
in 1 SS9 at Rosni, descended from a younger branch of the
ancient counts oif Flanders. His Either was the baroo de
Rosni. He was bred in the opinions and doctrine of the
reformed religion, and continued to the end of his life
constant in the profession of it, which seems to have fitted
him for the important services to which Providence bad
designed him. The queen of Navarre, after the death of
her husband Antony de Bourbon, returned to Beam, where
she openly professed Calvinism. She sent for her son
Henry from the court of France to Pan in 1556, and put
him under a preceptor, who trained him up in the Protea*
tant religion. She declared herself the protectress of the
Protestants in 1566 ; and went to Rochelle, where she de-
voted her 6on to the defence of the Reformed religion. In
that quality Henry, then prince of Beam, was declared
chief of the party ; and followed the army from that time
to the peace, which was signed at St. Germains, August
11, 1570. He then returned to Beam, and made use of
the quret that was given him, to visit his estates and his
government of Guyenne, after which« he went and settled
in Rochelle,' with his mother.
The advantages granted to the Protestants by the peace
of St. Germains, raised a suspicion in the breasts of their
leaders, that the court of France was acting treacherously,
and that in reality nothing else was intended by the p^ace,
than to prepare for the most dismal tragedy that ever was
1 Moreri.— Saxii OaoBiaft.— >Berringion>s Middle Afei. — Clarke'i Bibliofra-
phicat Dictionary. '
M SULLY.
ftfited ; tnd the truth was, that the queen dowager Catha-*
rine de Medicts, and her son Charles IX. being now con-
vinced that the Protestants were ,too powerful to be sub**
dued by force, were determined to extirpate them by stra«
tagem. They, however, dissembled their intentions ; and,
during the whole ye^f 1571, talked of nothing but faith-*
fully observing the treaties ef entering into a closer cor-*
respondence with the Protestants, and carefully preventing
all occasions of rekindling the war. To remove all possi*
ble suspicion, the court of France proposed a marriage
between Charles the IXth's sister, and Henry prince of
Beam; and feigned, at the same time, as if they would
prepare a war against Spain, than which nothing could be
more agreeable to Henry. These things, enforced with
the appearance of great frankness and sincerity, entirely
gained the queen of Navarre ; who, though she continued
irresolute for some months, yet yielded about the end of
1571, and prepared for the journey to Paris, as was pro*
posed, in May J 572.
Sully's father was one of those who doubted the sincerity
6f the court, and conceived such strong apprehensions, that
when the report of the court of Navarre's journey to Parit
first reached him, he could not give credit to it. Firmly
persuaded that the present calm would be of short conti*
nuance, he made haste ta take advantage of it, and pre*
pared to shut himself up with his effects in Rochelle, when
every one else thought of leaving it. But the queen of
Navarre having informed him of her design, and requested
him to join her in her way to Vendome, he went, and took
Sully, now'in his twelfth year, along with him. He found
a general security at Vendome, aud an air of satisfaction
on every face ; to which, though he durst not object in pub«-
lie, yet he made remonstrances to some of the chiefs in pri-
vate. These were considered as the effects of weakness
and timidity ; and therefore, not caring to seem wiser than
persons of greater understandings, he seemed to incline to
the general opinion. He went to Rosni, to put himself into
a condition to appear at the magnificent court of France ;
but, before he went, presented bis son to the prince of
BeWn, in the presence of the queen his mother, with great
solemnity, and assurances of the most inviolable attachment*
Sully did not return with his father to Rosni, but went to
Paris in the queen of 'Navarre's train. He applied himself
closely to his studies, without neglecting to pay a proper
S U L L T. 13
*
tovat to the prince his master ; and liwd witk a governor
and a valet de chambre in a part of Paris where almost ati
the colleges stood, and continued there till the bloody ca-
tastrophe which happened soon after.
Nothing could be more kind than die reception which
the queen of Navarre, her children, and principal servants,
met with from the king and queen; nor more obliging, thafi
their treatment of them. The queen of Navarre died, and
•ome' historians make no doubt but she was poisoned;
yet the whole court appeared sensibly affected, and went
into deep mourning. Still many of the Protestants, among
whom was Sully*s father, suspected the designs of the court;
and had such convincing proofs, that they quitted the court,
and Paris itself, or at least lodged in the suburbs., They
warned prince Henry to be cautious ; but he listened to
nothing ; and some of his chiefs were as incredulous, and
the admiral de Coligni in particular, though one of the
wisest and most sagacious men in the world. The fact to
be perpetrated was fixed for the 24th of August, 1572, and
is well known by the name of the massacre of St. Bartholo*
mew. The feast of St. Bartholomew fell this year upon a
Sunday ; and the massacre was perpetrated in the evening.
All the necessary measures having been taken, the ring-
ing of the bells or St. Germain T Adzerrois for matins was
the signal for' beginning the slaughter. The admiral de
Coligni was first murdered by a domestic of the duk6 of
Guise, the duke himself staying below in the court, and his
body was thrown out of the window. (See CoLtGNi.) The
king, as Daniel relates, went to feast himself with the sight
of it ; and, when those that were with him took notice that
it was somewhat offensive, is said to have used the reply of
the Roman emperOT Vitellius, '* The body of a dead enemy
always smells sweet.*' All the domestics of the admiral were
afterwards slain, and the slaughter was at the same time be*
gun by the king's emissaries in all parts of the city. Ta-*-
vanes, a marshal of France, who had been page to Francis L
end was at that time one of the counsellors and confidants
of Catharine de Medidis, ran through the streets of Paris,
crying, *' Let blood, let blood ! bleeding is as good in th^
month of August, as in May !" Among the most distin-
guished of the Protestants that perished was Francis de la
Rochefoucault ; who having been at play part of the night
with the king, and finding himself seized in bed by n^en in
masques, thooght they were the king and hisxourtiers, whe
14 SULLY.
came to divert themselves with him. During this carnage^
SuHj^*s safety is thus accounted for by himself: ** I was in
bed/' says he, ^^and awaked from sleep three hours after
midnight by the sound of all the bells and the confused cries
of the populace. My governor, St. Julian, with my valet de
chambre, went hastily out to know the cause ; and I never
si(terwards heard more of these men, who, without doubt,
were among the first that were sacrificed to the public fury.
I continued alone in my chamber dressing myself, when in
a few moments T saw my landlord enter, pale, and in the
utmost consternation. He was of the reformed religion ;
and, having learned what the matter was, had consented to
go to mass, to preserve his life, and his house from being"
pillaged. He came tu persuade me to do the same, and to
take me with him : I did not think proper to follow him,
but resolved to try if I could gain the college of Burgundy,
where I had studied ; though the ^reat disunce between the
bouse where I then was, and the college, made the attempt
very dangerous. Having disguised myself in a scholar^s
gown, I put a large prayer*book under my arm, and went
into the street. . I was seized with horror inexpressible at
the sight of the furious murderers ; who, running from all
parts, forced open the houses, and cried aloud, * Kill ! kill !
massacre the Huguenots !^ The blood which I saw shed
before my eyes, redoubled my terror, I fell into the midst
of a body of guards ; they stopped me, questioned me, and
were beginning to use me ill, when, happily for me, the book
that I carried was perceived, apd served me for a passport.
Twice after this I fell 'into the same danger, from which
I extricated myself by the same good fortune. At last I
arrived at the college of Burgundy, where a danger still
greater than any I had yet met with awaited me. The por«
ter having twice refused me entrance, I continued standing
in the midst of the street, at the mercy of theifurious mur-
derers, whose numbers increased every moment, and who
were evidently seeking for llieir prey ; when it came into
my mind to ask for La Faye, the principal of this college,
a good man, by whom I was tenderly beloved. The porter,
prevailed upon by some small pieces of money which I put
into his hand, adniitted me ; and my friend carried me to
his apartment, where two inhuman priests, whom I heard
mention Sicilian vespers, wanted to forpe me from him, that
they might cut me in pieces; saying, the order was, not to
spare even infants at the breast All t&^ good man could
SULLY. IS
do was to cohdact me prirately to a distant chamber, wbero
be locked. me up; and here I was confined three days, un-
certain of my destiny^ seeing no one but a servant of my
friend, who came from time to time to bring me provision."
Henry king of Navarre, who had been married to Charles
the IXth's sister but six days before, with the greatest so<*
lemnity and with all the marks pf kindness and aiTectioll
from the court, was awaked two hours before day by a great
Dumber of soldiers, who rushed boldly into a chamber in
the Louvre, where he and the prince of Cond^ lay, arid in«
solently commanded them to dress themselves, and attend
the king. They would not suffer the two princes to take
their swords with them, who, as they went, saw several of
their gentlemen massacred before their eyes. This was
contrived, doubtless, to intimidate them ; and, with the same
view, as Henry went to the king, the queen gave orders,
that they should lead him under the vaults, and make him
pass through the guards, drawn up in files on each side, and
'Sin rmenacing postures. He trembled, and recoiled two or
three steps back; but the captain of the guards swearing
that they should do him no hurt, he proceeded through,
amidst carbines and halberts. The king waited for them, and
received them with a countenance and eyes full of fury : he
ordered them with oaths and blasphemies, which were fa-
miliar with him, to quit a religion, which he said had been
taken up only for a cloke to their rebellion : be told them
in a fierce and angry tone, ** that he would no longer be
contradicted in his opinions by his subjects; that they by
their example should teach others to revere him as the
image of God, and cease to be enemies to the images of his
mother;*' and ended by declaring, that <Mf they did not
go to mass, he' would treat them' as criminals guilty of trea*
son against diviniB and hupnan majesty." The manner of
pronouncing these words not suffering the princes to doubt
the sincerity of them, they yielded to necessity, and per«
formed what was required of them : and Henry was even
obliged to send an edict into his dominions, by which the
exercise of any other religion but the Romish was forbidden.
In the niean time the court sent orders to the governors
in all the provinces, that the same destruction should be
made of the Protestants there as had been at Paris;' but
many of them nobly refused to execute these orders ; and
the viscount d'Ortbe had the courage to writie from Bay*
onoe to Charles IX. that, ^ be found many fo«d soldiem
16 JrU L L Y.
in his gamsoii) but not one execationef t and begged biia
to commantl their lives in any service that was possible/'
Yet the abettors and prime actors in this tragedy at Paris-
were wonderfully satisfied with themselves^ and. found much
comfort in having been able to do so much for the cause of
God and bis church. Tavanes, mentioned above, who ran
about the streets crying ^* Let blood ! let blodd !*^ .being
upon his death-bed, made a general confessibn of the sins
of bis life ; aften which his confessor saying to him with an
air of astonishment, *^ Why ! you speak not a word of St«
Bartholomew;'* he replied, '^I look upon that as a meri-*
torious action, which ought to atone for all the sins I have
ever committed." This is related by his son, who has writ*
ten memoirs of him. The king himself must have supposed
real merit to have been in it ; for, not content with setting
bis seal and sanction to these detestable butcheries, he is
credibly affirmed to have taken the carbine into his own
hands, and to have 'shot at the poor Huguenots as they at-*
tempted to escape. The court of Rome did all they could
to confirm the Parisians in this horrid notion : foi: though
Pope Pius V. is said to have been so much afflicted at the
massacre as to shed tears, yet Gregory XI IL who succeeded
bim, ordered a public thanksgiving to God for it to be of-
fered at Rome, and sent a legate to congratulate Charles
I^. and to exhort him to continue it. Father Daniel coo-
tents himself with saying, that the king's zeal in his ter-
rible punishment of the heretics was commended at Rome ;
und Baronius affirms the action to have been absolutely
necessary. The French writers, however, have spoken of
it in the manner it deserves; have represented it as the
most wicked and inhuman devastation that ever wss com<«
emitted: ^'an execrable action,*' says one of th^m, Prefixe,
*^that never had, and I trust God will never have, its like.''
Seventy thousand, according to Sully's Memoirs, was the
numberof Protestants massacred, duringeight days, through-
out the kingdom.
At the end of three days, however, a prohibition against
murdering and pillaging any more of the Protesjlants was
published at Paris ; and then Sully was suffered to quit bis
cell in the college of Burgundy. He immediately saw two
ioldiers of the guard, agents to his father, entering the col-
lege, wlio gave his father a relation of what had happened
to b!m ; and^ eight days after, he received a letter from
him, advising bim to continue in Paris, since the prince h#
-SULLY* 17
served was not at liberty to leave it; and adding, thatb#
should follow the princess example in going to mass. Tbougb
the king of Navarre had saved bis life by this submission,
yet in other things be was treated very indifferently, and
suffered a thousand capricious insults. He was obliged,
against his will, to stay some years at the court of France;
he knew very well how to dissemble his chagrin ; and he
often diverted it by gallantries, and the lady de Sauves,
wife to one of the secretaries of state, became one of his
chief mistresses. But still he did not neglect such politi-
cal measures as seemed practicable, and he had a hand iii
those that were formed to take away the government from
Catharine de Medicis, and to expel the Guises from court ;
which that queen discovering, caused him and the duke of
Alen^on to be arrested, set guards upon them, and ordered
them to be examined upon many heinous allegations. They
wercisetat liberty by Henry III. for Charles IX. died, 1574,
io the most exquisite torments and horrors, the massacre of
8t. Bartholomew's r day having been always in his mind.
Sully employed his leisure in the most advantageous man*
ner he was able. He found it impracticable in a court to
' pursue the study of the learned languages, or of any
'thing called learning ; but the king of Navarre ordered him
to be taught mathematics and history, and^ali those exer-
cises which give ease and gracefulness to the person ; that
method of educating youth, with a particular attention to
tiie formation of the manners, being peculiar to Henry,
who was himself educated in the same way.
In 1576,. the king of Navarre made his escape from the
court of France, while on a hunting-party near Senlis;
from whence, his guards . being dispersed, he instantly
passed the Seine at Poissy, and went to Tours, where he
no sooner arrived than he resumed the exercise of the Pro-
testant religion. A war was now expected ; and Catharine
de Medicis began to tremble in her turn : and, indeed,
from that time to 158^, Henry's life presents us only with
a mixture of battles, negociations, and love-intrigues, ifhich
kst made no inconsiderable part of his business. Sully was
one of those who attended him in his flight, and who con-
tiniled to attend him to the end of his life, serving him in,
the different capacities of soldier and statesman, as the va-
xiout conditions of bis.aiiairs required. Henry'^ wife, whom
•Catharine had brought to him in 1578, was a great impedi-
saent ta bim ; yet by bit management she was someiimti
Vol. XXIX. C
IS SULLY.
of use also. There were frequent ruptures betvreeti hitn
afid the court of France; but at last Henry IIL confede-
rated with him sincerely, and in ^;ood earnest, to resist the
League, which was more furious than ever, after the death
of the duke of Guise and the cardinal his brother. The
reeoncihation and confederacy of these two kings was con*
eluded iii April 1589 : their interview was at Tours the 30th
of that month, attended with great demonstratton'of mutual
satisfaction. They joined their troops some time after to
lay siege to Paris : they besieged it in person, and were
upon the point of conquering that great city, when the king
of France was assassinated by James Clement, a Dominicati
friar, the Ist of August, at the village of St, Cloud. " The
league,'' says Henault, ^Ms perhaps the most extraordinary
event in history; and Henry IIL may be reckoned the
weakest prince in not foreseeing, that he should render
himself dependant on that party by becoming their chief.
The Protestants had made war against him, as an enemy
of their sect; and the leaguers murdered him on account
of his uniting with the king of Navarre, the chief of the
Huguenots/'
Henry III. upon his death-bed declared the king of Na<*
varre bis successor, who accordingly succeeded him, but
not without very great difficulties. He was acknowledged
king by most of the lords, whether catholic or protestant,
who happened then to be at court ; ' but the leaguers re«
fused absolutely to acknowledge his title till he had re^
nounced the protestant religion ; and the city of Paris peir-
aisted in its revolt till the 22d of March, 1594. H^ em-
braced the catholic religion, as the only method of putting
an end to the miseries of France, by the advice of Sully,
whom he had long taken into the sincerest confidehce;
and the celebrated Du Perron, afterwards cardinal, was
made the instrument of his conversion* He attempted also
to convert Sully, but in vain : ** My parents bred me,'* said
the minister, *^ in the opinions and dottrines of the re-
formed religion, and I have continued constant in the pro-
fession of it ; neither threatenings, promises^ variety of
events, nor the change even of the king my protector,
joined to his most tender solicitations, iiave ever been able
to make me renounce it."
This change of religion in Henry IV. thdugh it tieeoted
4o create a present satisfaction, did not secure bifti froiti
continual plots and troubles ; and beirrg made ttpon poUf^
I
\
fi U L L Y* }0
<pcal asiQtives, it was natural to suppose it not sincere.
Thus, Dec. 26, 1594, a scholar, named John Chastel, at-
^napted to assassinate tbe king, but only wounded bim iti
the 9>outb ; aud when he was interrogated concerning tbe
Qriiue, readily apswered, ^^ That he came from the college
of 1;he. Jesuits,*' and then accused those fathers ofhs^ving
instigated him to it The king, who was present at his
i^aminatioq, said with much gaiety, that '^ he bad heard,
froiQ the mouths of many persons, that the society never
lQv§d him, and he was now convinced of it by his own^'*
l^ome writers have related, that this assassination was at-
tempted when he was with the fair Gabriel le, his mistress,
at t;be hotel d'Estr6es ; but SuUy, who was with him, says
^hat it was at Paris, in his apartments in the Louvre. This
Ga.brie)le wm the favourite mistress of Henry JLV. and it is
said, that the king intended to marry her ; but she died in
1^99, tbe year that his marriage with Margaret of Yalois^
sister of Charles IX. was declared null and void by the
pope^s commissioners, with consent of both parties. Hf
married Mary of Medicis, at Lyons> th^ year after, and
appointed madame de Guerchevilie, to whom he had made
Ipve without success, to be one of her ladies of honour ;
saying, that ^^ since she was a lady of real honour, she
should be in that .post with tbe queen his wife.'' Henry,
though he was ^ great monarch, was not alv^ays successful
iu his addresses to the fair ; and a noble saying is recorded
by many writers of Catharine, sister to tbe viscount de
JS^o^an^ who replied tq a declaration of gallantry from this
priuce^ that ^^ she was too poor tp be his wife, and of top
good a family tp. be his mistress."
Sully was n^w the first minister ; and he performed all
lb? p4Eie.e4 of a great and good minuter, whil^ Henry per-
formed the offices of a great and good king. He attended
to every part of the government ; prosecuted extortioners^
aud those who were guilty of embezzling the public money;
and, in short| restored the kingdom, in a few years, from
a moft desperate to a most flourishing condition ; whicb^
however, be could not have done, if tbe king had ndt re-
•oiutely supported him agsfinst favourite mistresses, the
^skbals of court, ^nd tbe factions, of state, which would
otherwise have overwhelmed him. The king himself turned
bi^ wjiole application to every thing that might be useful,
9r eveiV' convenient, tp bis kingdom, without suffering
a^j^^ j^bat hi^ppened oi^t of it to pass unobserved, ^# j^ooa
c 2
20 SULLY.
as he had put an end to the civil wars of France, and had
conciuded a peace with Spain at Vecvins, on the 2d of
May, 1 598. The state of the finances of BVance was at this
time in a wretched situation, as many of the provinces were
entirely exhausted, and none of them in a condition of
bearing any new imposition. The standing revenues
brought into the king's coffers no more than thirty millions,
though an hundred and fifty millions were raised on the
people : so great were the abuses of that government in
raising mdney ; and they were not less in the dispensation
of it. The whole scheme of the administration was a
scheme of fraud, and all who served cheated the public,
from the highest offices down to the lowest ; from the com-^
tnissioners of the treasury, down to the under farmers and
under treasurers. Sully beheld this state of things, wheu
he came to have the sole superintendency of affairs, with
horror; he was ready to despair: but zeal for his master
and for his country animated his endeavours, and he re-
solved to make the reformation of abuses, the reduction of
expences, and a frugal management, the fund for the pay-
ment of national debts, and for all the great things he
intended to do, without overcharging the people. This
plan fully succeeded. The people were immediately eased,
trade revived, the king's coffers were filled, a maritime
power was created, and every thing necessary was pre-
pared to put the nation in a condition of executing great
designs, whenever great conjunctures should offer them-
^Ives. "Such," says Bolingbroke, "was the effect of
twelve years of wise and honest administration : and this
effect would have shewed itself in great enterprises against
the house of Austria, more formidable in these days than
the house of Bourbon has been in ours, if Henry IV. had
not been stabbed by one of those assassins, into wbDse hands
the interest of this hou.se, and the frenzy of religion, had
p'ut the dagger more than once."
Henry was murdered the ITth" of May, J6I0; and, it
appears> had many presages of his cruel destiny, which,
"Sully tells us, " were indeed dreadful and surprising to the
last degree." The queen was to be crowned purely to
gratify her, for Henry was vehemently argainst the corona-
tion ; and, the neai*er the moment approached, the more
his terrors increased. "In this state of overwhelming hor-
ror, which," says Sully, " at first I thought an unpar-
donable weakness, he opened his whole heart to me : his
SULLY; 21
own words will be more affecting than all Tcati say. * Oh !
my friend/ said he, ' this coronation does not please me :
I know not what is the meaning of it, but my heart telU me
some fatal accident will happen.' He sat down, as he spoke
these words, upon^ a chair in my closet; and, resigning
himself some time to all the horror of his melancholy ap-
prehensions, he suddenly started up, and cried out, * Par
Dieu, I shall die in this city; they will murder ipe here;
I see plainly they l>ave made my death their only re-
source !** for he had then great designs on foot against
Spain and the house of Austria. He repeated these fore^
bodings several times, which Sully as often treated as chi-
ifneras; but they proved realities.
' After the death of his master, by which he was greatly
afflicted, Sully retired from court; for, a new reign intro-
ducing new men and new measures, he was no longer re-
garded. The life he led in retreat was accompanied with
decency, grandeur, and even mlijesty ; yet it was, in some
measure, embittered with domestic troubles, arising from
the extravagance and ill conduct of his eldest son, the mar-
quis of Rosni. H^ died J>ec, 22, 1641, aged eighty.three,
and his duchess caused a statue to be erected over his
burying^place, with this inscription :• " Here lies the body
of the most high, most puissant, and most illustrious lord,
Maximilian de Betbune, marquis of Rosni, who shared in
all the fortunes of king Henry the Great ; among which
was that memorable battle, which gave the crown to the
victor; where, by his valour, he gained the white standard,
and took several prisoners of distinction. He was by that
great monarch, in reward of his many virtues and distin-
guished merit, honoured with the dignities of duke, peer,
and marshal of France, with the governments of the Upper
and Lower Poitou, with the office of grand master of the
ordnance; in which, bearing the thunder of his Jupiter,
be took the castle of Montmelian, till then believed im-
pregnable, and many other fortresses of Savoy. He was
likewise made superintendant of the finances, which office
he discharged singly, with a wise and prudent oeconomy ;
and continued his faithful services till that unfortunate day,
when the Caesar of the French nation lost his life by the
hand of a parricide. After the lamented death of that gre^at
king, he retired from public affairs,, and passed the re-
mainder of his life in ease and tranquillity. He died at
the castle of Villebon, Dec. 22, 1641, aged 82."
2i ^ U L L T.,
Though he lived to such an age, no life could be more
frequently exposed to perils than that of Sully. One of
these wa^ of a very extraordinary kind, and deserves to be
particularly mentioned. It was at the taking of a town ifi
Cambray, in 1581, when, to defend the women from the
brutality of the soldiers, the churches, with guards about
them, were given them for asylums; nevertheless, a very
beautiful young girl suddenly threw herself into the arms
of Suily, as he was walking in the streets, and, holding
him fast, conjured him to guard her fronfi so^e soldiers^
who, she said, had concealed themselves as soon as they
saw him. Sully endeavoured to calm her fears, and offered
to conduct her to the next church ; but she tpid him she
had been there, and had asked for admittance, which they
refused, because they knpw she had the plague. Sully
thrust her from him with the utmost indignation as well as
horror, and expected every moment to be seized with the
plague, which, however, did nof; happen.
The character of Sully, as it was given by his master
Henry IV. is thus preserved in his memoirs. ** Some per-
sons,'* said Henry, " complain, and indeed I do myself,
sometimes, of his temper. They say he is harsh, impa*
tienty and obstinate : he is accused of having too enter-
prising a mind, of presuming too much upon his own
opinions^ exaggerating the worth of his own actions, and
lessening that of others, as likewise of eagerly aspiring
after honours and riches. Now, although I ani well con-
vinced that part of these imputations are true, and that I
ani obliged to keep a high band over h'ltfi, when he offends
me with those sallies of ill humour ; yet I cannot cease to
love him, esteem him, and employ him in all affairs of con-
sequence, because I am very sure that he loves my person,
that he takes an interest in fs\y preservation, and that be
is ardently solicitous for the honour, the glory, and gran-
deur of me and my kingdom. I know also that he has no
malignity in bis heart; that he is indefatigable in business,
and fruitful in expedients; he is a careful manager of my
revenue, a man Iabo|*ious and diligent, who endeavours to
be ignorant of nothing^ and to render himself capable of
coiuiucting all affairs, whether of peace or war ; who writes
and speaks in a style that pleases me, because it is at once
that of a soldier and statesman. In a word, I confess to
you, that, notwithstanding all his extravagances and little
S U t L Y. 13
transport^: of f^assipn, I 6nd no one so capable as he it of
ponsoHng me under every uneasiness.^'
The ^' Memoirs of Sully*' have always been ranked among
the best, jand certainly are among the most interesting and
.authentic books of French history, replete with good
sense and virtuous remark. They contain a particular ac-
count of whatever passed frooi the peace in 15.70, to the
death of Henry IV* in 1610 ; a period of time, which has
supplied ihe most copious subjects to the historians of
France* They are full of numerous and various events ;
war9, foreign and doeiestic ; interests of state and religion ;
inaster*;$trokes of policy; unexpected discoveries; striig*
gles of ambition ; stratagems of policy ; embassies and ne-
^ociatiofis. Tiiese memoirs take their value, perhaps' their
freatest value, from the imiumerable recitals of a private
ind^ which scarcely belong to the province. of history;
^or, at the same time that they treat of the reign, they
describe the wbo)e life of Henry the Great. They are
jaot;, however, either in the form or language in which they
were left by Sully: the form has been digested aiid me-
thodized^ aiKl the language has been corrected and po-
lished. The best edition in French is that of Paris, in 8
vols. 4to, and also in 8 vols. 12mo. They have been trans*-
jated into Engljish by Mrs. Charlotte Lennox, and pub-
lished both in 4to and 8vo.
SULPICI A, an .ancient Roman poetess, the vt^ife of Ca*>
lenus, flourished about the year 90, and was so admired
as to be thought worthy of the title of the Roman Sappho.
'We have nothings left of her but a satire, or rather frag-
ment of a satire, against Domitian, who published a decree
for the banishment of the philosophers from Rome. This
isatire was published at Strasburgh, with other poems, by 6.
Morula, 1 509, 4to,and may be found in other collections, but
has usually been printed at the end of the ^' Satires of Ju-
venal," to whom, as well as to Aiisonius, it has been attri-
buted by some critics. Graingerlikewiseaddeditto his **Ti-
buUus,'' with a translation and notes. From the invooatroii
}t should 9eem, that she was the author of many other poems,
j^nd the first Roman lady who taught her sex to vie with the
Greeks in poetry. Her language is easy and elegant,- and
ahe seems to have bad a happy talent, for satire. She is *
inentioned by Martial and Sidonius ApoUinaris, and is said
to have addressed to her husband Calenus, who was a Ro- ,
znah knight^ ** A poem oii conjugal love," but this is test.
24 S U t ? 1 CI A.
Her. satire hai b^eiv reprinted by Wernsdorf in the tbTr3
volume of the " Poeta Minofes Latini," where may bte
seen some useful remarks respecting her works. '
SULPICIUS SEVERUS (surnamed the CifRiSTiAir
Sallust), an ecclesiastical writer, who flourished about tfao
beginning of the fifth century, was a disciple of 8t. Martin
of Tours, whose life he has written ; and friend of Pauliw
ims, bishop of Nola, with whom be held a constant and
intimate correspondence. He was illustrious fpr his birth,
his eloquence, and still more for bis piety and virtue. Af-
ter he had shone uitb great iustr^ at the bar, he married
very advantageously ; but, losing his wife soon after, he
quitted the world, and became a priest. He was born at
Ageh, in the province of Aquitain, which at that time pro*
duced the best poets, the best rhetoricians, and the best
orators of the Roman empire, of those at least who wrotv
in Latin. He lived sometimes at Elisso, and sometimes
at Toulouse. Some have affirmed, that he was bishop of
the Biturices ; but they have erroneously confounded biuri
with another Severus Sulpicius, who was bishop of that
people, and died at the end of the sixth century. Sulpi**
cius lived till about the year 420. He is said to have been
at one time seduced by the Pelagians ;'and that, returni«r
ing to his old principles, be imposed a silence upon h\ah*
self for the rest of his days, as the best atonement be
could make for his error ; but some think that this silence
meant only his refraining from writing or controversy. Th^
principal of his works was his " Historia Sacra,*^ in twd
books; in which he gives a succinct account of all the re-^
xnarkable things that passed in the Jewish or Christian
churches, from the creation of the world to about the
year 400. He wrote, also, the *' Life of St. Martin,'* as
we have said already ; " Three Letters upon the death and
virtues of this saint j" and "Three Dialogues;" the firsfc^
upon the miracles of the Eastern monks, and the two last^
upon the extraordinary qualities and graces of St* Martin.
These, with seven other epistles never before printed with
his works, were all revised, corrected, and published with
notes, in a very elegant edition, by Le Clerc, at Leipsic^
in 1709, 8vo. There is another by Jerom de Prato, printed
. at Venice in 1741^ — 54, 2 vols. 4to, the text of. which i^
tl^ougbt the most correct. ^
. . 1 Voasius de Poet. Lat.— iFabric. Bibl. Lat.— Saxii Onomait. .. '
S U L P I C I U S. 25
Stilpicms has a purity in his style, far heyond the age in
!«vhich he lived. He has joined a very concise manner of
expressing hifnself to a remarkable perspicuity, arid in this
bas equaiied even^SaHnst himself, whom he always imitates^
«nd sometimes quotes. He is nor, indeed, correct through-
out in' his " History of the Church ;" and is very credulous
vipon thB point of miracles. He admits also several opi-
nions, which have no foundation in Scripture; and he is
in some instances defective, taking no notice, for example,
of the reign of Julian, &c. His ** Dialogues** contain
many interesting particulars, respecting the manners and
sinoularities of the Eastern monks; the disturbances which
the books of Origin had occasioned in Egypt and Pales-
Une, and other matters of some curiosity.*
SULZER (John George), a very Eminent German, or
rather Swiss, plJilosopher, was bom at Winterthour, in the
•canton of Zurich, October 16, 1720, and is said to have
been the yonngest of twenty-five qbiidren. Both his pa-
rents died on ihe same day in 1734, and left, him barely
enough to die^ray the expence of his education. His ta-
lents ilid not develppe themselves early ; and, at sixteen,
he had not even acquired a taste for study. Wolfe's Me-
taphysics was the first book thiit awakened in him a love of
philosophy ; and the counsels and example of the cele-
JE^rated Gesner soon after incited him to a[)ply himself ea-
gerly to mathematics and general science, and to re-
sume the study of Grecian and Oriental literature. In '
1739, he bicame an ecclesiastic; and a favourable situa-
tion for examining the beauties of nature, made him an
enthusiast in that branch of knowledge. -He published^ '
therefore, at twenty-one, ** Moral contemplations of the
works of Nature;'* and, in the same year, 1741, "A De-
scription of the most remarkable Art tiqui ties in the Lord-
-ship of Knonau," written in German. The year after, he
jpublished an account of a journey which he took in the
Alps; in which he displayed, not only his sensibility of
jtfae beauties of nature, but his profound sense of the ih-
£nite power and goodness of its author. Becoming a tutor
fii Magdeburg, he obtained the acquaintance of Mauper-
tuis^ Euler, and Sack ; in consequence of which his merits
Itecame more known, and he obtained, in 1747, the ap-
pointment of mathematical professor in the royal college
I CavCf vol. L— Dupin,— Laidser's Works.— Gen. Dict.-*SaxD OnomasU
i
%^ S U L Z E R.
at Berlin ; and beei^me a menober of ihe Royal Acadnmj
there in 17 0.
, Tbe works of Sulzer are numerous ; bal the most irn<9
portant is, liis ** Universal Theory pf the &i\e Arts,'* (Aij*
jgetneine Theorie der schbncn Kunste, &c.) which is ^
dictionary in two volumes, quarto, containing all the tern^s
of, the various arts digested into one alphabet. In this jta
appears at once a profound thinker, and a man of singular
^orth. The first volume appeared at Leipsic in 1771 ; th^
^econd in 1774^ He wrote also, ^* Remarks on the Ptiilo*^
lophicdi Essays of Uume;^^ a work in which he both ac-
knowfedges the acutenes^, and detects th^ sophistry of oujr
celebrated sceptic. The king of Prussia distinguished him
by many marks of bounty and favour, but it so happened
that he never saw him till near tbe end oH 1777, although
be had been member of the academy from tbe year 175Q.
$uizer lived only to tbe age of sixty ; and died February ^5,
1779. His character is of the purest kind ; amiable, vir«
tuous, sociable, and beneficent. His philosophy was th«^
of a true Christian, and the support be derived from it
was proportionably ui>iform and steady. His dying nfia*
ipents were calm, humble, and sublime ; and his couii'-
lenance, when he expired, wore the composurje of sleftp.
He had no enemy, aiid his friends were numerous and af«
fectionate. '
SUMOROKOF (Alexander), denominated tbe founder
of tbe Russian theatre, was the son of Peter Sumorokof, ^
Russian nobleman, aad was born at Moscow November 14,
1727. He received the first rudiments of learning in h^
fatjher's bouse, where, besides a grammatical knowledge oi
bis native tongue, he was well grounded in the Latin lan-
guage. Being removed to the semiuary of the cadets at .
St. Petersburgh, he prosecuted bis studies with unwearied
application, and gave early proofs of bis genius for poetry.
Even on holidays be would retire from his companions, who
were engaged in play, and devote bis whole time to the
perusal of tbe Latin and French writers : nor was it long
before he himself attempted to compose. The first efforts
of his ger)ips were love-songs, whose tenderness and beaur-
iies, till then unexpressed in the Russian tongue, were
greatly ado^ired, and considered as certain prognostics qf
' Eloge by Formey ia the Berlin Memoirs for 1779.^Meister'i Portraiti des
fiommei lUustres de la Suisse.
S U M O R O K O r. 8f
bfi rathhe fknicf. Upon quitting the seminary, he was ap**
pointed adjutant, first to count Golovkin, and afterwards te
coimt 'Rosomduski : and being soon noticed and patrbnized
by count Ivan Shuvalof, he was introduced by that Mascenai
to the empress Elizabeth, who took him under her protecw
tion. About the twenty-ninth year of his age, an enthast»-
Astic fondness he had contracted for the works of Ractne^
turned his genius to the drama ; and he wrote the tragedy
of <' Koref/' which laid the foundation of the Russian
theatre. This piece was first acted by some of his former
schoolmates, the cadets, who had previously exercised their
talents in declamations, and in acting a French play. The
empress Elizabeth, informed of this pnenomenon in the
theatrical world, orderied the tragedy to be exhibited in her
bresence, upon a small theatre of the court, where Ger-
man, Italian, and French plays had been performed. The
appjause and distinction which the author receKed on this
occasion, encouraged him to follow the bent of his genius,
nnd he produced other tragedies, several comedies, and two
operas. With respect to his tragedies, Racine yvas his
model; and the Russian biographer of Sumorokof, who
seems a competent judge of his merit, allows, that tboagb
in some instances be has attained all the excellence of the
French poet,- yet he has failed in many others ; but it
would be uncandid to insist upon such defects in a writer
lyho first introduced the drama among his countrymen.
The French overlook in their Corneille still greater faults.
*^ His comedies,'' continues the same author, '* contain
mnch humour; but I do not imagine that our dramatic
writers will adopt him for their model: for he frequently
excites the laughter of the spectator at the expeiice of his
cooler judgment. Nevertheless, they preiient sufficient
passages to prove, that he would have attained a greater de*
gree of perfection in this line, if he had paid more atten-
tion to paint our manners, and to follow the taste of the biest
foreign writers,"
Besides dramatic writings, Sumorokof attempted every
species of poetry, excepting the epic. He wrote love-
songs, idyllia, fables^ satires, anacreontics, elegies, versions
of the Psalms, and Pindaric odes. Superior to Lomonozof
in the compositions of the drama, he yet was inferior to
him in Pindaric writitigs. Though his odes, adds his bio*
grapher, are distinguished by their easy flow of versiiica^
tion; by their harmony, softness, and grace, yet they
S8 S U M O R O K p F.
4
far from reaching that elevation and fire which characterize
those of Lomonozof. These two great poets had each
their peculiar talents : the one displayed in his style all the
majesty, strength, and sublimity of the Russian tongue;
and the other all its harmony, softness, and elegance. The
elegies of Sumorokof are full of tenderness.: his idyls give
a true picture of the pastoral life in all the (ileasing simpli-
city pf unimproved nature, without descending to vulgarity;
and may serve as models in this species of composition, in
all things excepting in strict morality. His satires are the
best in the Russian language, but are extremely unequal, and
deserve to have been wrought with more plan and regu-
larity. In writing his fables, his pen seems to have been
guided by the Muses and Graces ; and his biographer seems
inclined, if not to prefer them, at .least to compare them
with those of Fontaine. Sumorokof was also author of a
few short and detached historical pieces. 1. " A Chroni-
cle of Moscow,'* in which he relates the origin of that city;
and abridges the reigns of its monarcbs from Ivan Danilo-
Titch to Feodor Alexievitch. 2. ** A History of the first
insurrection of the Strelitz in 1682, by which Ivan was ap-
pointed joint-sovereign with Peter the Great, and the prin-
cess iSophia regent." 3. " An account of Stenko Kazin's
rebellion." His style in these pieces is sa,id to be clear
and perspicuous, but somewhat too flowery and poetical
for prose. Sumorokof obtained by his merit the fiivour
and protection of his sovereign. Elizabeth gave him the
rank of brigadier; appointed him director of the Russian
theatre, and settled upon him a pension of 400/. per annum.
^Catherine II. created him counsellor of state; conferred
upon him the order of St. Anne;, and honoured him with
many instances of munificence and distinction until his
death, which carried him off at Moscow, October 1, 1777>
in the fifty-first year of hh age.
With respect to his disposition, says his biographer, it was
amiable; but his extreme sensibility, an excellent quality in
a poet when tempered with philosophy, occasioned that
singularity and vehemence of character, which gave so
much trouble and uneasiness to all his acquaintance, but
particularly to himself. He was polite and condescending
towards those who treated him with respect, but haughty
to those who behaved to him with pride. He knew no de-
cei£; hq was a true friend, and an open enemy ; and could
neither forget an obligation nor an injury. Passionate,
SUM OR O K O F.
29
and frequently inconsiderate in his parsuitSy he could not
bear the least opposition ; and oftentimes looked upon tb«
most trifling circumstance as the* greatest evil. His ex-
traordinary fame, the many favours which the empress
conferred upon him, with the indulgence and veneration of
his friends, might have made him extremely fortunate, .if
be bad understood ihe art of being so. He had conceived .
a great, perhaps too great, idea of the character atid
merits, of a true poet ; and could not endure to see with
patience this noble and much-esteemed art, which had
been consecrated by Homer, Virgil, and other great men^
profafied by persons without judgment or abilities. Thesie
pretenders, he would say, shock the public with their jion- '
sense in rhyme ; and clothe their monstrous conceptions ia
the dress of the Muses. The public recoil from them with
disgust and aversion ; and, deceived by their appearance,
treat with irreverence^ tbos^ children of heaven the true-
Muses. The examples of Lomonozof and Sumorokof have
teilUed to diffuse a spirit of poetry, and a taste for polite
learning, among the Russians; and they are succeeded by
a numerous band of poets. ^
SURENHUSIUS (Wiluam), a celebrated Hebrew and
Greek professor in the university of Amsterdam, is most
known for his edition of the Mischna of the Jews, with
notes, and a Latin version, which he began^to publish io
1698, and completed in 1703, in 3 vols, folio. It contains
also the commentaries of the Rabbins, JMaimonides^ and
Bartenora. The period at which he«flourished is ascer-
tained by this pubhcation ; but, *in the books which we have
been able to consult, we do not find any account of th#
time when he was born or died. The latter event must
have, however, been posterior to 1713, when he published
a learned work in Latin, '^ in which the passages Of the
Old Testament, quoted in the New, are vindicated and re*
conciled, according to the forms of quotation, and the se«.
veral ways of interpreting the scripture, used by the aa^
cient Hebrew Theologers," Amst 4to.*
SURITA, orZURlTA (Jerome), a Spanish historian;
was born at.Saragossa, Dec. 4, 1512,, of an ancient family.''
He made great progress in Greek and Latin, under a very
able master, at Alcala de Henares; but bis particular i^v&m
4ilection was for the study of history. Hef afterwards
y Coxe's Trarelf in F«siia.
• Diet. HUt—Saxii Oaofliait^
30. 8 U R I T A.
became secretary to the inquisition, but employed his timift
chiefly in writing numerous works which procured hioi a
irery high reputation, not only with his countrymen, but in
the Of'inion of the learned of other nations. He died Oct.
31, 1590, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. His prin-t
cipal historical work is his ^' Anales de la corona del Reyno
de Aragon," 7 vols. fol. first printed at Saragossa in 1562^
but th£ third edition of 1610 is accounted the most com-
plete. He published also in Latin ^* Indices rerum ab
Aragonias regibus gestarum, libri tres,'' Sarag. 1578, with
the addition of ** Gaufredi Monachi de acquisitione regni
Sieiiise, Calabrias, &c. per Robertum Guiscardum et fratreti.
NortmaoDos. principes,*' and Celesinus ^^De.Roberti Si<^
ciiiiB regis rebus gestis, libri <)uatuor," both before un-
published. He was the editor also of Antoninus's Itinerary,
and bis notes were adopted by Dr. Thomas Gale in hi»
edition. He left many other learned works in MS. parti-^
eularly commentaries on Julius Caesar, and on Claudian.^
SURIUS (Laurentius), a voluminous compiler, was
horn at Lubeck in 1522, and entered the Carthusian ordet^
in that city, where he became ceiebraited for his virtues
ind learning. He died May 25^ 1578, at Cologn, aged
fifty-six. The principal among his numerous works are/
"A Collection of Councils," 1567, 4 vols, fol.; <^ The
Lives of the Saints,^' Cologn, 1618, 7 vols, fol.; and ^^Aii
History of his Own Times from 1500 to 1566,'* 1569, 8vo ;
Vanslated into French, 1573, 8vo. Snrius did not want
learning, but those of his own communion are willing to
allow that he gave credit blindly to fables^ and was defi^
cient in critical knowledge.'
: SUTCLIFFE, orSOUTCLIFFE (Matthew), an En-
glish divine of considerable abilities in controversy, wai
ediicaaed at Trinity •college, Cambridge, but of bis early
history we have no acconnt. In 1586, he was installed
archdeacon of Taunton, and on Oct. 22, 1588, coniirmc^d
•dean of £xeter. He had been admitted a civilian in 1 582*
He died in 1629, leaving a daughter his heiress, who,
^fhince thinks, was married to the son and heir of the Halse
family in Devonshire ; and as the estates Dr. SotclilFe left
to/Chels€a«€X)llege were in that country, it probabljr was.
his ^birthopiace. He ^was esteemed a very learned wfitei^
,• • , ' .^ . , . . . . ....*-
I Antonio-Bibl. Hisp.—Clctnent. Bibl. Curlense. — Vouius de Sclent Matk*
•^Thuaul HisU -^ Moreri.— Diet. tlUt.— Saxii Oaomiist.
SUTCLIFFE. SI
ifki defence of the protestant establishment; butaltbough
long in favour with James I. upon that account, we find
ibrat tbi&prince, in 1621, ordered him to be taken into cus*^
Mdy for the freedom of his remarks upon public affairs*
On the other hand Strype, in his life of Whitgift, has
published a long letter from that eminent prelate to Besa,
defending SutclifFe against some disrespectful ezpressioiw
used by the reformer. Among his works, may be noticed^
1. ^' A treatise of Ecclesiastical Discipline,*' Lond. 1591,
4to. 2. ^' De Presbycerio, .ejusque nova in Ecclesia Chris-*
tianiL Foliteia," the same year, 4to. 3. ^* De Turco»Pa«
piamo,'' or, on the resemblance between Mahometanism
and Popery, London, 1599, 4to. 4. *^ De Purgatorio, ad«
versus Beliarminum," the same year, 4to. 5. ^' De vera
Christie Ecclesia," 1600, 4to. 6. *^ De Missa, adversus Bel«
larininum," 1603, 4to. 7. << The Laws of Armes,'' 1593,
4to. 8. ^f Examination of Cartwright's Apology," 1596,
4to ; and many other works, enumerated in the Bbdleiaa
eHialogue, of the controversial kind, against Bellarminj
Parsons, Garnet, and other popish propagandists.
But. what has rendered Dr. butclitfo most celebrated was
bis project for establishing.a college o^ polemical divines^
to be employed in opposing the doctrines of papists and
*^ Peiagianizing Armtuians^ and others, that draw towards
popery and Babylonian slavery, &c.'' And as this college
has been incidentally mentioned in various parts of these
volumes, we shall now give part of the succinct and per-*
spicuous account furnished by Mr. Lysons.
At first the undertaking seemed attended with good
omens : prince Henry was a zealous friend to it: the king
consented to be deemed the founder, called the- college
after his own name, *^ King James's college at Chelsea^^
endowed u with the reversion of certain lands at Chelsea^
which were fixed upon for its site, laid the first stone <tf
the buddmg, gave timber out of Windsor forest, ismed his
royal letters to encourage his subjects throughont the.kingb
dom to contribute towards the completion of the stsociurn
and as a. permanent endowment, procured an act of parliiif
meUt to enable the college to raise an annual rent, by stip3t
}»lyii»^<tbe City of Loodon with water from the river Leal
\i ftppeafs by the charter of ntcorporatioo, dated. May t^
1610, that the college consisted of a provost and twenty
ftHcfwi^, eighteen of whom were required to'^be in holy
' Qrders; the other two, who might be either laj^ men or
S8 SUTCLIFFE.
/
divines, were to be employed in writing tte annals of tbei^
limes. Sutclifie himself was t-be first provost; Camden
^ and Haywood the first historians ; and among the felio^s
we find the well-kn^n names of Overall, Morton, Field,
Abbot, Hovvsoii, Spencer, Boys, &c. When a vacancy
bappened in any department, the successor was to be no-
noinatedand recommended by the vice-chancellor and heads
of colleges in the two universities, and approved by the
archbishop of Canterbury, the chancellor of each univer-*
"sity, and the bishop of London. The charter granted the
college the power of using a common seal ; 4rarious privi*
leges and immunities, and licence to possess lands in mort-
main to the vali!ie of 3(>00/. per ann.
With these good omens Dr. SutcliflFe began to erect tfa^e
college at his own expence, and built one side of the first
quadrangle: *^ which long range alone (says Fuller) made
not of free-stone, though of free -timber, cost, Othe dear-
Dess of college and church work I full three thousand
pounds.** Such was the progress of the work at Sutcliffe'^
death, who, by his will, dated Nov. t, 1628, bequeathed
to the college the greater part of his estates, consijsting of,
lands in Devonshire, the benefit of an extent on sir Lewis
Stukeley's estates valued at more than SOOO/., a share in the
great Neptune (a ship at Whitby in Yorkshire), at enemeni
at Stoke Rivers, and other premises^ all his books and
goods in the college, and a part of his Hbrary at Exeter;
but all these bequests were subject to this proviso, ^^ if the
Wttrk of the college should not be hindered."
The total failure of pecuniary resources soon proved a
very eifectual hindraBce to any farther progress iir this un-
dertaking. The national attention had been so much en-
gaged \>y the extensive repairs of St. Paulas cathedral, that
the college saw little hopes of success from the circulation
of the king's letters for the purpose of promoting a public
contribution; and at the time of his death no collectiona
bad been made under their sanction. The success of sir
HughMiddietoa'sproject for supplying London with water,
which took place the very year after the act of parliament
in favour of the college, and the total inability of ita mem-
bers to avail themselves of the privileges they enjoyed, for
want of money to carry on such an undertaking, destroyed
all hopes of advantage from that source. Of ail Dr. Sut-
diffe's .benefitfctions, the college never possessed more
than a house and premises, worth about 3.4>/. per anauait
the greater part of which yvas expended in repairs.
SUTCLIFFE.
33
After SotclifiFe^s detth, Dr. Featly (sec Featly), who
was recommended by the dean, as his successor,^ becaipie
provost; but so little was the original intention of the in*
stitution regarded, even at this early period, that one.
Richard Dean, a young ^merchant, was made one of the
fellows. Such was the state of the foundation, when the
court of chancery, in 163], decreed that Dr. Sutcliffe'a
estates should revert to the right heirs, upon th(?ir paying:
to the college the sum of 34Q/. Under these difficulties^,
which were afterwards increased by a dispute with lord
Monson about the lease of the land on which the college,
stood, no farther progress,N it may be supposed, was evef
made in the building. That part which was already com*
pleted>' consisted of a library, and a few rooms, :Occupied
by the provost and two fellows. For the subsequeot re**
verses which this project met with, as they are not con-
nected with the suhj;ect of our memoir, .we jrefer to our
authorities. On the site is now the Royal Hospital foe'
soldiers*^
SUTTON (Richard), the co-founder of Brasen-nose
college, Oxford, descended from the ancient family of the
Sut^cnis of Sutton near Macclesfield in tbe<county palatiea
of Chester, was the younger son of sir William Sutton^
koight. Of the tiqae or. place of his birth, we have no oer^*
^uii account, nor whether he was educated in the*univer«
sity to which he became so bountiful a beoefactor. He
practised as a barrister of the Inner Temple, and probably
with success. In 1490 he purchased some estates in Lei<<
cestershire, and afterwards fncreased his bnded property iu
different couaties. In 1498, if not earlier, he wasa mem«
her of Henry Vllth's privy council, and attended the courl
for many years after. In 1 505, he was one of the govern
Qors of the Inner Temple, and was in other years choseu'to
this annual offijoe.
It is uncertain at what time be became steward of the
monastery of Sion near Brentford in Middlesex, but ke
occurs in. this* office in* 1513, and had johambecs in the mo^
oastery, where be frequently resided. Besides bestowing
estates and money on this religious bouse, he borotbe ex*
pense of publishiug a splendid, and aow very, rare book»ia
honour of the house, called <^ The Orcbarde of Syon.'^. -
..'' 1 I. '"•* "*
*' Coolers Catalogue of Civilians.— Fuller's Cb. HistW.— ^ysons'5 Environs..
-^Faulkner's History of Chelsea. ^ ' **'* *
History
Vol. XXIX.
D
34 SUTTON.
' tn 1512, be was employed in purchasing the manor of
Pinchepolles in Farriiigdon, Berkshire, with lands in Watt**
brook and Farnbam in that county, which were given by
Mrs. Morley, and constituted the first permanent benefac-
tion bestowed on Brasen^nose college. He appears to have
received the honour of knighthood in 1 522, about two years
before his death, but the exact time of the latter event ia
not known. As an annual commemoration of him is oh*
served by the society on the Sunday after Michaelmas, it
may be inferred that he died about that time.^ His will,
drawn up March 16, 1523-4^ was proved November 7,
1524 ; and he is supposed to have been buried, either at
Macclesfield, tjr in the monastery of Sion. His bequests
are almost all of the religious or charitable kind. To these
scanty niemoirs we may add, in the grateful language of
his biographer, that, ^^ Unmarried himself, and not anxious
to aggrandize his family, which had long ranked among
the best in a county justly proud of its ancient gentry, sir
Richard Sutton bestowed handsome benefactions and kind
remembrances' among his kinsmen; but he wedded the
public, and made posterity his heir. An active coadjutor
from the first to the bishop of Lincoln in laying the foun-
dation of Brasen-nose college, he completed the building,,
revised the laws, and doubled the revenues of the growing
^minary, leaving it a perpetual monument of the 4:onso-
hdated wisdom and joint munificence of Smyth and of
Sutton."
' The estates given by sir Richard Sutton were, the manor
of Burgh or Borawe or Erdeborowe, ia the parish of So-»
merby in the county of Leicester, and other estates in the
same parish and neighbourhood ; an estate in the parish of
St. Mary, Strand, London, which in 1673 was sold to the-
commissioners for enlarging the streets after the great fire,
for the sum of 1700/. and with this an estate was purchased
at Burwardescot or Burscot 4n Oxfordshire, which has re*
, cently been exchanged for other lands at Stanford in the
vale of Wfiite Horse. He gave also the manor of Cropredy
in the county of Qxford, and certain lands there, and an
estate in North Ockington or Wokyndon, in the county of
Essex. All these sir, Richard granted to the college by
lease, July 18, 1519, and on Not. 29th following, by a
conveyance under his own hand and seal, he released them
to the society for ever.'
A Churton's LiTei of the Fottiidecs.--Chalmerft's Hipt. of Oiford*
SUTTON. , S5
SUTTON . (Thomas), foandfflr of the Charter-boase
school and ' hospital, was descended of the ancient family
of the Suttons of Lincolnshire^ atid was born at Knaith, in .
that county, in 153^. He received the first part of his
education at Eton school, whence it is supposed he was
sent to Cainbridgp, and matriculated of St. John's college,
Nov. 27, 1551, but this seems very doubtful, at least there
is no direct proof, and his being afterwards a. benefactor to
Magdalen and Jesus colleges ^ould incline us tp give them
the preference, but his name does not occur in the registers
of either. He is said to have removed afterwards to Lin-
coln^s-inn, for the study of the law ; but this not suiting
his disposition, 'or what we think extremely probable, his
father, and perhaps himself, inclining to the reformation,
he evaded the miseries of queen Mary's reign, by employ*
log almost the whole of that disastrous period in travelling
on the continent.
His father Richard Sutton, steward of the courts in Lin«
qdn, died in that city in 1558, and his son, on bis return
home in 1562, found himself in possession of considerable
property. He was now about thirty years of age, and rec*
koned an accomplished gentleman. He was first retained
by the duke of Norfolk, whose favours he acknowledges in
his will by a legacy of 400/. ; and afterwards became se-
cretary to the earl of Warwick, and Occasionally also to his
brother the earl of Leicester. In 1569, the earl of War-
wick being master-general of the ordnance, appointed Mr.
Sutton master of the ordnance at Berwick, a post of great
trust at that time, Berwick being a frontier garrison "to Scot-
laud. In this situation he distinguished himself much on
the breaking out of the rebellion in the north by the earls
of Northumberland and Westmoreland ; and by the re-
cotmneudatkin of his two patrons, he obtained a patent the
same year for the office of master-general of the ordnance
in the north, for life; and in 1573, he commanded one of
the five batteries, which obliged the strong castle of Edin-
bulrgh to sui'render to the English. It is probable, that,
as master-geoeral of the ordnance, he attended the earl of
Sussex, president of .the North, into Scotland, with an
army in 1570^ though he is not expressly named iu Cam-
den's annals for that yean But in 1573, he is named as
one of the cbi<$f of. those 1500 men who marched into
Scotland to the assistance of the regent, the earl of Mor-
. ■ D 2
36 SUTTON.
ton^ by order of queeti Elizabeth, and laid siege to Edlfi*
burgh castle.
While thus employed in oiiiitary affairs, k appears that
be made a very considerable accession of fortune, by pur*
chasing of the bishop of Durham the manors of Gateshead
and Wickbani, with their valuable coaUmines, and in 157<>
obtained a lease from the crown for the term of seventy*
nine years : and this speculation was so successful^ that in
ten years afterwards he was reputed to be worth 50,000/.
a very great sum in those days. He was not less successful
in 1582, when some time after his return to London, he
married Elizabeth, daughter of John Gardiner, esq. of
Grove-place in the parish of Chalfont St. Giles in Bucking-
hamshire, and widow of John Dudley of Stoke Newington
in Middlesex, esq. a near relation of the earl of Warwick.
By this lady he had a considerable estate, and a moiety of
the manor of Stoke Newington, where he resided as his
country house. In the city about the same time he pur-
chased a large house near Broken Wharf, Thames-street,
where he began the business of merchant, and with such
skill and success, that' he was soon considered as at the
head of his profesMon, and had vast concerns abroad.
These last he contrived to be of importance even to his
country, for when the design of the Spanish armada was
first discovered by sir Francis Walsingham, Mr. Sutton had
a chief hand in so draining the bank of Genoa, as to im-
pede the Spanish monarches supplies, until England had
time to prepare her defence. Mr. Sutton was likiiwise one
of the chief victuallers of the navy, and is thought to have
been master of the bark called Sutton of 70 tons and SO
Qien, one of the volunteers which attended the English
fleet against the Armada in 1588. He is likewise said to
have been a commissioner for prizes under lord Charles
Howard, high admiral of England, and going to sea with
letters of marque, he took a Spanish ship worth 00,000^^
In 1590, having married his wife's daughter by Mr. Dud-t
ley, to Francis Popham, esq. son and heir to the lord chief
justice of that name, and being now without any children^
or prospect of any by Mrs. Sutton, he gradually quitted bu-
siness and London, and resided at one or other of his coun-
try seats, for he had now purchased seTeral estates. He
also in 15^4 surrendered his patent of master of the ordi
nance in the north, and. about the same time conveyed in
trust all his estates in Essex to found an hospital at HoU
SUTTON, 37
Irng^Ury Bouchers iti tbatcounty, but with a power of re«
vocation during life, which actually took place, when he
mediiated his greater foundation of the Charter-house. In
1602 his wife died at Balsham in Cambridgeshire, where he
l^aci for some time resided with great splendour. She ap*
pears to have been a woman of great good sense, arfd to
have contributed so much to his comfort, . that after her
death, he b^an to wean himself from the world, reduced
his household establishment, and lived in a comparatively
private manner.
The disposition of his great property towards some cba-^
ritable purpose seems now to have engrossed all his thoughts.
Fuller, gives it as a well-authenticated fact, that ^' Mr. Sut-
ton used often to repair into a private garden, where be
poured forth his prayers to God, and was frequently over-
heard to use this expression, ' Lord, thou hast given me a
large and liberal estate, give me also a heart to make use
thereof.' " A man of his property, hesitating only how he
was to dispose of it in his life-time, could not be long without
advisers. It appears indeed to have been a general topic
of curiosity, in what planner Mr. Sutton would beatow bis
wealthi, and in 1608 a very singular instance of impertinent
interference occurred. At that time a report was spread
that be meant to leave his vast property to the duke of
York, afterwards Charles I.; and. in order tq confirm bim in
this resolution, a peerage was to be offered to him. This
repon, and the mean trick of the peerage, so revolting to
an independent mind, he traced to sir John Harrington,
who defended himself but weakly. The matter, however^i
rested there. Among advisers of a better kind, was the
pious and worthy Hall, afterwards bishop of Norwich, who
wrote to biin a long letter, exciting him to come to some
determination respecting his intended charity. This pro-
bably was successful, as it certainly was acceptable, for
soon after the receipt of it, he abandoned bis design of
building an hospital in Essex, and purchased of the earl of
Sufiblk, Howard- house, the late dissolved Charter-house
near Smithfield, for the sum of 1 3,000/. and upou that in
1611 founded the present hospital, and endowed it with
the bulk of bis property. He intended to have been him-
self the first master, but soon after the foundation, being
seized with a slow fever, and perceiving his end to ap-
. proach, be executed a deed, nominating the Rev. John
Hutton, vicar of Littlebury in Essex, to that office. He
38 SUTTON.
died at Hackney Dec. 12, 1611, and was interred wiik
great magnificence in the chapel of the Charter- boose,
where a monument was erected to his memory. At his
death he was the richest untitled subject in the kingdom,
having in land 5000A a year, and in money upwards of
60,000/. His will contains many individual legacies of the
charitable kind. Soon after his death, his nephew, Simon
Baxter, to whom he left an estate worth 10,000/. and 300/*
in money, all which he squandered away, made an ineffee*
tual attempt to set aside the will ; the matter was brought
to a fair hearing, and in 1613 it was determined that the
foundation, incorporation, and endowment of the hospital
was sufficient, good, and effectual in law« This attempt of
Baxter^s was much censured at the time, and it is to be
regretted that much of the odium fell on sir Francis (after-
ward lord) Bacon, then solicitor- general^ who was his chief
adviser.
Of Mr. Sutton's personal character, we are told, that ''he
was strong-built and compact, of a middle stature, with a
good complexion and agreeable mien ; neither nice nor
negligent in his apparel, but modest and clean, enjoying a
good state of health till the decays of old age broke in upon
it. He was a very affectionate tender husband, an exact
but kind master, a good natured honest man, sober and re-
ligious both at home and abroad, very compassionate and
very grateful." As a public benefactor, Sutton deserves to
• be held in honourable remembrance, and it is pleasing to
reflect that his design has never been interrupted or im-*
peded by improper administration, and that few schools
have produced men of more eminence as teachers or
scholafs. '
SUWORROW, or, as pronounced, SUVOROFF, RIM-
NIKSKI (Count Alexander), an eminent Russian gene-
ral, of an ancient Swedish family, was born in 1730, or as
some think in 1732, and was originally intended for the
profession of the law. His inclinations, however, leading
him to the army, he entered as a private in 1742, and in
1754 had attained the rank of lieutenant. He made his
first campaign in the seven years war against the Prussians
in 1759, and entered upon actual service under' prince
Wolgonski. He marched against the Prussians with the
rank oflfirst major ; and was at the battle of Kimnersdorf,
1 Life by Bearcroft.— Hearne'fl ** Domus Carthasiana."— Biog. Brit.— Mal-
colm's Ltndiniam RediviTam, vol. I.—- ^uHer^s Worthies.
8 U W O II R O W. 39
and at the taking of Berlin. He this campaign signalized
himself by many acts of valour, until the year 1762, when
a truce was made between Prussia and Russia, which was
followed by a peace. Although he was attached to the in-
fantry service, count Romanzow presented him at the gene-
ral promotion as colonel of cavalry, from his superior know-
ledge in that department of the army ; but there were cer-
tain obstacles which caused that line of promotion to be
abandoned. Soon after, the count Panin, who commanded
in Pomerania, sent him to Petersburgh with an account of
the return of the troops. On this occasion be gave him a
special letter of recommendation to the empress, who pre-
aented him a coloners commission, written with her own
hand.
In August 1762 he was appointed colonel of the regi-
ment of infantry of Astracan, which was in garrison at.
Petersburgh ; and when the ceremonial of her coronation
called the empress to Moscow, she ordered him to remain
at Petersburgh, where she charged him with the execution^
of some very important commissions. After her return, his
regiment was sent to distant service, and was replaced by
the infantry of Susdal, consisting of more than a thousand
men, of which he received the command in 1763. In au-
tumn of the following year he went into garrison at Ladoga.
In 1768 he was advanced to the rank of brigadier; and as
the war was just commenced against the cori federates of
Poland, he was ordered to repair with all speed to the fron-
tiers of that kingdom in the course of November, and in
the most unfavourable season of the year. During the
winter he was continually engaged in improving his regi-
ment in their manoeuvres, and habituating them to every
action that would be required, and every circumstance that
might happen in a state of actual service. In the follew-
ing summer of 1769 these troops were stationed on the
frontiers of Poland, from whence they were sent to War-
saw, a march of eighty German miles, which he completed
in twelve days. He overcame Kotelpowski, near Warsaw,'
and defeated and dispersed the troops commanded by the
two Pulawskis. He afterwards took up his quarters at Lub-
lin ; and the Russian army in Poland requiring the estab-
lishment of four major-generals, he was advanced to that
rank on the 1st of January, 1770.
In the middle of the summer, when colonel Moschinski
had gained a jreinfercement, our general gained a second
40 SUWOHROW.
victory over him ; and in the autumn of the same year he
attempted an operation on the Vistula, but from the rapi-
dity of the current he missed the pontoon in leaping from
.the bank, and falling into the river, was in gr^at danger of
.being drowned. After many fruitless attempts^to save him,
a grenadier at length seized a lock of his hair, and drew
))im to the bank ; but in getting out of the water he structc
.his breast against a pontoon, which caused a violent coti«
tusion, that threatened his life, and from which he did not
recover for several months. Towards the end of the year
,the empress sent him the order of St. Anne.
We shall not detail all the various exploits of the gener
ral; it will be sufficient to take notice of the principal of
them. He afterwards fought and beat the army of the cour
federates under Pulawski and Nowisi, and the empress con-
ferred on him the order of St. George of the third class, as
a testimony of the satisfaction she had received from bis
services. A second confederation being formed in Lithuar
Ilia, the general again defeated the army under Oginski ;
and this victory was considered so important that the em-r
press sent him, as conqueror of the grand marshal, the or-
der of Alexander. This victory was obtained on the 1 Ith
of September, 1771. *
The confederates soon after surprized Cracow, which
obliged Suworrow to hasten and blockade the place. After
some time it capitulated. On this occasion he shewed his
magnanimity to Mons. Choisi, on« of the French officers,
to whom he said, on being offered his sword, "I cannot
receive the sword of a gallant man in the service of a king,
who is the ally of my own sovereign." Tranquillity was
soon ^fter restored to Poland, where Suworrow served du-
ring four years withoi|t interruption. Independent of the
nuxnerous inferior actions and multiplied skirmishes, in
which his courage was always displayed, and his military
capacity never failed to appear; he was covered with glory
by the victory of Stalowiz and the capture of Cracow:
which gave the promise of that brilliaat career that he
.afterwards run.
In September 1772 he was attached to the corps ofge-
^neral. Elippt, ordered to Finland by the way of Petersburg,
where he arriyed in the winter. In Feb. 1773, he was em-
ployed in inspecting the frontiers of Finland, where he
heard every complaint^ and made every necessary commu-
nication to redress them. Towards the spring the congress
S U W O E H O W, 41
of the Turks at Soczan separated ; the truce was at an end^
and it appeared as if war would be rekindled. Our gene->
ral now received orders to join the army in Moldavia, where
be served under tield marshal Roymanzow. The years 1773
and 1774 included the first Turkish war. In ]Vlay 1773 be
arrived at Jassy, and received a command. He. then passed
the Danube, and defeated the Turks atTurtukey. On this
victory he dispatched an account to marshal Romanzow, iii
the following terms :
** Honour and glory to God ! Glory to you Romanzow J
We are in possession of Turtukey, and I am in it.
"^UWORROW.'*
As a recompence for this victory the empress transmitted
to him the cross of the order of St. George. During the
reoiainder of the war, which was of short continuance, Su-
worrow was constantly engaged and constantly successful ;
and after the peace was ordered to Moscow, to assist in ap-
peasing the troubles occasioned by the famous rebel Pu-
gatcbefF, whom he took prisoner, For several years after
this Suworrow was employed in the Crimea, on the Cu«
ban, and against the Nogay Tartars, in a kind of ser«
vice which, however important to the empress, furnished
no opportunities for that wonderful display of promptitude
and resource which bad characterised his more active cam-
paigns.
In the end of the year 1786, Suworrow was promoted to
the rank of general-in-chief ; and at the breaking out of the
war with the Turks in 1787, he shewed how well he Was
entitled to that rank, by his masterly defence of Kinburn;
a place of no strength, but of great importance, as it is si-
tuated at the mouth of the Dneiper, opposite to Oczakow.
At the siege of Oczakow he commanded the left wing of
the army under prince Potemkin, and was dangerously
wounded. In 1789, be was appointed to the command of
the army which was to co-operate with the prince of Saxe
Cobourgin Walachia, and on the 22d of September, gained,
in conjunction with that prince, the memorable victory of
Rymnik, over the Turks, dne of the greatest that has ever
been achieved. According to the least exaggerated ac-'
counts, the Turkish army amounted to 90,000 or 100,000
men, while that of the allies did not exceed 25,000. The
carnage was dreadful, no quarter having been given to the
Turks, and on this account the Russian general has been
charged with savage barbarity. It is said, however, that
4« BUWORROW:
the commanders of the allied army, aware of the immensii
foperiority of their enemies, had resolved, before the en-
gagement, not to encumber themselves with prisoners, whom
they could not secure without more than hazarding the fate
of the day. The taking of Bender and Belgrade were the
immediate consequences of the victory of Rymnik, for bis
share in which Suworrow was created a count of the Roman
empire by the emperor Joseph, and by his own sovereign,
a cou^t of the empire of Russia with the title of Rymnik«
ski, and the order of St. Andrew of the first class.
His next memorable exploit was the taking of Ismailow
in 1790, which he accomplished after a most furious assault
in about eleven hours. In this dreadful space of time, the
Ottomans lost 33,000 men killed or dangerously wounded :
10,000 who were taken prisoners: besides 6000 women and
children, and 2000 Christians of Moldavia, who fell in the
general massacre. The plunder was immense ; but Suwor-*
row, ^ho was inaccessible to any views of private interest,
did not appropriate to himself a single article, not so much
as a horse, of which about 10,000, many extremely beau*
tiful, were fbund in the place. Having, accofding to his -
custom, rendered solemn thanks to God for his victory, he
wrote to prinbe Potemkin the following Spartan letter ;
** The Russian colours wave on the ramparts of Ismailow.^'
Peace being concluded with the Turks in December
1791, no political events occurred from that period to call
forth the tnilitary talents of Suworrow till 1794, when he
was sent to disarm the Poles in Red Russia, as a step to-
wards the partition of Poland then concerted between the
empress, the emperor, and the king of Prussia. He after-
Wards stormed and took Praja, with immense slaughter,
and Warsaw having consequently capitulated, the king-
dom of Poland was overturned. Suworrow's character has
suffered by the conduct of the taking of Praja as well as
that of Ismailow; but it is not our purpose to enter into a
discussion on the subject, still less on the policy of the
partition of Poland. Suworrow never appears to have en-
tered into the niceties of political deliberation. He was a
mere soldier who obeyed the commands of his superiors,
and we have every reason to think, tempered them with as
much lenity as the difficult circumstances in which he was
frequently placed, would admit. For his services in Po^
land, the empress advanced him to the rank of field-marsh&l-
general, loaded him with jewels^ and presented him with
S U W O R R O W, 4S
an estate of 7000 peasants, in the district of Kubin, which
had been the scene of his first batite iii the course of this
campaign.
From the subjugation of Poland we hear little more of
Suworrow, until he entered upon his career in Italy, when
the emperor Paul, who had succeeded his mother on the
throne of Russia, joined in the confederacy against France
in 1799, He assumed the command of the combined army
of Russians and Austrians, and such was his success that
the French lost, one after another, all the principal towns
in the north of Italy, and were defeated in the bloody bat**^
tie of Novi. After that action, Suworrow crossed the Alps,
and marched into Swisserland, driving the French from
mount St. Gothard. But here bis gallant career was inters
rupted by the defeat of another division of the Russians,
who were attacked by the French general Massena near
Zurich, and obliged to cross the Rhine intp Germany.
This disaster, with the failure of the expected aid from the
Austrians, obliged Suworrow, who was opposed by Moreau,
to commence a fighting retreat towards the lake of Con-*
stance; and after prodigious exertions of valour, he arrived
there with a much diminished army, and effected a junction
with the remainder of the troops that had been defeated by
Massena. He was now recalled home, and under the pres-
sure of fatigue, vexation, and fever, reached Petersburgh,
where he soon fell into a childish state, and died May IS,
1800<i His capricious master is said to have displayed his
resentment by refusing the usual military honours to his re-
mains, and even deprived his son of his rank of major-ge-
neral. The present emperor Alexander, however, repaired
t]iis injustice to the memory of an officer so brave and faith-
ful, by erecting his statue in xhe imperial gardens. Ano-
ther account says that Paul, although he endeavoured to
disgrace Suworrow at the end of his life, ordered him. a.
magnificent funeral.
In his person Suworrow was tall, considerably exceeding
six feet, and full chested. - His countenanqe was" stern ;
but among his friends his manners were pleasant, and his
dispositions were kind. His temper was naturally violent;,
but that violence he constantly laboured to moderate, though
he was never able completely to extinguish it. According
to Mr. Antbing, an effervescent spirit of impatience pre«
dominated in his character; and it perhaps never happened
(says that author) that the execution of his orders equalled
44. ^ U W O R R O W.
the rapidity of his wishes. Though he di^lik^d all pubUc:
^tUeriainnientSy yet when circumstaiuses led him to any of
them, he appeared to partake, and endeavoured to promote,
the general pleasure. Sometimes he condescended even
to dance and play at card's, though very rarely, and merely
that he might not interrupt the etiquette of public man*
ners, to which, when, not in the field, he was very attentive.
In the field he may be said to have spent the whole of hia
life from the period at which he first joined the army in the
seven years^ war ; for during the time he was not engaged
in actual warfare, and that tio^e, taken altogether, did not
exceed twelve years, he was always placed at the head of
armies stationed on the frontier of some en^my^s country*
He was therefore a mere warrior, and as such had no fixed
habitation. With respect to his (able and lodging,, bei
contented himself with whatever he found, requiring no-
thing but what absolute necessity demands, and what might
be transpprted with ease from one place to another. His
couch poDsisted of a heap of fresh hay sufficiently elevated^
anc^ scattered into considerable breadth, with a white sheet
spread over it, a. cushion for his pillow, and a cloak for his
coverlid. For the last twenty years of his life, he never
made use of a looking-glass, or incumbered his person with
either watch or money.
He was sincerely attached to the religion of his country,
and a strict observer of its rites, which he.. equally strictly
enjoined on all under his command. His biographer as*
sures us that from his earliest years he was enamoured of
the sciences, and improved himself in them ; but as the
military science was the sole object of his regard, those
authors of every nation who investigate, illustrate, or im-r
prove it, engrossed his literary leisure. Hence Cornelius
Nepos was ivith him a favourite classic ; and he read, with
great avidity and attention, the histories of Mohtecuculi
and Turenne. Cssar, however, and Charles XII. were
the heroes whom he most admired, and whose activity and
courage became the favourite objects of his imitation. The
love of his country, and the ambition to contend in arms
for its glory, were the predominant passions of his active
life ; and to them he sacrificed every inferior sentiment,
and consecrated all the powers of his body and.mind.^
SUZE, Countess. SeeCOUGNI.
1 H»tory^ of his Campaigns by Anthiog.— -Encycl. Britao.
SWAMMEItDAM. ♦«
i
' SWAMMERDAM (John), an eminent naturaliiBt and
anatomisty was born at Amsterdam in 1637, where bit fa«
ther was an apothecary, and had a museum of natural hifr*
lory. He intended his son for the church, and with this
view gare him a classical education, but the boy prevailed
upon him to let him apply to physic. He was therefore
kept at home, till he should be properly qualified to en-
gage in that study, and frequently employed in cleaaiog,
and arranging the articles of his father's collection. From
this occupation be acquired a taste for natural history, ^nd
soon began to form a museum of his own. Entomology
having particularly struck his fancy, he became indefi^tt-
gable in discovering, catching, and examining, the flying
insects, not only in the province of Holland, but in those
of Goeldreland and Utrecht. In 1661 he went to Leydeti,
to pursue his studies, which he did with so much success,
that, in 1663, he was admitted a candidate of physic, after
undergoing the examinations prescribed on that occasion.
On his arrival at Leyden, he contracted a friendship with
the great anatomist^ Nicolas Steno, and ever after lived
with him in intimacy.
The arcana of anatomy now exciting his curiosity,, one
of his first objects was to consider how the parts of the
body, prepared by dissection, could be preserved in a state
for anatomical demonstration ; and in this he succeeded^
as he had done before in his nicer contrivances to dissect
and prepare the minutest insects. After this, he made a
journey into France, where he spent some time at Saumur
with Tanaquil Faber, and made a variety of observations
upon insects. From Saumur be went to Paris, in 1664,
where he lived in the same house with his friend Steno.
He likewise contracted an intimacy with Thevenot, who
strenuously recommended him to Conrad Van Beuningen,
a senator and burgomaster of Amsterdam, and at that |ime
that republic's minister at the court of France : Beuningen
obtained leave for Swammerdam, at his return home, to
dissect the bodies of such patients as should happen to die
in the hospital of that city.
He returned to Leyden to take his degrees ; and took the
occasion of his stay there to cultivate a friendship with Van
Home, who had been formerly his preceptor in anatomy.
It was at this time, Jan. 1667, that in Van Home's house,
Swammerdam first injected the uterine vessels of a human
subject with ceraceous matter,, which most useful art he
46 S W A M M E R D A M*
afterwardf brottght to great perfection. la February the
same year, he was admitted to bis degree as doctor of pby«
sic, after having publicly maintained his thesis on respira-*
tion; which was then conceived only in short and con-
tracted arguments, but appeared soon after with consider-
able additions, with a dedication to Thevenot. It was thus
that &wammerdam cultivated anatomy with the greatest art
and labour, in conjunction with Van Home ; but a quartan
ague, which attacked him this year, brought him so very
low, that he found himself under a necessity of discon*
tinuiog these studies ; which, on his recovery, he entirely
neglected, in order to give himself up to his favourite pur*
suit of entomology. *
In 1668, the grand duke of Tuscany being then in Hoi-'
land with Mr. Thevenot, in order to see the curiosities of
the. country, came to view those of Swammerdam and his
father ; and on this occasion, our author dissected some
insects in the presence of that prince, who was struck with
admiration at his uncommon dexterity in handling those
minute objects, and especially at his proving, that the fu-r
ture butterfly lies with ail its parts neatly folded up in a
caterpillar; by actually removing the integuments that
cover the former, and extricating and exhibiting all its
parts, however minute, with incredible ingenuity, and by
ineans of instruments of an inconceivable fineness. On
this occasion his highness o£Fered him 12,000 florins for his
share of the collection, provided he would remove them
into-Tuscany, and live at the court of Florence ; but Swam-
merdam, from religious motives, as well as a dislike of a
court life, declined the proposal. He now coiitinued-his
researches into the nature and properties of insects, and in
1669, he published a general history of them, a work which
afterwards proved the lasting monument of his talents.
But, in the mean time his father resenting his neglect of
his profession, endeavoured to recall him to it by refusing
him any pecuniary aid. This induced him at last to pro-
^ mise to resume his profession ; but, as he had injured his
health by the closeness of his studies, a retirement to the
country for some time was* requisite that he might recover
" his strength," and return to his business with new force and
« spirits. He was, however, scarcely settled in his country
retirement, when, in 1670, he relapsed into his former
occupation. Thevenot, in the mean time, informed of the
disagreement betweeji Swammerdam and bis father^ did
3WAMMERDAM. 47
a)l thftt lay in his pawer to engage tbe former to retire into
France, and probably some amicable arrangement mi^bt
have been made, had not Swammerdam, in 1673, formed
ft connection with the then famous Antonia Bourignen, and
became totally absorbed in all ber mystieitm and devout
reveries. After this he grew altogether careless of the
pursuits in which he bad so much delighted, and withdrew
himself in a great measure from the world, and followed
and adopted all the enthusiasms of Antonia. In this per*
s.uasion he neglected his person, wasted away to the figure
of a skeleton by his various acts of mortification, and died
at Amsterdam in 1680. ,
Tbe works of thi& celebrated anatomist and naturalist,
are, 1. *^ Tractatus Physico-Anatomico-Medicus de Respi-
ratione," Leyden, 1667, 1677» and 1679, in 8vo, and 17aS,
4tou 2. ^< General History of Insects,*' Utrecht, 1669, 4to,
in Dutch, but published there in 1685, 4to, in French, and
at Leyden, in Latin, 1685, with fine engravings. 3* ^< Mi-
taculum Naturae, seu, uteri muliebris fabrica," Leyden^
1672, 1679, 1717, 1729, 4 to,, with plates. He was im->
polled to this publication by Van Horne, who bad claimed
9ome of bis discoveries. 4. '^ Historta Insectorum gene*
ralis; adjicltur diluctdatio, qu& specialid cnjusFis ordittis
exempla figuris accuratissimd, tarn uaturali magnitudine,
quam ope microscopii aucta, illustrantur,'* Leyd. 1733,
4to. This translation of his history of insects is by Hen-
pinius, but the best edition of this valuable work is that
which appeared at Leydeu^in 1737, 2 vols, folio, under the
title '* Biblia Naturae, sive, Historia Insectorum in daises
certas reducta, &c.*' - The learned owe this to Boerhaave,
for the manuscript having been left by tbe author to his
executors, had been banded about till it was difficult to be
traced. Of this an English translation was published in
1757, folio, by sir John Hill and others, and with Boer*
baave*s plates.'
SWANEVELT '(Herman), an eminent Flemish land-
scape painter, was born in 1620, and is generally said to
have been the disciple of Gerard .Douw ; but he went very
young to Italy, and placed himself with Claude Lorraine,
and soon proved worthy of so distinguished a master. He
studied nature incessantly ; and very frequently, along with
Claude, observed the tingings of the morniog^light on tbe
I Life Vj[r Bo«riiMTe.-^BIojr* Diet.. Hist, dt M«d«ciB«.
4S S W A N E V E L T.
surfaces of different objects, on the monntains, rocks, trees,
skiesy and waters; and the various effects of light at noon
and evening; by which he was enabled to give his own',
works so much truth and nature, as wiH for ever render
them extremely estimable, and in his life-time they were .
sold for very high prices. He also enriched his ideas j»f,
frequenting the elegant remains of antiquity about Rome,,
and in that study spent all his leisure hours, and from his
rattted manner of life, although he was by birth a Fleming,
he was distinguished by the name of the Hermit of Italy.
The reputation whiefa his pictures procured him, and the \
demand he had for them, excited in some degree the jea^
lousy of Claude, which is a proof bow near he approached
him. He etched also in a bold, free, and mai^teriy style,
and ptdbtished, from his own designs, various sets of land-
scapes, amounting in all to one hundred and fourteen. He
died tn 1 6ao.'
8WEDENBORG (Emanuel), a Swedish entbVisiast, .
and the founder of a wel(«known; although, we t^iist^ de-
ctiniiig sect, was born ^t Stockholm Jan'. 2d, 1-6^9. ' His
fatb«r was;bishop of WHt Gotbia, and it may be supposed
that his eoucHion was g'ood, since be published a volunre *'
of Latin poetry when he was only twenty years old; TUe
titte was, **Ludtts Heliconios, siveOarmina IMfiscellanea,'
^use variis in lociscecinit.^' The same year he began 'hi%;
travels ; and having visited 'England, Hx)Hand| France, and,\
Germany, returned in 1714 to Stockholm^ wher6 t^o yeafft
after,' he was appointed by Cltarles'^II; assessor of 'ibe^t
metallsa cotlcge.- His studies during thi^'prart of 'hi^ life,'
were chiefly devoted to tnathemahcs and lit^tnral phtloso- '
phy ; wad'he was essentially useful to hrs king jby enabliti^ /
him to convey his heavy artillery by wat^r, Vh0re 'they '
could not. go by land* He publish^ abotit thh pWio'c^
xuany acientifical and philosophical works ; artd succeedin
to the favour of queen Ulrica Eleandra,' after'the death 6
Charles XIL was by her ennobled in 171'^; In ^ursuimcd^ *
of bis duty, as belonging to the metallic ct)Hegej he tra*
veiled to vie%v the mines, and then in^peeted also'itbe ma-'*
|)u6ictuKes of bis country.* In consequence of thts, he
pubU3bedi.several tracts on subjects ;felatrt{^ to tK'^ pfailb-' ,
sophy of die arts. He returned to.Sh>ckhohn'tri itl^^ and
divided: bis time between ' the duties'^f iih*afRce ind lAk
1 . ..• .' ...
t
I I
I ArftnTiUe, vol. |U.-Ml»ilklttgtoa iiid StralUl i :
8 W £ O £ N B O R <^. 49
fKittim sladies. In 173S, he had coaifdcted his great
MFork^ entitled ** Opera Phiiosopbica et Mineralta," which
WES piinted mider bia direction in 1734, partly At Dresden^
«nd partly at Leipsic. It forms 3 vols, foliar is iUustrateA
by: plates^ and is written with great strength ofi judgment*
In 1 7^, be bad heen admitted ii^o the society of sciences
at Upsal; and between that and 1724^ had received a
aimttar honour from the royal academy at Steckhokni and
that of Petefsburgb. He corresponded also with many
learned foreigners* But the time was now approaching
when all the desire of baron Swedenborg, for literary or
other worldly distinction^ was 'to be absoi^d in feelii^ of
• soblimer natore* Whether too intense an, application to
study had disordered^ or a natural tendency to enthusiasm
bad inflamed his mind, he conceived himself miraculously
called to the office of revealing the most hidden arcanv*
^'Itt the year 174V' ^^ '^P^ ^^ o^^ of his works, <<tbe
Lord was graciously plei^ed to manifest himself to me, tn
4t pcnoHidl uppemranct ; to open in me a sight of the spiri-
tual wdrld, and to enable me to converse with spirits and
angels ; and this privilege has continued with me to this
dlty.^^ From this time, he .devoted his ymry able pen to
aiicfa subjects as this most extraordinary state of mind sug*
geated^ He published, '' De cultu et Amore Bei," Lend.
1T4S, 4to; *< De telluribus in mundo nostro solari," 1758;
^ Oe Equo albo in Apocalypai,*' |758 ; << D^ nova Hiero-
aoljrmaj^* <^ De Ccelo et Inferno ;" ^^SapientiaangeUcfa d^
Dmna Promlentia," Amsterdam, 1764 \ ^^ Vera Christianfa
religio,^* Amat 1771; and piany other books. He parti^
colariy visited Amsterdam and London, where these ex^
travagant works were published, and where they have since
been tmuslated by his admirers. One of bis fancies about
the spiritual world is, that it admits not of space : yet' he
teUs us, that a man is so little changed after deaths that he
does not even know that be is not living in the present
world ; that he eats and drinks^ and even enjoys conjugal
ifelightB^ as in the present world; thai the resemblance
between the two worlds is ao great, that in the spiritual
there are cities, - palaces, houses, books, merchandise '&c.
&o«f-^UolverMl Theology, voL L p. 734. . ' This extraordi^
nary man died in London, March 29, 1771^; his remains
lay in state, and were afterwarda deposited in a vault in the
Swedish church near RadcIifF-highway.
Swedenborg was, in himself, a harmless^ ttiough a very
Vox. XXIX. E
M S W ED E N B O R 01
omidsrmueii progress daring. bis Hfey but is i¥>w.«»tabU9heKi
ia^Englaod, (tnnder ^betitie of Tha Nmv JtrjMUmn Qm^h.
JiiMia Mod .<of>ChrisU»nttyy ^modified aecovdiog^ta tb*
.whifw oi die nutlior; jacknowledging a Triiiiiy^ ,b«|l..i^t
«ili«ul]r in , thai 4ense 0f any other chiu^^ and >an jiqi^ in
A peculiars s^Btfe 9lso>; pretending tbat the spiritual «Qn$^ pf
iJur Soriptuccfi was oenrei ktioim till it waarev^^JM.io^Sw^'*'
(dflubprg. Tbft cMtiiuiad intarcoorsens^f apivils with meo it
iMft0ipaifit>Df>bt$ixk>ctriBe!; mth.many otber r^evierieftr ^'vtoii
inroald hardly appear to deceive npdoe, w^ereibsy i|o$ a^li
considered by many, as tbe nesnh 0I intpimiiGdl./ Thai
4tii»se4traag«>driii9ionft ibenld «ib$i<t in ^tiine:wib9li>trae
.#aitb bus wavered witlnou^ reasQn^/is.eiif^^actfndiiMtf)}^* ,1^ a
reasonable person^, the inspection oi any oive p^h\%, 9Ay^-r
.cal bMks seen^ a* suffieient presc^rvati^e ixwR^'uH^t^^^f^
Some of bi$ foUoiwerB i)a¥i h^m bold ^ enough <taM|^^^nt
h^m as a mm) wilhoiiife entbuiUMo)/ \ . [ t a \o
SWERT^ 4r SWERTIUS (*IaAl«ais)y.« FlemW&tAirto^
mn and aoiiquaiyy waa< bQrA.atiilnQpafp(inuli6^7v .^^
jlMLl^a^&Or>pafticl»Uf9:of bis. literary .,pr9gffQ^ vbi(i04og^$M
<diaracteii'lb>t:be iiras at mwti^i scie»i:e:aiid^l^imtngj>idfian
ihwaabid diflfM»ilionf>iandjCio6ii«ianally'^ <KiV>i^ 11
j»mi;qf ;btisinffla«j -Bp dieyotedAiinifd^ of ibW. Am^
jtpd.publiabcsi a^^reat msiiy vt^rksrwbi^biJM^Pglliii^bifEiiciin^,
jidamble. repuitaticui^ > Satiuis jm]^>ha idoasi not kM«i wJ^e^
lfa€»r be JBa«ii€i$bieHii! Uved; s]90^l jmr, b^ lSi^^i|tr,af
jaacbrimpoctanoe^; T?bi4i^ J bnoi^, (^at be:idom>i9pt(rfyp$»1^
iWrjr r^peielluJUfy^of otb^ hdi^a atid. tjic^t CQftip^l^y4jorH«
siqrs -of Jaousb<D6iisav4ibfiit^b0r^ :tbi/b.(iij)r^ ^i^ralttrn^d
.^eaaoA &i^ert badj'foriJMipg/iJiisisxpfesaioat ;8aiM}|tibra|^ht
hsm»,kni»wu ftoea ^^V^i^femua AodfrejSA* oj^fr^miFc^p^nifl^t
Jie>»iarrjed Suaanna^iVaii lErpr and hlHi^0rJawil^<'^i^^3^
y^bildcant R^.AmAiAh9itm^i'ml^2%y:»%^9^ .
jx'iiMv principal ?woi:fc« : are^ l« 'f NarjraiA^aesi j^^$9fki^ 4a
^jBormin* £)earum<|pM jcapi ta^. abi Oiielio ?w}gatftf P >}<9 V»l^t^
3lk$(^fl» 4tOk ; i^. f/ B^lgiiitotittii aiw X:Vili^pr^>ii4llPi»TOni
GeirnMiiM) iafenoriA.>breTia, iacicrip^iQr'' CiW^* .'i^t V4^«
ci4mflB in fudere iUx. On^Ui^ cuoivOrMUi v,iia,';i4i»ftbi?af«>^
4. " Meditationes J. Cardinalis de Turrecr^t^Mln^iin^vHEiiixi
^brisfci^ coin yita Card. .&^v! Cologn^ Ig^^^^i^SflifV 5>
V Hit works paisiiii.---£iicy«l. BcjtaiwiK^ Aic«
S W EiK t: ' 51
tii|»b^, iiYseriptidris &c. ' ibid. 1 m^, acii} 1 ^2^, «vb;^ -^^
^AlMunWitta Seffllchralia Birftb«r»tdie^^^ 'Anu 16 td; '8iro.
"1t< ^ NmeB in HieroHy«li Magit €^ie Timiftnabulift titellcitn
fsioslbdmuifvy/* 1608» and 1664^ ^o. ' ^^ *^ ftfusie eifv&rires
iii^ri Li^iH** A<tnv^: 1609, 4to. 9.^ ♦«^'FI<M!*s Liplialifj** ,
Cerfogn, ¥(?l4i «ffd 16110. lo, *^ AtheD» Selgio^,*** At)tw.
l6Sf8^fot^, a MTork on Ibe platif aod-itiitcti of it bon-owcid
fromi ^^tedm AMredR. To these Sftxitmadds ^^ iCenkn
^'B€%icariitn Ani^ies^ Obi'onjei et b)A(»Hcifatiti(|t]i>«t'rd(^<^'-
tiorei»,^* Fttinefon, 1690^ 3 tote foto>*^ > • ' i^ ' ' '
•■i^SWim^EWv SfecVAN SWIETBH.:'? I> - -
eelebrar^^'^iiltf^'f^'htspoVmcai Itnowtedge,' was de.^cdnded
frowti a Vel^r '«fkriiet|(k ftuiifityy and borb NoviiSQ, 1667. His
'gnivifS^Altb^jiMn ^otDi» Swift, • was mftv of Ooodridb in
'U^ii(miMit$i^^MiM;rrwd Mrsi. EHsateeirh* Dryden, atrht
of Dryden the poet; by-Mr4iom ht^had^'iiY ^ons,* Oodwiin,
T4ldmlK»»"Drydi^iV WttKum, Joiiatlitfn, ^d Adaii; Tfatima^
^-^i^s br€?d at OnfoMl, but'died 5^o«mg:; 'Go^miy' way a bar-
' i<^6^^f: Q^'04m \' flmd WilHamj Dryvkfi, ' 'Joqatbati; and
^(lAthia^iiwev^ aiTtdfritie^. Gbd^^id* hairiivg nialtied a relation
'; 4^4ihe ^&\Ai nmrdbibiiteira of Oritiond^ the old dul^-e of Orrnond
vriM^ hifitt^aN^toiriie^genanil ih > the p^lattnaia 9f< mppemry
4^ ^Imlitn^ 4f ^()d- Mrtfs f a« « Ws/ tt«f»e l^mcxsr WilHoilt iaWy er$|^
^^ ^d^i^'hftviag Goovertod'fxien of «H condittbnn into
^<^QMie]'s. ^Oddwin, thter^lbrcv detoi^mindd to aittarhpt thei
^' WtfUi^liim^ of a fotftune* in thai kin gdom^^and'Hbe u^me
tt)oti^«4t{dU)ced4ii^fcmr broib^ts to g6 witfb bfnti J<inatbanj,
'W^ib« a;g^ 4^f(-aboi»t-twenty^thi>efe, awd-befombd wetn to
''I#6tond, ma^Hed Mrs^ A<bigail Ei4dcy a gentlewonittti^pf
'^Irtttcestmibira ; amk abottftwo years after left ii^i* a widow"
'4Ub^^|i«bild,^a' daughter^ and pregnant with ano«b^r,
ba44ngi w»^nieana of iftubsistenee but an annniiy 0f "Sb^.
y/fMehilMt biM^mnd'had purciiased for her in l£ngfanid, im-
' inediM^y kf^f Us marriage. In t bt^ dmresft sbe wmi taken
lifir«d«lie f4xifi^<i{ &tiAMiu her btisbat^d's^etde^t bnodter;
'^iftlMftvttei'^^^qallot^t/' seven month* after his death, deliveped
'^i son, whom «he calted JonatUanv- itf t^membrancne^of
his fitMr, ahd who. waa afterwai^dW' the celebrated dean of
•8fc.^Patrf^k'tfL>" ^ •• - ■'"'''' ''■'' -'^''''^ '
fl'hiippened, byirbaUver accident that J^aaatban waa
&» SWIFT.
t>ot suckled hy bis mother, but by a nune^ wbo ma» a pm^
tive of Whitehaven ; and when be was about a year oldi
her affection for bim waa become so strong, jtbal, finding
it necessary to visit a sick relation there, me, <:arried him
with her, vi^itbout the knowledge of bis mother or uncle*
At this place he cootinued abmit three years^ for^ wbea
the matter was discovered, his mother sent ordf rs nol to
hazard a second voyage, till he shoiald be better able to
bear it. Mrs. Swift, about two years after her huibapd't
-death, quitted the family of Mr. Godwin Swift in bMsxkd^
and retired to Leicester, the place of her nativily ; but her
son was again carried to Ireland by bis nui*8€^ and veplaced
under the protection of his uncle Godwip* It has been
generally believed, that Swift was born in England ;• and#
when the people of Ireland displea^ed^imy be has been
heard to say, ^*I am not of this vile country j, I am an
Englishman :" 4E>at this account of bis birth is taken, from
one which he left behind bim, in bis own hand*writing#
Spme have also thought, that be wasi a natural .son of sir
William Temi^e, because sir WilUa^ exp^iessed a pard^r
eular regard for bim ; but that was impossible ; for sir Wil-(
iiam was resident, abroad in a pjublio. charaoter. from 1665
%Q 1670 ; and bis mother, who was nevei? out of the British
.dominions, brought bim w^o tbQ w^d in Ifiei. i
At about six yeaics of age^ be i|fa^ sent to t^^. school of
Kilkenny, and having /^ootitm^. there e%bt years^ h^^welst
admitted a student of Trinity college in Dublin ^. Here
applying himself to bo^ks pf history and poetry, to th^
neglect of academic leaKoing, be wasy at the end lof four
years, refused his degree of bachelor of arts foir insuffi<<«
^|§ncy ; and was at last admitted spmdli gratH^. whioh is
there considered as the highest d^ree of reproach and
dishonour* Stuug with the disgraqe, he stiudied eight hourf
a day, for seven years following. He commeneed these
studies at the university of Dublin, where he' continued^
themj three years; and during this time he drew up tb^
%tsketteb.pf his " Taleof a Tub;'' for Wase^ndon Warren^
es()» a gentleman of fortune near Belfast in Ireland^ who^
was chamber- fellow with Swift, declared that be then saw^
a JQdtpy of i^ ioc Swift> f^i^ hand*writing.
* For some particulars explanatory . separately in 1808, and &1so adi^ed
d^BWrffl conduct kt college, see «« An to Mr. Nicbols'» new edition of tliat
StM^rott tte EadroR paitaf hi« Life^ ytar.,
Il ,th^, {tfTvPr^aaJuelt,'' pn^bliytied *
V S W I F T. S3
^ Yn VBM, lib ilncle Godwin was seised witb a lethargy,
and soon aftet was deprived both of bis sfteech and oie^
nlory : by which accident Swift being left without soppoit^
tdok a journey to Leicester, that he nfight consuk with his
nibther what course of life to pursue. At this time air
William Temple was in high reputation, and honbured
with the confidence and familisurity of king William. His
fiitber sir John* Temple, had been 'master of the Rolls in
Ireland, and contracted an intimnte friendship with Gt^
wlu Bwlft, wfaicK continued till his death ; and sir Williani^
wiib ihheiited his title and estate, had msirried aladytii
Whom^ MK swift was relaled: she therefore « advised her
BOti to cbmmunicate his situations tb'si^ Williaad, and solicit
bis direction what to do. Sir WiHiaih received him with
great kf fidness, and Swift^s fir&t visit continued two years.
Sir WflHam bad beeff ambassador and uiediator of a gene*
«al p(^ace at Nimegueii before tfa« Revolution ; in which
character hb beciattie kndwn to the prince ef Orange^ who
fi*equefitiy visited him It ISheeu, after his arrival in Eng«
Ikn&y and took his advice in afilairs^ of the utmost impor*
tance.'^ Sir WHliatti being then llMAe with the gout, Swift
u^ed to attend hiii majesty* in the walks abouc ^e garden^
who ildmitted hinfi to such a familiarity, that he shewed
him how to cut asp^ra^gua after die Daicb maaner; <and
once ofiei^ to ra^ke hfiu a captain of horse ; bat 8«^ft bad
.fisred his mind upon sin ^cdesiasticaMife. . .
"'About thiij time a biir w» brought into the hcdse for
triennial parliani^nts, to' which the king was very averse;
but sent, hotrevet, to consult sir William Temple, who
adon aft^rrWai^s sent Swift to Kensington with the whole
tfccmint in writing, to convince the king how ill he was ad*
vised: TMis was Swift^s first embassy to court, who, though
be understood Englii^h history, and the matter in hand very'
%eli| ^et did not prevail* 8bon after Ibis transactiotf, be
Ws sbized with the return of a disorder, which he had eoh«
ifscied in Il*eland by eating a great quantity of fruit, and
wfaidi* Afterwards gradually increased, though with irregu«
Mf^interniissions, till it terminated in a total debility of
bbdy aid mind. / .
' About a year after his return freim Ird^nd, he thought it
expedient to take his master of , arts degree at Oxford ^ and
accordingly .w;as admitted ad eundem in 1692, with many
civilities. These, some say, proceeded frcmi a misundef*'
standing. cf tihe words speciali graiid, in hlstestimoniai friSlL
u
s w r F T.
Dnbliri, Whieh wtte there supf)o6ed to be a ^otaifplihMffif
pi&id to uncommon merit; b«it are more probiiUy liiicribddr
by otbei^ to bis known connection with »ir WHliiam ^P#m^
pie. h is easy to coneeitey bovipever, that Sutrift, aft^r iii&
reputation. was estaUisbed, might, while he wai -spivttftti^
wkh^hts incident in the gaiety of bis bearti pnstebd^ii'ttiiiM^
take which never happened. From Oxford be relurtol^dl^li^
m William Temple, and assisted^ bim in revisifyg bit ^^kaf>
b6 also corrected and improved bis bis oWn <* T«te^ oP^itf
Tnb,^ ^tid added the digressions. From tb^ <)ont^«rii|titt#
of sif Wi}Ham, Swift greatly increased h1S'\fMiilMa^fc^vi^
ledge; hut, sospecting sir WHliam «tf negtectiii'gjio^iH^vilta^
ftk himj merely that be might keep bim in bis ibmitji^nb^
9t length i-esented ft so warmly^ ttmt in 1694'« quanreiieoM
sued, and they parted; ^ ^-^
Swifr^ during his residence with sir Witdafii/bad mnv^it
iUHed to visit his mother at 'Leicester- once a y^al-, und^^M
msihner of travelling was very ejttraordinftry( Ue4i#iiy«k
went on foot, except the weather was^ ^i^btfd^ ^stid Vbte
he wonld sothetimeL take shelter in Ibl waggdn/ lle'^(»s#
td*dltte 'kr obsfCune ^le^hcf^seH^vatawg pedbtrti and^ Ostliirdy:
an^ td He where hh saw tfrfeten over thi dttor,< ">Li&Jgiii(gs^
f^a pe^nVf ^ btkl Rinsed ^o'^iibe tbeMaidf%i4b }^itpevum
for^ & sFh^e4ed and clelan'iibeets. 'J* ^ :
-' Hi^fi^Tlvliiottwk^'Adw to'take't>fddr^j %nd'be aMti tft«t
<$btai^d'^ f bcbttflD^ffaion to 4otA €^^t, tbeifi tovd^ d«eM3
'^nty of 'Ii^ktid^ "Mho^'g^te bim tbd ^r^bend 4of Kilitoi^, ^i^
tb^ dioeeieMof' Connor^ worth about i 00/. per<bn4iUto*') BMt
sif'WHliditi, #ho 'find befen iHsed to* tb* e^n^i^touimi c^t
SWift^ sodh found that be ebukt not be eontent to live wkb-^
otic'bitn; and tberefai^ ui*ged bim to resign bid preb«nd*itf.
flivour'Of a friend, promisirig to obtatti preferment for^binJi
iW'£ngfand| if be w6atd return* Swift confiiefited; 4nd «ir.
\VHIiatti^was ' sof iaxtxth pieased with this act ^ kiitfd nesa^
tb^liltairitig^tMe'^efm^indeir bf bis life,, wbic^ Wbs abdiK faf«r
^^ri; ')tf8fbtH)avionrMw:as shcb as prodeiebd tbb ii«tfrpstibbr<i'
K^f^y- Between theW/ Swift, as a te^itii^E^nV'Of 'hH tiist^A^
Ibi^/lbd'^tiiteebi, wiV)te tbe <« Battle" ^ihe >&mUs," df
^iyfi^irKVHrtina 'is' tbe bero^; and sir'Wiirittm,^ WbeiyA^
<fi^^l^ mtPh^j^^iSixoiify legaey» ^anii Us 'pos^tnoub
'''^Up!6i>>fHe Q^aA' of sir'Williftni Temple,- JBMfi'^Mtedi:
hf petition to king WiUfanf^,'fdr ilbe A^i« >vlicam p««b^Kd.
of Canterbury or Westminster, for which th^^lOyiiP.
S W I F, T^ J*.
1
Hi^rllftiM^^eiit^olMRiiQed by ^ la^^tr^i^ irbose pQ9fibii^
iti9^9^^0r}i$^^k^ii^d\QHmd u> bis laaje^^y, tp facilitate tto^
ainiocissr/ol ^hfitt applkatioa, B^tr it doa^ notappeac, that/
^ler^i^ djOiLiJi^c sir WilUanoi tlie-ki<ig tpok the least no^
tipet0|(j}wi^ ,4(ft^ this be acq^^ted ^ iQvitation from;
^riiwufif'S^rliL^tffj appQiot04rPO&^Qf tbe Lords justices of
llebfi4M't^'«^^^IM bim as^xfoaplgij^ a,Q4 priyate secretary;"
biitiM w^ |(M9 reinovi9d.fi^M»»,tbisipQst^ ^xpoo a pnetofice
%bi^ Jt^lv^ not St .ior a.clergym^« Tbis di$appointonent[
^IMipfff»^n|ly foUqtv^ by AiKitber ^ for wb^n ,the dean^ry^*
Q^/I^ry bA€(Mpe vaaa#t, aod it<%vas tbe earl of BerkieleyV
Hirfv<l«[di9p^e»«i it^ Swift^ ^ ii^tead of. receiving it as aii^
^ilnea)€Hit'for«ibisiaie»usage) ms put off witb tbe livings;
of <X»afai?or^ #i|4 Ratibb^ggiA, in tbe diocese of Meath^^.
wliicb togetber did not amount to half ii*. value. He went
tO) r«ai<t«;.4t Lat^qk^ 4M)d parforined tbe duties, of a parish
yldeMhwitt^t^^jUfmpst punctuality and devotioo. He was,*
iiMfaw{lt:4tways y»iy. A»vouty.>oot only in bU public and*
$oUAiEifei'liyddi^sea,u><jrfMl, hiU io bU domestic and private
W^Hoisflf: at)4;^!Q^r v^ith>,aUtb is. piety it) bis beart, b^
cmUi'OOi^ f9rl»^r.Wl^^ng tbe.peouliari^.af bis hu^ouiV'
v|#k^lM .^portmiit^ioSefedy .v^bate^er oiigbt be ,tbe im*
pni|iq«|y of tbc) umt^ and piaqe.' Upon b^ coming to La^
racor, be gave public notioet .tbai .be ^ould.ire^d prayers
aBil^ediieidfsjrA.itndiFridajf^ ^vbicb bad not been tbe cas->
Ms ;l iwl 4«Dordipply tb« bell was rxwfgf ^^pd J^ asicenfied
ihe^dmb' :TftMtb'1^9(vif)g is^KDained.«9Q(ie, ^ime^ iviritb no other
audtton^bWcbia cl^k R9igeafy be b^gafii ^^ Dearly belov^
RpgfdT^ ; <b(^ S^^rifMjure mov^sth ypu .and me in sundry^
plli<N»s^Vi>aiidi^ pf^^atc^odedipt of tbe service* Of
thelfjM*A(^iii4 rff^ bis r^^e witb IXr.. Raymond, vicar. of
'ii«iiNolsiw>fiiififtei"<.b« was a of St« PatriQieV
6vJili]^a^ill§dft(^^eSi^dayiwit,b.Raympnd^ »nd when |bct
^fttold<tane:y?iogif>g % e^;>ij;ig prayers, ** V^yipj&w^j^
wgrt fiwtf^ e^vJ iiwtt l^y ypu^i^^ qrowfv ^^ I ^^gi.n pfajffiis
brf*rfto3W«» M§ ^ftfeMftWia.? j DT-R^ywnp^ accepted. tj^
«ts|^ird suNl ^MP^iiiy} h9f^ san as f^ .as Uk^^/qq^IiI t^
lbe",(^y^l«*•eciR%^n§fMill^fhe *ijnl#r, .of .^bp |;f o^ sfriy^
6*tfi^lb^(dflflfiWnd<,w|lw»^ b^f fltWll^^t>^S J?bMWb, ! -w«yfs^
bis pace, but running up' the aile, left Raymond bebif^d
Wi4k|l)8dfl»W|)RyiKfi^tp ^lM^,.>vitiiqiit.ppmng 9f^ jbe
H SWIFT.
. During Swift^s resideace at Laracar^ he ifiviuid' to Itfi«
knd a laay whom he ha& celebrated by, the name of SteUa*
'yVith this lady he became acquainted while he lived wiik
air William Temple : she was the daughter of his atQwardt
whode name was Johnson ; and sir WiUiamy whea be diiM^
left her 1000/. in consideration of her father's faithful s^r-^.
ifices. At the death of sir William^ which happened im
1699, she was in the sixteenth year of her agc^} and it we*
about two years afterwards, that at Swift's invitation »bfii
left England, accompanied by Mrs. Dingley, a^ lady wW
was fifteeri years older, and whose :wb9le £gjrtiiii6,>tbeugb;i
she was related to sir William, was no more tbap an ai^.
nuity of 27/. Whether Swift ^t this time desired the epmi^i
pany of Stella as a wife, or a friend, it is not cextaio ; but'
the reason which ^he and her companion then gave, for
their leaving England ws^s, that in Irelaiid. th^ interest of.
iponey was higher, and provisions werecheap«. Buiv>what«
(Over was Swift's attachment to Miss Jo][uwoo» every IposaiK
ble precaution was taken , to prevent scandal a thfy. nevieft
lived in the same hoqse;(when 3wiftf .waa abaenfc Mkf»
'Johnson and herVriend resided <it the passons^e; Avbep be>
returned, they Removed eitbei;.tQhis fr^nd^Qr* C^ipood'sy
or to a lodging; neither were th^ji ever kapwi^r/lo mM^-
hut in the presence of a thi^d perstvi. Swift. n»^e;fren
quent excursions to Dublin, and sQaie to Lpp4fl9 : Jbut^ ,
JMiiss Johnson was buried in aoUt^ud^. and, Qbf|Curi^.)csheri
was known only to a few of 3«vift!s mo^t i^tiooMe 4i^
quaintancd, and bad no female. cooip^niQfiie^Qept Mrsk?.
©ingley. . ^, . »
Iti 170 Ij^ Swift tooK his doctor's de^rfe, ^nd ia 1?Q2#
aoon after 'the death of king. William, he w0at into Eng^*
land for the first time after bis sfdtMing^t Lavaccur; a jour*
Bey which he frequently repeated diariag the refgn- of
queen Anne. Miss Johnson was once in EpglaAd in X7QS^ ,
but returned in a few months, and, neveir. crossed, the chaii'*'
nel afterwards. He soon became emine^it at^a wrjj^r, an«l
»n th^t character was knpwn to both whigs and toriesi H« .
had beeii educated a^iong the fo^fper, j^ut ^t leiag^^b at«« .
lached faithself to the {atter ; beca^se the whig;«> ^ bo said^^
had renqiinc^d their. ^oldpxip^^ipL^, apd n^cfiiyddotbersn
Vhiph thejr fbrefathers^bhorred* H^pubHi$hed, j^p.^lQii.
<^ A discourse of the oontests a^d disseotiqnsj^etavfi^i th^ ,
ttobles and commons ^n Atjbens.and Rome,, with ibe^coc^iCK
Quences tfeeV haid upop.))gtjii tbpSQ states :V. >t{ua. Vftsitt b^
ft W I F T- *»
Mf of *ki«^' WiHUm and fats mibisterj, against the violent
fNcbct^diogs of the House of Commons ; but from tbat.yetr
io 1708, hedid not write any political pamphlet.
. In 17J0| being then in England, he was empowered bjr
lli^ priola^of Ireland, to solicit the queen to release tba
etevgy horn payittg the twentieth pairt and first-fruits ) and
i|io6 ttilfr^ocoasiotit his aeqtiaintance with Mr. parley com^
ttfebded. • Asaaon as he had received the primate^s instruct
•kins, he resolved to apply to Mr. Harley; and, before he
#lAted bii him^ got himself represented as a persbn whof
h4d been ilt nsed by the last ministry, because he would
B#l'go such lengths as they n^ould have bad him* Mr»
Hariey received him^ith the utmost kindness and respect;^
kept him with him two hours alone ; enjgaged in, and sooa
after aecomplisbed his business ; bid him come often to see.
bim privately; and tdd .him, that he most bring him to.
the knewkdgd' of -Mr. 8t. John. Swift presently became,
iKMjuainted with the rest 6f the ministers, who appear te,
liaveF*^ourted and caressed bim with uncommon assiduity*
He'Siined every Sattirday at Mr. HarleyV, with the lordi
kl^epi^^ Mr. secretary St. John, and lord Rivers: on tbait.
d»y tio ottrer person was for some time admitted ; but thia,
i|d»oi dooojpany was at length enlarged to sixteen, all mea>
oftho'&rst elasi^ Swift included, Frpm this time he sup<».
pOi4ed the interest of his new friends with all his power, ioC
paibphletsj poemsj and peiiodical papers : his intimacy .
with tWdoi was so remarkable, that he thought not only to
d#fe6d, J>ut hi some degree to direct their measures ; and
such was his importance in the opinion of the opposite
party, that many speeches were made against him in both
. bt0|ies of pariiairient : a reward was also offered, for dis*
cov^tt-ing the author of ^ The Public Spirit of the Whigs.'^ .
Amidst ail the business and honours that crowded upon ,
hiod) he wrote every day an account of what occurred, to .
Bt#Hil; and BSBt her a journal regularly, dated every tortf
night, *d^riYig the whole time of his connection with queen
Anne's ministry.' From these unrestrained effusions of n|s .
helit't maifty particulars arb knowjR, ^hich would QtberWise j
)iaVe4ein Bid; and by these it appears, t(iat he was n6t|,
eaiy employed, but trusted, even^ by Harley himself, who^
to aU others was reserved atid mysterious. In the mean
l»iii}e, Swift had no escpectations of advantage from his cooi- ,
pejstion with'ihese persons^ he knew the/y could ^Jojtlpjioj
preserve «th6ir powef'.'Md he did ^ nbt hoixpur k whlfe it
S;W1FT.
oiKBOcbdat; of the ^violent tneasuvM wfaiicb «vere fMir^
med by both sicbs. ^< I lUe the mirtistry^'* uiyK he^ <*^'IUm^
dogVy baceioMs I cucpect they wiit use me sq. 1 nerer kilewif
attsfaiiilry do-aiiy.thing.for those whom tfaey made eeAiA/
pciii(SM m their fsleasianes; but I cam not.^' In tfaeMtn*<
flier of 1711 y he ibresasr the ruia of the mifiutry. by itikoil«i
misiindenUndiogB aiooog thenDselresy *wbushailr bstiefiected;
k; endit'wav'not only his optnion, but theit own,* tbal'i^
tbey touid not carry, a peeLce, they iBlist< sooar be Bafit'4iQ^
the Tower^ Oven «bocigb ^they ibould: tSgrisOit In osder.
Cheirerfore to #ftcilttatethia. great' event, StKift waoteotba^
VCondqot ^f the Allies;;*' a piece, whifcbi bet iconfimil^: ^
cost him much pains, and which succeeded even beyoo'd.
, his exfieetations. It was published Novudflf IVi li^aiuiHa
two months tioote above 1 1,000* »rere sold ofiy sevatt* ediMiir
bavkig beefi piinted iu England, andbifaaree m 4rillandL
The toif^ members in both bouses, wko spoken dreiv^/tbsiiP'
arguoients from it ; add the nesokitiot»s,'Wbicb ^were ptinteib
in xUe totd$« axid would, tiever.^ have pkaa^d ^bnt fof *tbia^ ,
yamphlet^''w«reJittlttMru«fthan qisotations fromut.d .Froii^
ibis time' to ItV^ be eisarfceff bimielf^ilrttbtumKearied'diUw
genceUh the ^rvitfe o^tbcj^miaJBi^'? and whiletbeiwa^ttfcr
Wibd9iD4^ jixst at ihe eoiic|u9i0n}ioC:Lthe/ f)toae ^^Ihfoch^
h^ Apix^ m^ffis^sknitkt' otrMjAu'bisitotf ^f tbe fisur Anb
j»ani 4pf ^eed )AMie."' ' TAiis>:be afterwalrds ^aishtted^ aadk
eamp 4dt<^ fiiigkod>ia pofaUsfaiiij but ^laiiifdissMaded.- (rmtt^
bykiM^B^o^iopkev who tbid^bim,'Jt|leiiwhda)waa8diiniMii
iCi'4h€^'«{ilrit 9|f'i|^ty«wrQ;in{^ >th^^<dityugh! it tat^ht: Hjehw .
wade^ sea^i^iOipadAphkat mihe^.tiiDm\ot dseir/adanoi*^
ktnf^Xf, (itiwoaid?- bevkj^diGduraonrxta^jisit history, r «Swiii;
seeii^s'fo'havie b^en leodrism^ly !-foad> of i^^thia work, by.ide>'
ckrili^tb«^ JliirW^tbe fceBtrtbiag he^adiever wriuop ; bntj^
skyce bir^ftidnd'^idifioU appmveijt^ betwonld oasfc jbsinta
ibe^tpi It^d i»Bt^^ &okeV4»,' iind£Srgoi:llHa. fitter bttt^waa
p^dbiiibed'liyilDrl Lu6«9|(U> tbe disappointmealt of all thastd
who ^ptM}tbd'«9y ^bi^ofp great ^ front 4t. ? i < ^ ^
^^lOmrinif'^^w ttdaae, J|a' recdfirexl/.noigratliitjtarfreiitarii
tijl^7^l3'f ii^d'tiieniUe.aeneptadathe :dean«ry of ).iSc; Bau
iri^k^j^^t^Bilblili; -A iawihcipfrc faad^.^mfceniaopne ttoK be&ea
iii€tfltodifoi[«^bim'^by itbet)queefi;'biit archlMshop Sharpie
bii^Qg'^t^p^i^Mfcwteiihjfm'to'bcr^aiajesty as «jnalitiviMrboaB
chi'itBtiauii^ »vua«^vei^qabstionabley tiid : beings isapported 'ia
tUs 4^ If^eertain bea^fri9e8t<l)ildypiit»wa9«givdn?dtO(7anaftben.
U^ 4ftiii^()i«U»^'<yoi»ied:rtb9(d^ to ttake pdsaesaioar^al
SW iFTi 4*
tiifrnew ^gnity ; hnt did uot stay id trdand indre than «
foi^€ntghtv''^^i»g urged by an hundred letters to basteit
back/' and reconcile the lords Oxford and Bolb^roke^
Wiien be returned^ he found their anioiosjtj incrassedi
andj ^"fin^ predicted their mip from this very saiise,' b«
labdw-ed to bring about a reconciliation, a3 that u}3K^n'Mrhich
tbanpirholedntereat of their party depended.' Havibg' at4'
dttnptidd'tbis by various methods in Taioi he went lo •
feitetid^s hoiiae in fierkfbirey where he eontinudd -till tho
qoketk*s deaths aod^ while be was at this place, 'Wfote •
cbtfeourae^called' '' Free thoughts on the present etane oi
afiatns," winch, however, was not publisbod tiU some tioae
after* ■•.-/',..,. v. - • •
Before :W% attend fimft to Ireland^ it 19 necesaijry toi
gire a Iktla Ustdry iof his Vaiiessa, because his coiineotiona
w^b> hor were^ made in. England. > Among other per$ooa
witfe wtaoiA he^was initim^itely acquaioted dofiflig the gay
^^sn/ofi bis \jfe^ was.Mrs.iVanhomriglu She was a kidy of
g4XKl famiiy in Jbaeknd) al^d becameL the iri^ off Mr. Van?*;
bomrigb, iirst a merdMnt- of Amsterdodi, tb^H'of. Dublin^
where' be 'Was raised by kiagi Wtiliamy'iupoci hie :eJepf)ditioi»
imo^^keidndii^to^very .grcati.plades. i>yiQ|^ biul/TO^, hei
l^fitjcwixsdfeis and' ft wo daughters i:)bfit 4heiAQtisirsQi3ia tafteif
dy«lig,''bist»«i4ioile foc4mney.(iArhichowa9jedasid^4^Uie,/l9ll la
ibe( daxatf^tsits. In 17i!)8, the <wldb\ir SiImI' thof^l/^oiiy^ung
hidaies i^sunbiFtafin^and^ wbem ilhey wel^ vislt^4>byiwr^
aim.iof rtbe^ifirsit i«)i»lUy ; and' BwiSt^ iwtigjat^ a^r.r ibem^
iwedi t^>|iie< muoh thtoe^jcomtngiaod gpiaiii^ witb»uii*any
oeremboy^r at( if hAthadbeen imeio£< tbelfamily>:)^ Dulii^
tiir^aii^hifity^ faebeduneinaenlNbly a kind, of pneioeptor
taUie yqoliig ladies,. pamiculaHy theyeldesi^'< wbot'v^^s ttbeii
^boost twenty lyearsr old,; was^ medl atidipl^d i^nrejfduxg^
aild*a gnaat iuiaiirer of poetry^ . HMcia iadmirtngHKis ytksi
ttti^taiy sQOii a«hacqi3tBr.as that^of Swifi^ bkfe ji>onfj)asse4
frmd'slduiiraliionri.to lore-; and, urgiadi.al hf9le;|MTJMl{)$.rbj(
vanity, which would ha^e 'been:, li^gbiy\gfAi&6d<(;t^
Mamgemitbthei^rtt w&ref the agb, .<sbe meteHioiP^dojsnakc^
tisMdodtdpa^^ao^ial oG mmiriagei . iHe affected ^tgfiTst to
bftlftaKb jiefiioajeatp'iteri)^ isdy^.ibiatr A)n sto^l^lEQ^ical a
ekphris^ qodi^ai last tatput bmr jfiff tiv^itliaiitijsb^ol^terff^fusal ;
and^ivwhilyn be anasr uo; itbis ^ jituatietn^' W)JwaQ^c[lhe :;poeai
talfas^-idt^f^Q^rmdnidiy^nejaai^^jc: Ji|}W|i^ wfit^efi iins 1 7 1 3^
ai^tdasati^timertbfJ^rer.bejtleGtllilaitM^ i^r|$al /^ bi%
Ici^iaaMspdSq^ibdj:. aoi(l(ri9^^ tbsdioipli(#eT^tal&«3(U^
«0 SWIFT
a9 be used frequently xo call it. In 1714, Mrs. Vanbbih-
ffgh died ; and, having lived very expensively, left some
clebts, which it not -being convenient for her daughters,
who b^ also debts of their own, to pay at present, to
avoid an arrest they followed the dean into Ireland.
Upon his arrival to take possession of his deanery, he had
been received with great kindness acid honour ; but now,
«ipon his return after the queen^s death, he experienced
every possible mark of contempt and indignation. The
tables were turned ; the power of the tories and the dean^s
credit were at an end; and as a design to bring in the
pretender had been imputed to the queen's ministry, so
Swift lay now; under much odium, as being supposed to
h^ve been a welUwisher in thitt cause. As soon as he' was
settled at Dublin, Miss, or Mrii. Johnson, removed froitt
the country to be near him, but they still lived in separat<»
bouses ; his residence being at the d^a^nery, and hers in
lodgings on the other side of the river Liffy, The dean
kept two public dsiys evety week, oh which the dignity of
his station wba sustained with the utmost elegance and de-^
corum, under the direction of Mrs. Johnson. As to his
employment at hoiiie, h^ seems to have had no heart to
ap|)ly himself to study of any kind, but.tb hare resigned
hfmsetf wholly to such jailiusements and such com|)ai!iy as
offered, that he might not think of h|is situation, the mis^i*
fbrtune$ of his friends, and • his disappointments. *^ I was
three yefers,** says he to Gay, ** ireconciUng myself lo the
scene and business to which ifbrtune Uad condemned hie ;
^nd stupidity was what Ihad ¥ecdurse to.'*' ^
Theiirst remarkdble event of bis life, after his settle-
ment at the deanery, was his marriage to Mrs. Johnson,
after a inost intiiliate friendship 6f mdre than sixteen years.
This was in i? 16 ; and the ceremony was performed. by Dn
Ashe, then bishop of Cldgher, to whom the dean had been
^ pupil in Trinity college, Dublin. But, whatever were
the oiotive^ to this mai'riage, the dean and the lady cour*
tinned to live afterwards just in* the same maViner as they
bad lived before. Mrs. Dingley was still the inseparable
eompanion of Stelhi 'wherever she went ; and sh^ i>ever re*
tided at the deanety, except Wheh the dean had his fits of
giddiness and deafness. Titi tbiit time he bad continued
hisVishift to Vanessa, who* pi*ederved her reputlttibn kijd
friends, and was visited by many persons of rank, chairaeter^
and foiftune, p{ both sexes i but now Jbis visits were les*
a WITT- §1
ire<|Qeiit» In 17 17 her sitter died ; and the wfaole remain*
of the family fortane centering in Vanessa, she retired t6
Selbridge^ a small bouse and estate about twelve miles froai
Dublin^ which bad been purchased by her father. Front
this place she wrote frequently to the dean ; and he an*
iwered her letters: she pressed him to marry her, but her
iaUied, aiid' still avoided a positive denial. She pressed
htm still morei either to acceptor refuse her as a wife]
npon which he wrote an answer, and delivered it with bis
own band. The receipt of this, which probably commu-^
Bjcated the fatal secret of his marriage with Stella, the un-
happy lady did ndt survive many weeks; she waa, how«
ever, sufEcientty composed to cancel a will she had made
in the dean^s favour, and to make anot(ier, in which she lefi
her fortune to her two executors. Dr. Berkeley, bishop of
Ooyne, arid MK. Marsball, one of the king^s sergeants a»
law. ' •/'.'■*
Frooi^ Iti6'to 1720, is a chasoi in the dean^s life which
it has beevi found difBcuIt to fill up ; lord Orrery thit)ks|;
with griSat reason, that he emplbyeo this time upon '^ Gulf
Kver^sr Travels.^* 'ftiift work is a moral and political ro-
mance, in wnich Swift had exerted the strongest efforb of
f fine'irreguTar genius:^ but wbit^ bis' imagination ^nd wic
delight, it is hardly p6ssit)1e not to be sometime^ p^ended
i^ith his satire^ which ^ets not only all human actiops^ but:
human nature itself, in the worst light. The truth is, j^wift^t
disappointments bad rendered bim splenetic and angry
W'Uh the whole world ; and he frequently indulged himself
in a mbantbropy thiat is ihtolerabfet : he has done so pa,rti-'
cu^arly in some parts of this work* About this time the
dean, who had already acquired the chafacteir of a hu^
mourist and wit, was first regarded, with general kindnes^^
as th^ |)atriot of Ireland. He wrote ^^ A proposal for tbo
ii^e of Irish manufactures,^ which made him very popular.;
the more so, as it immediately raised a vi'olent name,, so
that a prosecution was commenced against tb^ printer, lit
itjri he wrote the " I>rapier*s Letters^^*' those Bra,zep *ijf)p-/
^jliments of his fame, as lord Orrerv calls them, A.pateiijt
Eavipg^ be'ei^ iniquitously procured by one.\Vo6d tip qpfa
TftO,'Cfo6t. tin copper, for the use of Irelahcl, Wwliigfa he'
would nave acquired e^orbita^t gain, and proportJotvaEjy*
impoverished the nation : the dean, in the, character of i
?iS^?f Filr Y'^^ta ^t?!^*^%^f letters to |lie R^pple^ F^^fij?.-
Inem not to rec<>ive this cjopper mone^^ Thjese Mtfers'
0% a WITT*
mihed'th^ HMe natixm i6 bis pnuae^ filled merjr ^iMsiisricft
liU eflig^, ' and ei^erj voice whb iMsdamations ; sod Wood^
^oogb snppoi^ted for some timey vasat lengtb cotiipelledi'to
Mrilbdraw bis pateiity atidbis money was:totadl7>su|qir4eneri)t«
tJFrom tbi^'time ihedean^s itifloeoce in .Ireland vraa almeft
without bounds : be was consulted in whatever velateikto
domestic policy, aod -partiodlarly to.^trad^* Tfae weavers
filways considered bior as itbeir patron and legislator, after
bis proposal for the tise of dhe Irisb tnannfifctures ; and
when elections were depcfnding for tb^ city of Dublioy
many corporations ; t*efu;$ed to declare .th'efmseltes till tbey
•knew bis sentiments and inclinations, Orer the populace
he wias' the mdstabsoltite monarch that evet' governed* -and
be wa^ regarded by persbgs of eve^y r^nk with teneratichs
and esteem. .,. '
. Re wassefveral times in Englatid on ti visit to Pifpp, ^er
his settlement at the dedn^iy^ particularly ift 17i26 and
n27. oil Jan. 28, 17127, died hlsbfefov^d SteHa, invlrtr
forty-fourth year, regretted by tlie d^n irttb^^ticb Ifewessi
of affection as the liveliest si^nslbflityali/h^cotildTefef,' and
the n)ost Excellent ebarsictW excite : siie fa^d beei<^d<ee(iti-i
Sng from 1724. Stellk was a most aA^i^M^ wbman%6tfr-in
person >nd mind. Her stature waal tal)/1ji^rhkit atlcPeyes
^black,"her complexion fair aiid deHca?i:i, b«fr feature 'fi^
"gular. Wt, and animated, bef Aapife eksy"ai]?d''el«|tfrit,
and'h^rrtianner fieminme, pojite, and gfdeeiM: -tbd^^Waa
natural' music in her voice, aiid compldber^cy ihlidtf tr^i^t;
^be abounded with wit, which was always accbm|)iib(4dr
with good-nature ; her virtue was fbunded upon htiA^Mijr,
a^nd ber religion up<in rdason ; biir mforali W6i*e tftriin»Mi^
but not rigid, and hdr devotion was babitiikii); bdthot osl^^
' latious. " Why th^ dean did not soont^'marryftw tt^
excellent person ; \vby he married heir'at aU ; why Ws tor--
riage was so cautiously concifeiftetfy ^nd vrhy He wW^ neifejr
known to nieet her bat in the presebce 5f -a: thWdfifev^iii ;
are enquiries which no man cart answer^"* iays^ tU€ vfrWifer
bfhisirfe, *^ without absurdity/* :♦ ^■'^' ^'"^^^^ -'^^^^ ;
' ; Supjjosing Swift to have bfeeA * gfeidgff lk ibfe VkJ»^%y
iriere capricft and hum6ari b6 c^nhot btit^b4^ie4iH"Ih%r^6Afet
' ungracious light, and considered as a Wa(f 'bVtei>1|^'a<d^d
of bumanUy ; for it is generally agreteU, lEbii^ ^Sf^^Hi^^lBi*
* But tee this aflbir cleared from comprehensire and well authenticBteit
^mifV^ groflt misrepreteiitatioiis, Mid iriifr»iiT« of Mr. Coxe, ia big life of
placed inajery difi^rentUfhty byUif (|ir Robert Waliiole.
matort .4«fttli was oocauoned by the peouliltrtag' «li¥a «M-
duct towards b«r. It appears, by ^evero] [iqapi^oWyi (|mK
■he regretted ftnd duRpproTcd llus conduot, Md^tb^t,^}^
•ometjaie*' reproached him with unkiudfLtetA; foFilo Mfth
regret wd reproach he oertaiol; aUttdes^ W)' (he.ioUAW^
Tonesoa bert^b-dty, ia 173<: .■!.•:, -t
*'0, then, whatcter hearlk btemh, ' '
tUw pi^ on your pitfuig friBD^B i . . ..^ -> : . - i
Nor let your ills nfibct your m^^ .j, '. ;.j . i
To,fiu»cy-they caa be w^lund f ,.
' Me, Burely me, yoti ought to spare.
Who gladly would your auEterings share." *" '
It is said ibe dean d\d at length earnestly desire^ that site
might he publicly qwned as his, wife ^ but, as ber beallh
was then dei^liniag, she said, " it is too late," and insisted,
that they should continue to live as the; bad lived before.
To this tbe,deap i.n,his (urn consented, and sufTeiM her to
-clispose entirely of her CHvn fortune, by £ef o^i^ i'snie,! to
^ public. charity w)ien she died.,' . , , , -
. Tli^ most in^xpusable part of Sw^ffs conduct certainty
^pp^ars in this unhappy, affair, for tybiclt no pro^r apology
.canl^eip^e; ^lulwbicl) llie va^n at,t<;mpta of hi?' f^ien^
)lfiV4 only,teu(4{fLl tojigg^ravate*. Q^ attritput^s his siiicu-
l^r GOi)(UiiQt ,to a peculiarity, ii^ his copgtittiiion^^tfiit', if ha
fcnevy that be vfa$ un&t to enter into tiie riiarrieif^tati^' now
..came.Up to.upite, one, lady to hi[n,3i;lfliy;^Be' ' ^pnyfef
jnarriage, and explicitly to declare Jhjsp^'ssion t p otherj
' What caa lye^think alijoof the seDsill»i])Iy of f ui, who,
ctrongly :a^ached as he seem^ to. bay^'be^n'ib b, could
silently throw dowu a papei;,befpi['e,t{i^ onCi- w r jiroved
kpe "j deatjti-warri^t/'.and'/^piildjthr^w tIieoL..w. [his be-
Iwed ^lelliij into unspeakable agonie,?. in'H«r,'Jast, illness,
and quit her for ever, 7, only Tor acyurThg'bi.m;^ by t(ieir
friendship, to let her hare ,thp satisfaction of dylng^at least,
though she. had npt lived^,. his, atfliiibwl^dietl wife?* Alio-
ther apol9gist Insinuates, upor\ soinetbui^TiK'e evidence,
that Stella bore a son to Swifl^' aryj yet JaboHrs''iS?'e's«iiati
bim for Jjpt declarioR h?r bis ;»i\t^
>t the marriage tliai^t should rei
:dis(^very.^ould be demanded I
.what could be meant by urgent^jjj
to the birth of children, be coh
'■""'■■ ;■«.-■-. ..■—,-, ...I --..^In MsJtu .-.u s-^:- ':a ■
say* 1* (itf tnith 19^ pro1>aUyi what bai been said by thi
Johnson, that the man wbom Stella bad the migfortune ta
l(yre, vras fond of singularity, and desirons to make a mode
of happiness for himself^ different from the general course
ef things, and- the order of Providence* He wished for all
the pleasures of perfect friendship, without the uneasiness
of conjugal restraint. But with this state poor Stella wa»
not satisfied ; she was tiever treated as a wife, and to the
world she had the appearance of a mistress. She lived sul-
lenly on, hoping that in time he would own and receive
her. This, ^as we have seen, he did at last offer to do ;.
but pot till the change of his manners, and the depravation
of his mind, made her tell him that it was too late.
From the death of Stella his life became much retired^
and the austerity of his temper increased ; he could not
enjoy bis public days; these entertainments were therefore
discontinued, and he sdmetimes avoided the company of
his most intimate friends ; but in time he grew more de«
sirous of company. In 1732 he complains, in a letter to
Mr. Gay, *' that be had a large boose, and should hardly
find one visitor, if he was not able to hire him with a bottle
of wine;'* and, in another to Mr. Pope, that *' be was in
danget* of dying poor sind friendless, even bis female friends
having forsaken him ; which," as he says, ^* vexed him
most.*' 'These complaints were afterwards repeated in k
strain of yec greater sensibility and self-pity: ^*A11 mj
friends iiave forsaken me -^
'' Vertiginosus ^> inops^ surdusj male gratus amidSp
Deaf, giddy, helpless^ left alone.
To all my fiiehds a hurden grown.**
As be lived much in solitude, be frequently amus^di
himself with writing; and it is very remarkable, that al-
though his mind was greatly depressed, and his principal
enjoyment was at an ^nd when Mrs. Johnson died, yettbero
is an air of levity and trifling in some of the pieces bo
wrote afterwards, that is not to be found in any other ;
such in particular are his '* Directions to Servants,*^ and
several of his letters to his friend Dr. Sheridan* In 173^^
when the attempt was made to repeal the test act in Ire«
land^ the Dissenters often affected to call themselves bro-
ther-protestants^ and fellow-christians, with the members
^ Scholars bare long remarked a groit error in qoaatity, in thia-firrit word>
~ fjdUibltUf itbelD^ long.
8 W I F Tv 6S
yf the established church. UfM>n this^oeeasion the deati
wrote a short copy of verses, which so provoked ooe,B*et«
tesworth, a lawyer, and meaiber of the Irish pariiamenti
that he swore, in the bearing of many persons, to revenge
himself either by murdering or maiming the author; und,
for this purpose, he engaged his footman, with two rutfians,
to secure the dean wherever he could be found. This
being known, thirty of the nobility and gentry within the
liberty of St. Patrick's waited upon the dean in form^ and
presented a paper subscribed with their names, in which
they solemnly engaged, in behalf of themselves and the rest
of the liberty, to defend his person and fortune, as the
friend und benefactor of his country. When this paper
was delivered. Swift was in bed, deaf and'giddy, yet made
a shift to dictate a proper answer. These Bts of<leafness
and giddiness, which were the effects of bis surfeit before
he was twenty years old, became more frequent and violent
in proportion as he grew into years : and in 1736, while he
was writing a satire on the Irish parliament, which he called
•* The Legion Club," he was seized with one of these fits,
the eflect of which was so dreadful, that he left, the poem
unfinished, and never afterwards attiempted a composition,
either^ in verse or prose, that required a course of thinking,
or perhaps more than one sitting to finish.
Fvom this time his memory was perceived gradually to
decline, and his ^ssions to pervert his understanding;
and in 1741, he«was so very bad as to be utterly incapable
of conversation. Strangers were not permitted to approach
him, and hia friends found it necessary .to have guardians
appointed of bis person and estate. Early in 1742, his^
reason was subverted,. and his rage became absolute mad«
ne*^ In October his left eye swelled to the size of an
egg, and several large boils broke out on his arms and body;
the extreme pain of which kept him awake near a month, and
doftng one week it was ^ith difficulty that five persons re-
strained him, by fn^re force, from pulling out his leyes.
Upon the subsiding of these tumours, he knew those about
him ; and appears so far to have recovered his understand-
ing and temper, that there were hopes he^might once more
enjoy society. These hopes, however, were but of stiort
duration ; for, a few days afterwards, he sunk into a state
of total insensibility, an^^ could not, wiAout grentdiffi'^
culty, be prevailed on to walk across the room. This w^
the effect of another bodily disease, his b|ain h^U^S lQa4f4i
Vol. XXIX. F
I
«6
s w I F t:
with water. Mr. Stevens, ao iagenious clergyman oC Dubr
lin, pronounced this to be the case during his illness f
and, upon opening bis body, it appeared that be was not
mistaken. After the dean bad continued silent a. whole
year in this state of helpless idiotism, his housekeeper went
into his room on the 30th of November in the morning,
and told him, ^^ it was his birth-day, and that bonfires and
illuminations were preparing to celebrate it as usual :" to
which he immediately replied, ^^ It is all folly ; they had
better let it alone/* Some other instances of short inter-
vals of sensibility and reason, after bis madness ended 112
stupor, seem to prove, that bis disorder, wb;atever ic was,
had not destroyed, but only suspended, the powers of hit
mind. In 1744, he now and then called his servant by
name; and once attempting to speak to him, but not being
able to express his meaning, he shevved signs of much un*
easiness, and at last said, *' I am a fool.'' Once afterwards,
as his servant was taking away his watch, he said, ^^ Bring
It here :" and when the same servant was breaking a large
bard coal, he said, *^ That is a stone, you blockhead.'^
From this time he was perfectly silent till the latter end of
October 1745, and then died, without the least pang or conr
vulsion, in the seventy-eighth year of his age.
His works have been printed often, and in various forms,
and from them it is easy to collect his character. Of these
the most elegant is in fourteen vols. 4to ; a kind of vario**
rum edition, of which eight were published by Dr. Hawkes*
worth, three by Deane Swift, esq. and three by Mr. Ni<»
chols. These have been reprinted in twenty-five volume*^
large 8vo^ in twenty-seven volumes of a smaller Svo;
and also iu twenty-seven volumes ISmo. In 1784 a new
edition was printed, in seventeen volumes 8voy with ati
elaborate, but most /injudicious Life, or rather panegyric
on. him, by the editor, T. Sheridan, which occupies the
first volume; since which two editions, very much im-
proved, have been published, in nineteen volumes 8vo,
under the superintendence of Mr. Nichols, whose original
care and judgment in collecting information respecting
Swift, and ^ procqring inedited portions of bis works, has
never relaxed, and never been exceeded.
: There are some particulars relating to Swift's conversa-
tion and nianners which may not improperly conclude this
article. He had a rule never to speak more than a minute
at a time, and to wait for others to take up the conv^rsa-
SWIFT. 6f
tibn. He gppeatly excelled in punning; and be used to
say, ^^that none despised that talent, but those who were
without it.*' He excelled no less in telling a story, but
in the latter part of his life he used to tell the same'
too often: he never dealt in the double entendre, or pro-
faneness upon sacred subjects. He loved to have ladies in
the company, because it preserved, he said, the delicacy
of conversation : yet it is certain there are in his writings'
the greatest indelicacies^ He kept his friends in some de-'
gree of awe, yet was more open to admonition than flat-
tery. Though he appeared churlish and austere to his ser-
vants, yet he was in reality a most kind and generous mas-
ter ; and he was also very charitable to the poor. In the
mean time, it must be owned, that there was not any great
softness or sympathy in his nature ; although, perhaps,
not quite so much misanthropy as appears in his writings :
and all allow, that he grew covetous, as he grew old. As
an ecclesiastic, he was scrupulously exact in the exercise
of his function, as well with regard to spiritual as temporal
things. His manner was without ceremony, but not rustic ;
for he had a perfect knowledge of all the mode^ and varia-
tions of politeness, though he practised them in a manner
peculiar to himself. He was naturally temperate, chaste,
and frugal ; and being also high-spirited, and considering
wealth as the pledge of independence, it is not strange that
his frugality should verge towards avarice.
As to his political principles, if his own account may be
taken, he abhorred Whiggism only in those who made it
consist in damning the church, reviling the clergy,
abetting the dissenters, and speaking cdntemptuously of
revealed religion. He always declared himself against a'
popish successor to the crown, whatever title he might have
by proximity of blood ; nor did he regard the right line upon
any other account, thkn as it was established by law, and had
much weight in the opinions of the people. That he was
not at any time a bigot to party, or indiscriminately trans-
ferred his resentment from principles to persons, was so
evident by his conduct, that be was often rallied by the mi-
nisters, for never coming to them without a Whig in his
sleeVe; and though he does not appear to have asked any
thing for himself, yet he often pressed lord Oxford in fa-
vour of Addison, Congreve, Rowe, and Steele. He fre-
quently conversed with all these, choosing his friends by
their personal merit, without any regard to their political
F 2
6B SWIFT.
principles ; and, in particular, bis friendship with Mr. Ad«
dison continued inviolable, and with as much kindness, as
when they used to meet at lord Haiifax*s or lord Somers's,
who were leaders of the opposite party.
By his will, dated in May 1740, just before he ceased to
be a reasonable being, he left about 1200/. in legacies; and
the rest of his fortune, which amounted to about 1 1,.000/,
to erect and endow an hospital for idiots and lunatics. He
was buried in the great aile of St. Patrick's cathedral, under
a stone of black marble, inscribed with the following Latin
epitaph. It was written by himself, and gives a dreadful
picture of the state of mind which could dictate such worda
an such an occasion :
" Hie depositum est corpus
JoVAJHJkV SwiPT, 8. T. P.
Hujus eccksiae cathedralis decani>
Ubi sseva ij^dignatip ulterius cor lacerare nequit*'
Abi^ viator, et imitare.
Si poteris,
Strenuum pro virili libertatis vindicatorem.
Obiit, &c.*
SWIFT (Deane), a near relation to the celebrated dean
of St. Patrick's, being grandson to Godwin Swift, the dean^s
uncle, wa$ in 1739 recommended by Swift to the notice of
Pope, as " the most valuable of any in his family.** — *' He
was first,** says the dean, ^' a student in this university
[Dublin], and finished his studies in Oxford, where Dr.
King, principal , of St. Mary Hall, assured me, that Mr.
Swift behaved with reputation and credit: he hath a very
good taste for wit, writes agreeable and entertaining verses,
and is a perfect master, equally skilled in the best Greek
and Roman authors. He hath a true spirit for liberty, and
with all these advantages is extremely decent and modest.
Mr. Swift is heir to a little paternal estate of our family at
Goodrich, in Herefordshire. He is named Deane Swift,
because his great grandfather, by the mother*s side, was
admiral Deane, who, having been one of the regicides, had
the good fortune to save his neck by dying a year or two
before the Restoration.** He published, in 1755, " An Es-
say upon the Life, Writings, and Character of Dr. Jonathan
Swift;** in 1765, the eighth quarto volume of the dean*s
1 Life by Halrk«iworthl — Sheridan,—- aod Johoioi.— Works Uj Nichoti.' ^
iiKlcx;-*->Pop«*« Workt, BowIm'i cdii'um.
/
SWIFT. «*
^orks; and, in 1768, tw'o volames of his " Letters." Mr.
Swjift.died at Worcester, July 12, 1783 : be had long me-
ditated a complete edition of his reiation's works, arid had
by him many new materials for that purpose. ^
SWINBURNE (Henuy), a law writer, of the seven-
teenth century, was tiie son of Thomas Swinburne of the city
of York, where he was born. In his sixteenth year he was
sent to Oxford, and entered a commoner of Hart-ball,
whence after some time he removed to Broadgate-ball, now
Pembroke college, and there took his degree of baehelor
of civil law. Before he left the university he married He*'
lena, daughter of Bartholomew Lant, of Oxford, and being
then obliged to quit the college, he returned to York, and
practised in the ecclesiastical courts as proctor. He after-
wards commenced doctor of civil law, and became very
eminent in his profession. On Feb. 10, 1612, he was ad-
vanced to be commissary of the Exchequer, and judge of
the prerogative court of the province of York, in which
office he continued till his death. Of this event we have
no direct memorial ; but, as bis will was proved June 1 2,
,1624^ we may presume he died about that time. He
was buried in the cathedral of York, leaving his dwelling
.house in York to his son Toby, and a beuefaction to the
poor of the eity. It appears he was twice married, and that
his second wife's name was Wentworth. He wrote a
'^Treatiseof Spousals, or Matrimonial contracts,'* which
was not published until 1686, 4to; but his more celebrated
work was his ^^ Treatise of Testaments and Last Wills, com-
piled out of the laws, ecclesiastical, civil, and canon, as
also out of the common laws, customs, and statutes of this
realm.'' This work has passed through seven editions, 4to.
1590, 1611, 1635, 1677, 1728, fol. corrected and much en«
. larged in 1743, and lastly in 1803, with valuable atinota*
tions illustrative of the subject to the present time, by the
late John Joseph Powell, esq. and prepared for the press
by James Wake, esq. in 3 vols. 8vo. Mr. Hargrave ob-
serves, that there is a curious dissertation on the customs
of York, in respect to filial portions, which forms a valuable
part of the wprk, but which is not contained in the first edi-
tion, having been afterwards added by Swinburne. Mr.
Hargrave also complains that his later editors have not
been careful to distinguish their own enlargements from
« Swift's Work! hf Nwholt, k^
T0 SWINBURNE,
what belongs to tb6 author, but this is not the case in Pow-
ell's edition, whose annotations are printed distinct from
Swinburne^s text. ^
SWINBURNE (Henry), a learned traveller, and pro^*
bably a descendant of the preceding, was the youngest son
of the late sir John Swinburne, hart, of Capheaton, in Nor-
thumberland, the long-established seat of that ancient Ro*
maa Catholic family. He was educated at Scorton school,
in Yorkshire, and afterwards stu(lied at Paris, Bourdeaux,
and in the royal academy at Turin. He made the usual
tour of Italy ; and, in 1774, travelled with his lady on the
Continent, for the express purpose of indulging their taste
for antiquities and the fine arts. He spent six years in
France, Spain, Italy, and Germany; formed an intimacy
with some of the most celebrated literati of those coun-^
tries, and received spme signal marks of esteem from the
sovereigns of the courts he visited. On his return to Eng-
land he retired to his seat at Hamsterleyy in the bishopric
of Durham, which thenceforth became his principal resi-
dence. He published his Travels in Spain in a quarto vo-
lume, 1779 ; four years after, vol. I. of bis Travels in the
Two Sicilies, and a Ild two years after. Both these
' works have been reprinted in octavo, the first in two, the
other in four, volumes, with improvements. The learning ^
and ingenuity of Mr. Swinburne have been generally ac-
knowledged, and the warmth and animation of his descrip-
tions discover an imagination highly susceptible of every
bounty of nature or art ; but he is perhaps too apt to re-
linquish simplicity for profusion of ornament. He was the
first who brought us intimately acquainted with Spain, and
the arts and monuments of its ancient inhabitants. By the
marriage of his only daughter to Paul Benfield, esq. he be-
came Jn vol ved in the misfortunes of that adventurer, and
obtained a place in the newly-ce$led settlement of Trini-
dad, where be died in April 1303. His library had been
sold by auction, by Leigh and Sotheby, the preceding
year. *
SWINTON (John), a very celebrated English anti^
quary, was a native of the county of Chester, and the son
of John Swinton, of Bextoh in that county, gent. He was
born in 1703. The circumstances of his parents were pro*
^ Atb. Ox. vol. I. — Drake's Eboracum. — Bridgman's Legal Bibliography.
' Nichols's Bowyer.
S W I N T O N. 71
bably not afflaent, as he was entered at Oxford in the rank
of a ser?itor at Wadbaoi college, in October 1719. It may
be presumed that he recoiliinended himself in that society
by his talents and behaviour, for, on June 30, 1723, he wa^'
elected a scholar on a Cheshire foundation in the colleget
In the December following he took his first degree in arts;
Before he became tnaster of arts (which was on Dec. 1,
1726), he had chosen the church for his profession, and
was ordained deacon by the bishop of Oxford, May 30f
1725 ; and was afterwards admitted to priest's orders on
^ay 28, }727. He was not long without some preferment,
being admitted to the rectory of St. Peter le Bailey in Ox*
ford (a living in the gift of the crown), under a sequestra*
tion, and instituted to it in February 1728.. In June the
same year, he was elected a fellow of his college ; but, de*
sirous probably to take a wider view of the world, he ac-
cepted, not long after, the appointment of. chaplain to the
English factory at Leghjorn, to which he had been chosen*
In this situation be did not long enjoy his health, and^
leaving it on that account, he was at Florence in April
1733, where he attended Mr. Coleman, the English envoy,
in his last moments. Mr. Swinton returned through Ve-»
nice and Vienna ; and, in company with «ome English gen»
tlemen of fortune, visited Presburg in Hungary, and was-
present at one of their assemblies.
It is possible that he had not quitted England in the
summer of 1730, for he was elected a fellow of the Royal
Society in June that year, and admitted about three months
later. It was probably while he was abroad that he was
admitted into some foreign societies, namely the academy
degh Apaiisti at Florence, and the Etruscan academy of
Cortoua. On his return be seems to have taken up his
abode at Oxford, where he resided all the latter part of bis
life, and was for many years chaplain to the gaol in that
city. It may be prissumed that he married in 1743 ; it was
then at least that he gave up bis fellowship. In 1759 be
became bachelor of divinity ; in 1767 he was elected Cuj-
tos Archioorum^ or keeper ^ the university records ; and,
on April 4, 1777, be died, in the ^venty ^fourth year of his
age, leaving no diildren. His wife survived till 1784, and
both were buried, with a very short and plain inscription,
in the chapel of Wadbam college.
The monuments of bis literary life were numerous, and
learned, but not of great magnitude. He published, u
Tl S W I N T O N.
'< De Lingus Etrari» Regalis verntcula Dissertatto,'*
Oxon. 1738, 4to, 19 pages. 2. ^ A critical essay coo-i
cerning the words Aoi/ioiy and Aot^iowov, occasioned by two
late inquiries into tbe meaning of the Demoniacks in the
Iblew Testament/* London, 1739, 8vo. 3. ** De priscis
Romanorum Uteris dissertatio/' Oxon. 1746, 4to, 20 pages*
4. ^* De primogenio Etrascorum alphabeto, dissertatio,*'
Oxon. 1746. 5. ** Inscriptiones Citieae : sive in binas In-
scriptiones Phoenicias, inter rudera Citii nuper repertas,
GonjectursB. Accedit de nummis quibusdam Samaritaais
et Phceniciis, vel insolitam prse se iiteraturam ferentibus,'
vel in lucem hactenus non editis, dissertatio,*' Oxford,
1750, 4to, 87 pages. 6. ** Inscriptiones Citiese : sive in
binas alias inscriptiones Phoenicias, inter rudera Citii nu«
per repertas, conjectursB," 4to, 19 pages. 7. " De num-
mis quibusdam Samaritanis et Pbceniciis, vel insolitam pras
se Iiteraturam ferentibus, vel in lucem hactenus non editis,
dissertatio secunda,'* 4to, 36 pages. 8. ** Metilia : sive de
quinario Oentis Metiiise, i nummis vetusti» c»teroquin mi-
nimum notsB, dissertatio," Oxon. 1750, 4to, 22 pages. 9.
Several dissertations published in the Philosophical Trans-
actions of the Royal Society. As, <<A dissertation upon
a Parthian coifi ; with characters on the reverse resembling
those of the Palmyrenes," vol. xlix. p. 593. ** Some re-
marks on a Parthian coin, with a Greek and Parthian le-
gend, never before published," vol. i. p. 16.. ''A disserta-
tion upon the Phoenician numeral characters, anciently'
used at Sidon,'^ vol. i. p. 791. ^< In nummom Parthicura
hactenus ineditum conjecturap, vol. li. p. 683. <' A disser-
tation upon a Samnite Denavtus, never before published,
vol lii. p. 28. ^* An account of a subsrated Denarius of
the Pltetorian family, adorned with an Etruscan inscription
on tbe reverse, never before published or explained,*' vol;
Ixfi p. 60. ** Observations upon five ancient Persiistn coins,
struck in Palestine or Phosnicia, before the dissolution of
the Persian empire, vol. Ixii. p. 345. Other papers by him
may be found in the general index to the Philosophical
Transactions. 10. A part of the ancient universal history,
contained in the sixth and seventh volumes of that great
work. Tihe particulars of this piece of literary history
were communicated by Dr. Johnson to Mr. Nichols, in a
paper printed in the Gentleman's Magazine for December-
1784, p. 892. The original of that paper, which affords a
atrong proof of the steady attachment of Johnson to the
SWINTON. W
1
t
interests of literature, has been, according to his desire, de-
posited in the British Mnseum. The letter is as follows:
« To Mr. Nichols.
" The late learned Mr. Swinton of Oxford having one
day remarked, that one man, meaning, I suppose, no man
but himself, tould assign all the parts of the Universal His-
tory to their proper authors, at the request of sir Robert
Chambers, or of myself, gave the account which I now
transmit to you in his own hand, being willing that of so
great a work the history should be known, and that each
writer should receive his due proportion of praise from pos-
terity. I recommend to you to preserve this scrap of lite-
rary intelligence, in Mr. Swinton's own hand, or to deposit
it in the Museum, that the veracity of the account may ne-
ver be doubted. I am, sir,
your most humble servant,
Dec. 6, 1784. Sam. Johnson.**
The paper alluded to, besides specifying some parts
written by other persons, assigns the following divisions of
the history to Mr. Swinton himself. ** The history of the
Carthaginians, Numidians, Mauritanians, Gaetulians, Ga«
ramantes, Melano-Gsetulians, Nigritse, Cyrenaica, Marma-
rica, the Regie Syrtica, Turks, Tartars, and Moguls, In-
dians, and Chinese, a dissertation on the peopling of Ame-
rica, and one on the independency of the Arabs." *
In ,1740 Mr. Swinton was involved in a law-suit, in con-
sequence of a letter he had published. It appears from one
of the newspapers of the time, that a letter from the Rev*
Mr. Swinton, highly reflecting on Mr. George Baker, hav-
ing fallen into the bands of the latter, the court of King*t
Bench made the rule absolute for an information against
Mr. Swinton. These two gentlemen were also engaged for
some time in a controversy at Oxford ; which took its rise
from a matter relative to Dr. Thistlethwaite, some time war-
<len of Wadham, which then attracted much attention. Mn
Swinton had the manners, and some of the peculiarities
often seen in very recluse scholars, which gave rise to
many whimsical , stories. Among the rest, there is one
mentioned by Mr. Boswell, in the Life of Johnson, as
* This lilt it f iveo in PeshalPs His- the Modern Univerial History the Life
lory of the city of Oxford, p. 171, and of Mobamined and the History of Um
very probably from the author's autbo- Ara)>s.
lity ; but it is added that bt wrote ia
7* SWINTON.
having happened in J 754. Johnson was then on a visk in
the university of Oxford. '^ About this time/* he says,
'* there had been, an execution of two or three criminals at
Oxford, on a Monday* Soon afterwards, one day at. din-
ner, I was saying that Mr. Swinton, the chaplain of the
gaol^ and also a frequent preacher before the university, a
learned man, but often thoughtless and absent, preached
the condemnation sermon on repentance, before the con-
victs on the preceding day, Sunday ; and that, in the close,
he told his audience that be should give them the remainder
of what he had to say on the subject, the next Lord's-day.
Upon which, ope of our company, a doctor of divinity, and
a plain matter-of-fact man, by way of offering an apology
for Mr. Swinton, gravely remarked, that he had probably
preached the same sermon before the university : ** Yes, sir,
(says Johnson,) but the university were not to be hanged
the next morning !'*'
SYBRECHT (John), a landscape painter, was born at
Antwerp, about 1630, and brought up in that city under
his father. He was a close imitator of nature in alt his
landscapes*, and in his younger days went upon the Rhine
and other adjacent places, where he drew several plea-
sant views in water*colours. Having spent more of his
Kfe in that way, than in painting, his drawings were more
valued than his pictures. The duke of Buckingham, pass-
ing through the Netherlands, in his way home from his
embassy into France, stayed some time at Antwerp; where,
meeting with some of this master's works, be was so well
pleased with them, that he invited him oyer to England,
and employed him atCliefden. Sybrecht continued in his
service three or four years, and then worked for the nobi-
lity and gentry of England, continuing in vogue a long
time. He drew several sorts of cattle remarkably well,
and usually contrived to place some of them in his land-
scapes. He died in London about 170S, and was buried
in St. James's church. There are some of his pictures at
Newstede-abbey, lord Byron's, and in other houses belong-
ing to the nobility. In 1686 he made several views of
Cbatsworth.'
SYDENHAM (Floyer), deserves a fuller account than
can now be given of a learned and diligent man, unfortu-
nately altogether unpatronized, who undertook, and ii^
1 PreoediD^r edit of this Diot. > PaktBc;toii.— Walpole's Aa«cd«tcs.
S Y D E N H A M. 7S
part executed, a translation of the works of Plato. His
proposals for this great undertaking were published in a
quarto tract in i759 ; and he produced successively, be*
tween that time and 1767, translation of Ihe '^ 15, a dis-
course on poetry," of " The Greater Hippias," " The
Lesser Hippias," " The Banquet, Part I.*' and " The Ban-
quet, Part 11.'' He is said to have lived /or some years,
and finally to have died, in great indigence. The Gentle-
man's Magazine places his death on April' the 1st, 17S7,
and' adds, that he was born in 1710, and educated at Wad-
ham college, Oxford, where he took the degree of M. A.
April 30, 1734. In an account published by the society
called the Literary Fund, the following narrative of his
death is given : *^ During the summer recess of the year
1788, an event took place, which tarnished the character
of £nglish opulence and humanity, and afflicted the vo-
taries of knowledge. Floyer Sydenham, the well-known
translator of Plato, one of the most useful, if not one of
the most competent Greek scholars of his age; a man re-
vered for his knowledge, and beloved for* the candour of
bis temper and the gentleness of his manners, died in con-
sequence of having been arrested, and detained, for a debt
to a victualler, who had, for some time, furnished his fru-
gal dinner. At the news of that event, every friend of
literature felt a mixture of sorrow and shame ; and one of
the members of a club at the prince of Wales^s coffee-
bouse proposed, that it should adopt, as its object and
purpose, some means to prevent similar afflictions, and to
assist deserving authors and their families in distress.*'
Whether the account reported to these gentlemen, of the
time and manner of Sydenham's death was accurate or not,
the friends of literature and humanity will feel great conso-
lation in finding that it gave occasion to a society so bene-
volent in its designs ; which arosej after a few changes and
Bolodifications, out of the proposal above-mentioned. The
society is now in a flourishing and improving state, and has
given very timely and important assistance to many deserv-
ing authors.^
SYDENHAM (Thomas), a very eminent physician, and
one of the most eminent as an improver of the art that
England has produced, was born in 1624 at Winford Eagle
in. Dorsetshire, where bis father William Sydienham, esq.^
> Prteedio^ edition of this Dictuwary.
76 SYDENHAM.
bad 8 Imrge fortune. Under whose ca^re he was educated,
or in what manner he passed his childhood, is not known.
At the age of eighteen, in 1642, he entered as a com*
inoner of Magdalen-ball, Oxford, where it is not probable
that he continued long ; for he informs us himself, that he
was withheld from the university by the commencement of
the war; nor is it very clearly known in what state. of life
be engaged, or where he resided during that long series of
public commotion. It is indeed reported, that be had a
commission in the king's army*, but no particular account
is given of bis military conduct ; nor are >ye told what rank
be obtained (unless that of a captain), when he entered into
the army, or when or on wbat occasion be retired from
it. It is certain, however, that if ever he took upon htm
the profession of arms, he spent but few years in the camp ;
for in 1648 he obtained at Oxford the degree of bachelor
of physic, for which, as some medical knowledge is neces-
sary, it may be imagined that he spent some time in qua«
lifying himself.
His application to the study of -physic was, as he himself,
relates, produced by an accidental acquaintance wfth Dr.
Cox, a physician eminent at that time in London, who in
some sickness prescribed to bis brother, and, attending him
frequently on that occasion, inquired of him wbat profes-
sion he designed to follow. The young man answering
that he was undetermined, the doctor recommended physic
to him, and Sydenham having determined to follow his ad-'
vice, retired to Oxford for leisure and opportunity to pur-
sue bis studies.
It is evident, says bis biographer, that this convert^ation
must have happened before bis promotion to any degree in.
physic, ~ because he himself fixes it in the interval of hi)B
absence from the university, a circumstance which will en-
^able us to confute many false reports relating to Dr. Syden-*
'ham, which h^ve been confidently inculcated, and impli-
'citly believed. It is the general opinion, that he was made
\ pbrsician by accident and necessity ; and sir ttichard
Blackmore reports in plain terms (in the preface to bis
•* Treatise on the Small- Pox**), that be engaged in prac-
tice without any preparatory study, or previous knowledg^,
i * Sarety not . in the king's army, which he had % brftther,' an ofllder 4f
.This is .^ontrary to ali authority. Hit high rank noentioaeil bere^ft«i) intit
tfommissio'ty, if he had any, must have \% in some measure confirmed 9^j
•^Mn flii tit pariMOitiflary army, in Wood, Our earKeit autbbiHy. •*- "
.SYDENHAM. 77
•f the medicinal sciences ; and affirms, diati when he was
consulted by him what books he should read to qualify him
for the same profession,' he recommended Don Quixote.
That he recommended Don Quixote to Blackmore, we are
not, continues Dr. Johnson, to doubt ; but the relator ifl
hindered by that self-love which dazzles all mankind, from
discovering that he might intend a satire very different
from a general censure of all the ancient and modern wri*
ters on medicine, since he might perhaps mean, either se*
riously or in jest, to insinuate, that Blackmore was not
adapted by nature to the study of physic, and that, whe*
tfaer be should read Cervantes, or Hippocrates, he would
be equally iniqualified for practice, and equally unsuccess*
ful in it. Wha.tever was his meaning, nothing is more
evident, than that it was a transitory sally of an imagina*
tion warmed with gaiety, or the negligent effusiotv of m
mind intent on some other employment, and' in haste tp
dismiss a troublesome intruder ; for it is certain that Syden-
ham did not think it impossible to write usefully on medi^
cine, because he has himself written .upon it ; and it is not
probable that he carried his vanity so far, as to imagine
that no man had ever acquired the same qualiBcations be-
sides himself. He could not but know that he had rather
restored than invented roost of his principles, and therefore
could not but acknowledge the valbeof those writers whose
doctrines he adopted and enforced.
That he engaged in the practice of physic without any
acquaintance with the theory, or knowledge of the opinions
or precepts of former writers, is undoubtedly false, for he
declares that after he had, in pursuance of his conversation
with Dr. Cox, determined upon the practice of physic, be
applied himself in earnest to it, and spent several years ia
the university, before he began to practise in London.
Nor was he satisfied with the opportunities of knowledge
which Oxford afforded, but travelled to Montpellier, ^B
Desault relates ('^ Dissertation on Consumptions^'), in quest
of farther information, Montpellier being at that time the
most celebrated school of physic. It is a common opipipn
that he was thirty years old before he formed his reaoUi-
tion of studying physic ; but this arises from the mj^srepi;^-
sentation of an expression in his dedication to Dr. Maple-
toft, in which he observes that from his conversation With
Dr. Cox to the publication of that treatise thirty years h^d
intervened. The facts already related sufficiently confuie
7»
SYDENHAM.
Uua etrotf since it appears that Sydenham, after baring
beeii fo^ some time absent from the university, returned t^
it in order to pursue his physical inquiries before he was
twenty- four years old; for in 1648, when exactly of that
age, be was admitted to the degree of M. B.
Among other reports respecting this great man, it ha»
also beeh said that he composed his works in English, but^
wM obliged to have recourse to Dr. Mapletoft to translate
them- into Latin. This has been asserted by Ward in his
Lives of the Gresham professors, but without bringing any
proof* ; and it is observable that his *^ Processus Integri,*'
published after his death, discovers alone more skill in the
Latin language than is commonly ascribed to him. It is
likewise asserted by sir Hans Sloane, with whom he was
familiarly acquainted, that Dr. Sydenham was. particularly
versed in the writings of the great Roman orator and phi*
losopher; and there is evidently such a luxuriance in his
style, as may discover the author who gave him most plea-
sure, and most engaged his imitation.
About the same time that he became bachelor of physic,
be obtained, by the interest of a relation, a fellowship of
All Souls^ college, having submitted, by the subscription .
required, to the authority of the visitors appointed by the
parliament, upon what principles, or how consistently with
bis former conduct, it is now impossible to discover f.
When he thought himself qualified for practice^ he fixed
his residence in Westminster, became doctor of physic at
Cambridge, received a licence from the college of phy-
sicians, and lived in the first degree of reputation, and the
greatest afBuence of practice, for many years, without any'
other enemies than those which he raised by the superior
merit of his conduct, the bright lustre of his abilities, or
his improvements of his science, and his contempt of per-
nicious methods supported only by authority in opposition
to sound reason and indubitable experience. These men
are indebted to him for concealing their names, when he
^ Dr. Ward did bring his proofs,
in\ letter sent to the Gent Mag. vol.
XUT. in which however be endeavours
to obviate the conclusion that might
be drawn from his first assertion,
namely that Sydenham was not ca-
pable of translating his works into
Latin, and this he has done very can-
didly and very satisfactorily.
f This mistake is founded on that
mentioned in the last note but one.
Wood informs us that he would not,
from the first, join the young students
who took up arms in defence of thQ
king. There was nothing therefore in
his present conduct inconsistent witb
his former.
Y D E N H AM.
'^9
records their malice, since tbey have thereby eseapf$4 the
contempt and detestatioa of posterity*.
Dr. Sydenbami however, was not destined for long \\(e.
His health began to fail in the fifty-second year of his age^
by frequent attacks of the gout, to which ^he had long been
subject, and which afterwards was accompanied with the
stone in the kidneys, and its natural consequence, bloody
urine. These were distempers, says his elegant biogra*
pber, which even the art of Sydenham could only palliate,
without hope of a perfect cure, but which, if he has not
been able by his precepts to instruct us to remove, he has,
at least, by his example taught us to bear ; for he never
betrayed any indecetit impatience, or unmanly dejection^
under his torments, but supported himself by the reflee-
tions of philosophy, and the consolations of religion, and
in every interval of ease applied himself to the assistance
of others with his usual assiduity. After a life thus usefully
employed, he died at his house in Pall-mall, Dec. 29,
1689, in the sixty-fifth year of his age, and was buried in
the aile, near the south door, of the church of St. James's^
Westminster.
His works have been collected and frequently printed at
London in one volume 8vo. The last edition is that by
John Swan, M. D. of Newcastle in Staffordshire, 1742.
To this is prefixed a life of Dr. Sydenham, by Dr. Johnson,
which we have chiefly followed in the preceding account.
His works were also printed at Leipsic in 1711, at Geneva
in 1716, in 2 vols. 4to, and at Leyden in Svo. They were
written by himself in English, but translated afterwards
into Latin, of which it is our opinion he was fully capable,
although these translations, as already noticed, have been
attributed to Dr. Mapleto ft and others. The last English
edition is that by Dr. George Wallis, 1788, 2 vols. Svo, with
notes and opinions of subsequent medical writers.
* *« The great Sydenham, for all
bis labours, only gamed the sad and
uojuftt recoiBpence of calumny and
ignominy: and that from the emula-
tio]!i of some of his collegiate breth-
ren and others, whose indignation at
length arose to that height, that they
endeavoured to banish him, as guilty
of medicinal heresy, out of that illus*
trious society ; and by the whispering
of others he was baulked the employ-
ment of the royal family, where before
be was called among the first physi-
ciaai. .Yet some patrons this great
and good man had among his breth-
ren, as Goodall, Brady, Gaman, and
Dr. Cole of Worcester, as may be
seen by their epistles in bis works.
Dr. JVIickletbwait a little before hia
deaths did profess, notwithltanding all
the attempts of several against the
methods of Sydenham, that these
Would prevail, and triumph over all
other methods : and the event has
fully verified this prediction of Dr.
MicklethwaiU" MS. communicated
by C^r. Lettsom to the Qent. Mag. to!,
LXXI. p. 684.
ei) SYDENHAM.
Sydenham has frequently been called the father of pby-
aic among the moderns. He tells us, in the preface to his
works^ that '^ the increase and perfection of the medical
^rt is to be advanced by these two m^ans : by composing
an history of distempers, or a natural and exact descrip-
tion of distempers and their symptoms ; and by deducing
and establishing a method of cure from thence/^ This is
the way which that great delineator of the right road to
real knowledge in all its various branches, lord Bacon, had
pointed out ; and its being more closely pursuecl by Syden-
ham than by any modern physician before him^ is what has
justly entitled him to those high encomiums which have
ever been paid him. Sir Richard Blackmore allows, and
all are now convinced, that Sydenham, *^ who built all his
masims and rules of practice upon repeated observations
on the nature and properties of diseases, and the power of
remedies, has compiled so good an history of distempers,
and so prevalent a method of cure, that he has improved
and advanced the heating art much more than Dr. Willis
with all his curipus speculations and fancifut hypotheses .^^
He relates of himself, in his dedication to Dr. Mapletoft,
that ever since he had applied himself to the practice of
physic, he bad been of opinion, and the opinion had been
every day more and more confirmed in him, that the me-
dical art could not be learned so surely as by use and ex-
perience; and that he, who should pay the nicest and
most accurate attention to the symptoms of distempers,
would infallibly succeed best in searching out the true
means of cure. **' For this reason," says he, " I gave my-
self up entirely to this method of proceeding, perfectly se-
cure and confident, that, while I followed nature as ray
guide, I could never err." He tells him afterwards, that
Mr. Locke approved his method, which he considered as
no, small sanction to it; and what he says upon this occa-
sion of Mr. Locke is worth transcribing: ^* Nosti prse-
terea, quern huic mese methodo sufFragantem habeam, qui
earn intimius per omnia perspexerat, utrique nostrum con-
junctissimum dominum Joannem Locke ; quo quidem viro,
live ingenio judicioqne acri & subacto, sive etiam antiquis,
hoc est, optimis moribus, vix superiorem quenquam^ inter
•OS qui nunc sunt homines repertum iri confido ; paucissi-
mos certe pares.^* There are some Latin elegiac verses by
Mr. Locke, addressed to Sydenham^ prefixed to bis '^Tr«a-
tis« ujjMn fevers/*
StDEKHAM. ii
Mt. Granger has remarked that Sydenham received
' higher honours from foreign physicians than from his coun*
trymen* This, however^ applies only to his contempo«
raries, for no modern English physician has ever mentione4
Sydenham unless in terms of high veneration. The enco*
miums of Boerhaave and Haller are well known to medical
readers. His great merit consists in the accurate descrip*
tions which he has left us of several diseases which first
became conspicuous in his time. His account of the small-
pox, and of his medical treatment of that diseases, is admi«-
rable, and contributed in no small degree to establish his
celebrity. He was the first person who introduced the
cooling regimen in fevers, a method of treatment frequently
attended with the happiest effects^ though it must be ac-
. knowledged that be did liot sufficiently distinguish between
the typhus and the inflammatory fever, and on that ac«
couot he sometimes carried his bleedings to an excess. He
contributed also essentially to introduce the Peruvian bark
as a cure for intermittents.
He had nn elder brother William, who was some time
gentleman commoner of Trinity college in Oxford, and,
entering into the parliament's army, acquitted himself so
well, that be rose, by several gradations^ to the highest
post and dignities. In 1649, he was appointed governor of
the Isle of Wight, and made vice-admiral of that isle and
Hampshire. In 1653, he was summoned to parliament for
Dorsetshire; in 1654, made commissioner of the treasury,
and member of the privy-qouncil ; and in 1658, summoned
to parliameint by the protector Richard Cromwell. This
connection, together with his own principles and former
engagements, would probably binder Dr. Sydenham from
being a very popular pbysician, during the period of his
. flourishing, that is, iu the reigns of Charles IL and
James II. ; yet he seems to have owed more of his neglect to
the envy of bis contemporary brethren.
His biographer remarks that Dr. Sydenham's skill in
physic ** was not bis highest excellence; that his whol^ cha-*
racter was amiable ; that his chi^f view was the benefit of
mankind, and the chief motive of his. actions the will of
God, wbom be mentions with reverence, well becoming
the most enlightened and most penetrating mind. He was
benevolent, candid, and communicative, ^incere» and re^i-^
gious ; qualities^ which it were happy if they f Qf||f^ HRI^F
VOL.XXIX, G
S2 & Y K E S.
from him, who emulate his knowledge, and imitate hb
inetbpds." *
SYKES (Arthur Ashley), a divine of the. church of
England, but to whom that church was little indebted^ was
the son of Mr. Arthur Sykes, of Ardely or Yardly in Hert-
fordshire, and was born in London about 1684^ He was
educated at St. Paul's school under the celebrated Mr.
Postlethwayte, and was admitted of Corpus Christi college,
Cambridge, in 1701, under the care of the rev« Charles
Kidman, B. D. tutor of that college. In Feb. 1701-2 be
was appointed a scholar of the house. While an under-^
fraduate he wrote some Hebrew verses on the death of
ing William, which were printed in the Cambridge coU
lection on that occasion. He took the degree of B. A. in
1704*5, and proceeded M. A. in 1708. After leaving col-
lege he was employed for sopie time as one of the assistants
at St. Paul's school, but quitted this situation as ioconsist*
ent with the prosecution of his private studies. In 1712-1 3
be was collated to the vicarage of Godmersham in Kent by
archbishop Tenison, who had a great personal regard for
him, and was a generous patron to the members of Corpus
Christi, of which he had himself been fellow. In April
1714 he was instituted to the rectory of Dry-Drayton in
Cambridgeshire, on the presentation of the duchess dow-
ager of Bedford^ and in August followiog he resigned his
vicarage of Godmersham in Kent. In Nov. 1718, be was
instituted to the rectory of Rayleigh in Essex, which he
retained to his death, but now resigned the living of Dry-
Drayton. In Dec^ following, at a meeting of the gover-^
nor% and directors of King-street chapel^ Golden-square,
be was unanimously appointed afternoon preacher at that
place, which is a chapel of ease to St. Jameses Westmin-
ster, of which his friend Dr. Clarke was then rector. la
.1721, on the morning preachership becoming vacant by
. Dr. Wilcocks's promotion to the see of Gloucester> Mr.
Sykes was unanimously appointed to -succeed him. In
January 1723-4 he was collated to the prebend of Alton-
Borealis in the cathedral of Salisbury, by bishop Hoadly,
and three years afterwards his lordship appointed him to
the prsecentorship of the same cathedral, yacant by the
^eatb of their common friend Dr. Daniel Whitby. Iii
1 Life by Dr. JohBiOB.—Biog. Brit.— Birch'f Livet.— A^L Ox. T©1. II.—
ThMBioB'ft liift. of ih« Royal Society.
S Y K E S. SS
Ajpril 1725, upon the nomination of Dr. Clarke, he was
appointed assistant preacher at St. James's church, West-
minster. In 1726 he proceeded to take the degree of
D. D. in the university of Cambridge. In Feb. 1739 he
was advanced to the deanry of St. Burien in Cornwall,
which is in the patronage of the crown ; and on October
15, 1740, he was collated to a prebend in the cathedral of
Winchester, through the friendship of his former patron
bishop Hoadiy, who had been translated to the see of
Winchester in 1734. His ecclesiastical promotions seem
to have ended here.
Duruig many years Dr. Sykes had been greatly afBicted
ivith the gout and stone, but had received much relief from
the pains of the latter disorder, for fifteen or sixteen years
before his death, by the medicine purchased by parlia-
ment of Mrs. Stephens, for the public use. And upon the
whole be enjoyed a general state of good health and spirits,
until he was seized with a stroke of the palsy, while attend-
ing the funeral of a friend, on Monday evening, Nov. 15,
1756, and died, at his house in Cavendish-square, at two
o'clock in the afternoon of Tuesday the 23d, in the seventy-
third year of his age. He was buried near the pulpit in
the parish church of St. James*s Westminster on the 30th
of November. Dr. Gregory Sharpe, who succeeded him
in King-street qhapel, and was afterwards master of the
Temple, and who had long been in habits of friendship with
the deceased, officiated upon this occasion.
Dr. Sykes had been married many years to Mrs. Eliza-
beth Williams, a widow lady, and a native of Bristol, but
bad no children by her. He left the whole of his fortune,^
which was considerable, to her for life, and afterwards to
.his brother the rev, George Sykes, rector of Rayleigh in
Essex, and vicar of Preston in Kent. Mrs. Sykes died in
January 1763, and was buried near her husband in St.
James's church.
; Dr. Sykes .was a divine of the school, of Clarke and
Hoadiy, who, while they made it the business of their lives
to oppose the distinguishing doctrines of the established
church, were content to enjoy both its dignities and emo-
lument8« . Such men have been well represented by an in-
geni9us. critic*, as holding a grand debate between con-
victioQ «nd interest^ and endeavouring to accommodate
♦ Monthly Reritw, to). LXXill. p. 807.
02
84 S Y K E 8.
matters with As much ease as possible between both; a
sort of half-way reformers^ who endeavour to find out the
secret band which will unite the two opposite extremes^
and coalesce, in one mass^ the most heterogeneous quali*
ties of inward persuasion and outward profession. Tbejr
subscribe articles which they do not believe^ and reconcile
it to their conscience by calling them articles of peace and
not oi faith; and by this principle of accommodation they
endeavour to secure the character of the ^ children of
light,^* without wholly relinquishing the good things whidi
fall to the share of the " children of the world."
' Such was Dr. Sykes, who in all his controversial writings
(and the greater part of his writings were of that kind) en-
deavoured to lay open the church to persons of the most
opposite sentiments, especially those approaching the So-
cinian scheme, and therefore argues in one of his tracts,
that <^ ajatitude of opinion is intended and allowed by the
legislature to subscribers, as thfey are members of the
church of England,'' which the more recent author of
'^ The Confessional" has amply refuted. It was of course
very natural for Dr. Sykes, at a subsequent period, to main-
tain, in other pamphlets, that the fences which the church
has determined to secure against innovfiition are of no im-
portance.
His publications amount in the whole to sixty-three.
Most of these are only pamphlets on temporary topics, and
are now little known or sought after; but the following
have been thought to possess a more permanent character:
'^ Essay on the Truth of the Christian Religion; wherein
its real foundation upon the Old Testament is shown ;'*
this was published in 1725 against Collins; and ^^The
principles and connexion of Natural and Revealed Religion
distinctly considered," 1740, 8vo.^
SYLBURGIUS (Frederic), a learned German, emi-
nent for his great skill in Greek, was born at Marpurg, in
"the landgraviate of Hesse, in 1546, or, as Saxius says,
1536. His father, who was a farmer, gave him a liberal
education, of which he inade so good a use, as to become
pei^fect in the Latin, French, and Greek languages, at a
time when the latter was understood by very few. He was
a school-master at Licfaa, for some of the first years of hit
life ; but afterwards quitted that employment, and applied
' Memoirs of th« life and Writings <$f Dr. Syl^es, by Br. Disney, 17S5, St*.
SYLBURGIUS. 85
hioiself wholly to the revision and correction of ancient
authors, the Greek particalarly ; many of which, still held
in estimation, were published by him, from the presses of
Wecfael and CommeUn« Among these were Aristotle^
Herodotus, Dionysius Halicarnassensis, Dion Cassius, Jus*
tin Martyr, Clemens Alexandrinus, Theodoret, &c. He
gave some assistance to Henry Stephens in compiling his
^ Tt^esaurus GrseccB lingusB ;" and was also the author of a
Greek grammar, which was much valued, a Hebrew gram-
mar, notes upon Clenardus^ &c. For these and other ser«
vices, he had an annual stipend allowed him by the uni-
versity of Marpurg. He was universally well spoken of by
the learned, and died much lamented by them in 1596.
*^ Unhappy event,*' says Casaubon, *^ to the republic of
letters ! for, a few days before his death, he sent me word
by Commelin of many new labours projected and begun*
The lovers of Greek have more especially reason to deplore
the loss of him." ' >
SYLVESTER (Joshua), the laborious and quaint trans-
lator of Dtt Bartas, was born in 1563, and died Septem-
ber 28, 16I8, His death happened at Middleburg in Hol-
land. By what circumstances he was induced, or com-
pelled, to quit his native country we have not discovered ;
but John Vicars, his friend, who styles him ** the best of
Poets," speaks of it as a reproach to his country*
And hadst thou dy*d at home it had been better ;
It would (at least) have giv'n thee much content i
But herein England's worthy to be shent^
Which to thy worth did prove so bad a debtor.
Nor minde I this, but then I blush for shame^
To think, that though a cradle thee it gave.
Yet (O unkinde) deny'd thy corps a grave j
Much more a statue resold to thy name«
He was, in 1597, a candidate for the office of secretary
to the company of merchant adventurers at Stade, of which
he was a member ; on which occasion the unfortunate earl
of Essex interested himself in his favour, and wrote two
letters in his behalf, dated from the , court on the last of
April ; a private one to Mr. Ferrers, the deputy -governor,
recommending Mr. Sylvester as an able and honest man ;
and a general one to the company, to the same purpose,
in which he mentions that he had received a very good
1 Melchior Adam«^-Scaligftr in Scaligeraais Secundii— Fabric* Bibl. Grac—
8txii ODomasL
86 SYLVESTER.
report of his sufficiency and fitness for the post of secretary,
being both well qualified with language, and many other
good parts, and honest and of good conversation ; two
especial motives of his lordship's request in bis behalf.
Sylvester's translation of DuBartas is dedicated to l^ing
James ; and among those who pay him the highest compli-
ments appears Ben Jonson, whom tradition makes an inti-
mate friend, and, as some think, a relation. He translated
also the Quatrains of Pibrac, and many other pieces of
French poetry ; with some from the Latin of Fracastorius,
&c. One of his own pieces has the ridiculously quaint;
title of ^^ Tobacco battered, and the pipes shattered, (about
their ears that idlely idolize so base and barbarous a weed ;
or at least-wise over-love so loathsome a vanitie :) by a vol-
ley of holy shot thundered from mount Helicon.'* This may
be supposed to have been written to please the great enemy
of tobacco, James L Not much can now be said in favour
of his compositions, either the translations, or those that
are original, although he gained greater reputation from
the former than the latter. Dryden tells us, in the Dedi-
cation to the Spanish Fryar, that *^ when he was a boy, he
thought inimitable Spenser a mean poet, in comparison of
Sylvester's Dubartas," and ^* was wrapt into an ecstacy
when he read these lines :
" Now when the winter's keener breath began
To crystallize the Baltic ocean ;
To glaze the lakes, to bridle up the floods^
And periwig with snow the bald-pate woods.*'
He seeo^s to have been always in great poverty, and
very earnest in courting the great for relief. He appears,
in a dedication to the parliament, to allude to some person
of the name of Bowyer, as the cause of bis ruin ; for he
subscribes,
*^ Your under-clarke, unworthily undon
By over trusting to a starting Boto^
Yer — while too strong^^ to my poor wrong and woe.'*
He was apparently much admired in his time, and yet was
neglected ; so that the most probable cause for his exile
was the fear of a gaol at home. '
SYLVESTRE*
* A referenee was made from Ferrarietuis to Sylvestre, but this person ap-
pears too iusi^uificant for notice.
1 Ath. Ox. Tol. I. — Phillips's Theatrum, by sir £. Brydges. — Cens. Lit. vol. II.
— Dudster's Considerations on Milton's Early Reading, 1800.— Geot. Mag. vol*
LXX and LXXV.— Ellis's Specimeos, &c.
SYLVIUS. 87
SYLVIUS, or DUBOIS, or DELEBOE <James), a ce-
lebrated physician of France, was the son of Nicholas dur
Bois, a camblet- weaver, who had eleven sons and four
daughters. He was born at Amiens in Picardy, in 1478,
and went through a course of classical learning, under bis
elder hrother Francis Sylvius; who was principal of the
college of Tou'rnay at Paris, and was a great promoter of
letters in that age of barbarism. There he learned the
Latin language, in much greater purity than it had been
taught for a long time ; and hence it was, that his writings
are distinguished to such advantage by the elegance of the
style. ^ He became a very accomplished scholar in Latin
and Greek, and had some litde knowledge of the Hebrew ;
and applied himself also to mathematics and mechanics so
succesisfuUy, as to invent machines, which. deserved public
iiotipe. When the time was come for giving himself en*-
tirely up to ph^'sic, to which study hid inclination had
always led him, he traced it to its sources ; and engaged
so deeply in the reading of Hippocrates and Galen, that
he scarcely, did any thing but examine and translate those
two authors. He discovered from thence the importance
of anatomy, and applied himself to it so ardently, that he
became as great a master as tbat^ge would permit. He
studied pharmacy with no less care,vai»d took several jour^
neys to see, upon the spot, the medicines which different
countries produce. Upon his return^ to Paris, he read
lectures, and explained in two years a eourse of physic
from Hippocrates and Galen ; which. so much extended his
reputation, that scholars from all parts of Eurpp^ resorted
to. him. But being prohibited at last from teachmg as not
having taken his degree, he went to Montpellier in 1520
for that purpose, but not being willing to pay the expences
of graduation, he returned to Paris, and by an agreement
with the faculty, recommenced his lectures, although only
a bachelor of pby.8ic. In .1535 he taught in the college of
Treguier, while Fernelius taught in that of Cornouailles ;
but the latter had few scholars, while the former had about
five hundred. The reason of this difference was, that
Sylvius dissected bodies, and read lectures upon botany
and the preparation of medicines, advantages which the
scholars of Fernelius had not. The professorship of physic
in the royal college becoming vacant in 1548, Sylvius wa:i
nominated to fill it ; which he did, after hesitating about
it two years. He continued iu it till his death, which hap-
«S S Y L V I U S^
pened Jan. 13, 1555* He was never married,' and shev^ed
^ven an arersiou to women. His personal character was
particularly obnoxious. His behaviour was rude and bar*'
|>arous. He bad nothing social in bis temper^ or ever de-
parted from a certain pompous stiffness; and it was observed
that when be attempted to relax, be did it aukwardly.
The only witticism related of him is, that *^ he had parted
with three beasts, bis cat^ bis mule, and his maid.'* His
avarice was extreme, and he lived in the most sordid man-
ner : he allowed his servants nothing but dry bread, and
bad no fire all the winter* Two things served him as a
remedy against cold ; he played at foot^rball, and carried
9. great log upon bis shoulders : and he said that the beat
which he gained by this exercise was more beneficial to
bis health than that of a fire. He was most rigid in de-
ikianding bis fees from bis scholars, yet was puzzled often
what to do with bis money, for when, in 1616, hia hbpse
in the rue de St, Jacques was pulled down, the workmen
found many pieces of gold, which be had probably hid and
knew not where to find. This avarice, which was bis rul-
ing passion, exposed him to the wit of his contemporaries.
Buchanan has a distich on him, beginning '' Sylvius bio
situs est, gratis qui nil dedit unquam, &c.*' and a dialogue
was published under the title of <^ Sylvius ocreatus,'* or
'^ Sylvius booted," of which it was thought that Henry
Stephens was the author, by the assumed name of Ludo-*
vicus Arrivabenus Mantuanus. It is founded on this sup-
position that Sylvius, wishing to pass Acheron without
paying anything, went in boots that be might ford it.
This satire was answered by John Melet, one of his pupilsy
who adopted the name of Claudius Burgensis, and entitled
bis performance ^* Apologia in Lud. Arrivabenum pro D. J«
Silvio."
The various works of Sylvius which had been published
separately were collected by Ren6 Moreau, under the
title ^' J. Sylvii opera medica in sex partes digesta, Casti-
gata, &c.'' Geneva, 1630, foL with a life of the author,
the sathre and answer just mentioned, and Sylvius's Latin
poetry, which firsi appeared in 1584, 4to. He was a
strenuous adherent to Galen, except in his love of judicial
astrology,^ which Sylvius opposed* The French have some
translations from his works, to which may be added, not
in the preceding volume, a Latin and French grammar
printed at Paris in 153 L He lived upon very bad terms
SYLVIUS-
S9
with Vesaliufy who occasioned him the greatest vexation
lie ever suffered. Sylvius, whose exceUence lay in ana<^'
lomy, liad prepared a work upon that subject, which he
considered as a master-piece. Upon this, Vesalius pub«
lished, in 1541| his ^^Opus Anatomicunii'* which was so
well written, and illustrated with so many beautiful figures^
that it was universally admired. Two circumsta.nces ag«
gravated this grievance; Vesalius had been Sylvius^s pupil;
und he had attacked Gsden, whom Sylvius defended,, even
in his errors.^
SYMMACHUS (Quintus Aureuus), a citizen and se«
nator of ancient Rome, and consul in the year 391, has
left us ten books of epistles ; from which, as well as from
other tbiogsj we collect, that he was a warm opposer of
the Christian religion. This he shews particularly in the
sixty-first .epistle of the tenth book, addressed io the em*
petor Valentihian, whom be petitioned in iavour of pa«
ganism. He was very unfortunate, after having enjoyed a
high degree of favour at court. The emperor Theodosiu*
thought proper to desire that he would protiounce his pa-
negyric before him ; but when be heard that Symmachus
had been equally liberal in his praises of the tyrant Maxi»
mus, who reigned before him, and to whom Theodosius
himself had submitted from political Motives, he banished
Symmachus, and persecuted him so even tn his exile, that
with all his prejudices in favour of paganism, he was
obliged to take refuge in a Christian church to save his life.
AmmianusMarcellinuS' speaks of him as a man of great
learning and modesty ; and his epistles shew him to have
been a man of acute parts, and of eloquence, such as elo-
quence was in his time, that is, vei^bose and florid. Sci-
oppius, Parens, and other learned men, have written notes
upon the epistles of Symmachus : but we know of no later
Edition of them than that of Leyden, 16S3, l2mo. The
first edition, which has no date, but probably was printed
between 1503 and 1S13, is veiy rare and valuable. Am-
brose, bishop of Milan, wrote against Symmachus ; and so
did the Christian poet Prudentius.'
SYNESIUSy an ancient father and bishop of the Chris«;
tian church, flourished at the beginning of the fifth cen-
tury. He was born at Cyrene in Africa, a town situated
^ £loy D'ltU Hitt de MedeciDe.— Bi<{g. Udit. art. DuboU.— NiMroDy vol*
XXIX.
! CftTty vol. I.-«Fabrtcii Bibl. Lat.— Bkrant't Censnra.-^Saxii Onomait.
90 S Y N E S I U S.
upon the borders of Egypt, and afterwards trarelied to the
neighbouring couutry for improTement, where be happily
succeeded in bis studies under the celebrated female philo^
sopher Hypatia, who presided at that time over the Pla«
tonic school at Alexandria, where also the eminent mathe^p
maticians Theon, Pappus, and Hero ti^ught. Nicephorus,
patriarch of Constantinople, who wrote annotations, on a
piece of Synesius, called ^* De insomniis," represents hioi
as a man of prodigious parts and learning ; and says, that
'' there was nothing he did not know, no science wherein
he did not excel, no mystery in which he was not initiated
and deeply' versed." His works are in high esteem with
the curious ; and his epistles, in Suidas's opinion, are ad-*
mirable, and in that of Photius, as well as Evagrius, ^*ele*.
gant, agreeable, sententious, and learned." Synesius was
a man of noble bicth, which added no less weight to his
learning, than that reflected lustre on his quality ; and
both together procured him great credit and authority. He
went, about the year 400, upon an embassy, which lasted
three years, to the emperor Arcadiusat Constantinople, on
the behalf of his country, which was miserably harassed
by the auxiliary Goths and other barbarians ; and it was
then, as he himself tells us, that ^< with greater bold-
ness than any of the Greeks, he pronounced before the
emperor an oration concerning government.'* About the
year 410, when the citizens of Ptolemais applied to Theo-
pbilus of Alexandria for a bishop, Synesius was appointed
Und consecrated, though he took all imaginable pains to
decline the honour. He declared himself not at all con-
vinced of the truth of some of the most important articles
of Christianity. He^ was verily persuaded of the existence
of the soul before its union with the* body ; he could not
conceive the resurrection of the body ; nor did he believe
that the world should ever be destroyed. He also owned
himself to have such an affection for his wife, that be
would not consent, either to be separated from her, or to
live iti a clandestine manner with her; and told Theophilus^
that, if he did insist upon making him a bishop, be must
leave him in possession of his wife and all his notions.
Theophilus at length submitted to these singular terms,
*' upon'a presumption," it is said, ^^that a man, whose
life and manners were in every respect so exemplary, could
not possibly be long a bishep without being enlightened
with heavenly truth. Nor," continues Cave, " was Theo-
8YNESIU9. 9t
]^hilus deceived ; for Synesius was no sooneir seated in his
bishopric, than he easily acquiesced in the doctrine of the
resurrection.'* Baronius says in his Annals, <^ that he does
hot believe these singularities x)f Synesius to have been his
real sentiments ; but only that he jpretended them, with a
view of putting a stop to the importunities of Theophilus^
and of warding off this advancement to a bishopric, which
was highly disagreeable to him.'* That the advancement
was highly disagreeable to Synesius, is very certain ; but
it is likewise as certain, that Baronius's supposition is
without all foundation. There is extant a letter of Syne «
sius to his brother, of which an extract may be given, as
illustrative of his character and opinions.
'^ I should be exceedingly to blame if I did not return
most hearty thanks to the inhabitants of Ptolemais, for
thinking me worthy of such honours, as I own I do not
think myself worthy of : yet it is highly incumbent on me
to consider, not only the great things they offer, but
how far it may be prudent in me to accept them. — Now,
the more I reflect upon it, the more I am convinced of my
own inability to sustain the ofHce and dignity of a bishop ;
and I will frankly tell you my thoughts upon this occasion.
— While I had nothing to support but the character of a
philosopher, I acquitted myself, I may say, with tolerable
credit ; and this has made some imagine that I am (it to be
a bishop. But they have not considered, with what dif*
ficulty the mind acquires a new bent ; that is, adapts itself
to a province it has hitherto been a stranger to. I for my
part am afraid, that by quitting the philosopher, and put-
ting on the bishop, I should spoil both characters, that my
new honours should make me arrogant and assuming, de-
stroying at once the modesty of the philosopher ; and yet
that I should not be able to support them with a becomings
dignity. For only consider my way of life hitherto. My
time has always been divided between books and sports.
In the hours of study nothing can be more retired, but in
our sports every body sees us ; and you know very well,
that no man is fonder of all -kinds of recreations than my-
self. You know also, that I have an aversion to civil em-
ployments, as indeed my education, and the whole bent of
my studies, have been quite foreign to them. But a bishop
ought to be, as it were, a man of God, averse to pleasures
and amusements, severe in his manners, and for ever em-
ployed in the concerns of his flock. Jt requires a happy
92 SYNESIUS.
complication of qualities to do all this as it should be dofie ;
to sustain such a weight of care and business; to be per-
petually conversant with the affairs of men ; and yet to
keep himself unspotted from the world. It is true, I see
this done by some men, and I highly admire and re^re
them for it ; but I am myself incapable of doing it ; and I
will not burthen my conscience with undertaking what X
know I cannot perform. But I have still farther reasons
for declining this charge, which I will here produce ; for
though I am writing to you, yet I beg this letter may be
made public : so that, whatever may be the result of thit
r aflfair, or which way soever I may be disposed of, I may^
at least, stand clea^r with God and man, and especially
with Tbeophilus, when I sl^U have dealt thus openly and
fairly. I say then, that God, the laws of the land, and
the holy hands of Tbeophilus, have given me a wife : but
I declare to all men, that I will neither suffer myself to be
separated from her, nor consent to live like an adulterer in
a clandestine manner : the one I think ipipious, the other
unlawful. I declare further, that it will always be my
earnest desire and prayer, to have as many children by her
as possible. Again, let it be considered' how difficult, or
rather how absolutely impossible it is, to pluck up those
doctrines, which by the means of knowledge are rooted in
the soul to a demonstration. But you know, that philo*
sophy is diametrically opposite to the doctrines of Chris*
tianity ; nor shall I ever be able to persuade myself, for
instance, that the soul had no existence before its union
with the body, that the world and all its parts will perish
together, and that the trite and thread-bare doctrine of
the resurrection, whatever mystery be couched under it,
can have any truth in it, as it is professed by the vulgar. A
philosopher, indeed, who is admitted to the intuition of
truth, will easily see the necessity of lying to the people ;
for light is to the eye^ what truth is to the people. The
eye cannot bear too much light; nay, if it is under the
least indisposition, it is actually relieved by darkness : in
like manner fable and falsehood may be useful to the people^
while unveiling the truth may do them hurt. If, therefore^
this method be consistent with the duties of the episcopal
dignity; if I may freely philosophize at home, while I
preach tales abroad ; and neitherv teach nor un teach, but
suffer people to retain the prejudices in which they were
educated, I may indeed be consecrated ; but if they shall
SYNESIUS. 8S
say, that a bishop ought to go farther, and not only apeak,
but think like the people, I must declare off, &c.'^
Besides rejecting the doctrine of the resurrection of the
body, in bis <^ Hymns" Synesius adapts the triad, or rather
quaternion of the schools, to the received Christian doc»
trine of the Trinity. If the language of these mystical
odes, -says Brucker, be compared with that of the gnostics
and cabbalists, with the theology of Proclus, and the Zo-
roastrean oracles, it will be easily seen that Synesius was
a more worthy disciple of Hypatia than of Jesus Christ.
His work^ were published, together with those of Cyril of
Jerusalem, by Petavius at Paris, 1612; and afterwards,
with an addition of notes, in 1633, folio. . They are far
from being voluminous, consisting only of about one hun-
dred and 6fty epistles, and some small pieces. He is
chiefly celebrated for his eloquence, an elegant specimen
of which remains in his '< Dion/' a treatise on the manner
in which he instructed himself. '
SYNGE (Edward), a pious and leari^ed archbishop of
Tuam in Ireland, was the second son of Edward, bishop of
Cork, &c. and was born April the 6tb, 1659, at Inishonane,
•of which parish his father was then vicar. He was educated
at the grammar school at Cork, and thence admitted a
commoner at Christchurch, Oxford, where he took the
degree of B. A. but on bis father's death returned to Ire-
land, and finished his studies in the university of DubliBt
m& first preferment was two small parishes in the diocese
of Meath, both together of about the yearly value of 100/*
These he exchanged for the vicarage of Christchurch in
the city ofOork, of the same value, but one of the moit
painful and laborious cures in Ireland. This lie served
for above twenty years, mostly without any assistant;
preached twice every Sunday, catechised, and discharged
all the other duties of bis function. Some ecclesiastical
jireferments, tenable with bis great cure, were given him
at different times by the bishops of Cork and Cloyne, which
at last increased bb income tO' near 400/. per annum. In
this situation an offer was made him. by government, in
1699, of the deanery of Derry ; but, although this was a
dignity, and double in value to all that be had, yet he de«
clined itfrom a motive of filial piety. He would not se«
.parate himself from an aged mother, who either could not,
i Cafe, T»|. l.«»F:«brio. BibL 0]»o«-*Dttpio.— Bruck«r«-«-SaxM OoQinasU
\
M S Y N G E.
or was unwilling, to be removed. Hemaining therefore 9t
Corky he was chosen proccor for the chapter^ in the con^
vocation called in 1 703. Soon after, the duke of Ormond,
then lord'lieutenaot of Ireland, gave him the crown's title
to the deanery of St. Patrick's, in Dublin. But the chap-
ter disputed this title, and claimed a right of election in
themselves ; and to assert this right, they chose Dr. Jobn
Sterne, then chancellor of the cathedral, their dean. The
title of the crown being thus thought defective, and, after
a full discussion of the point, found to be so,Dr. King, arch-
bishop of Dublin, proposed an accommodation, which took
place, and in consequence Dr. Sterne continued dean, and
the archbishop gave the chancellorship to Mr. Synge.
This brought Mr. Synge to Dublin, though withoiit any
addition of income, or relaxation from labour, for the
chancellor of St. Patrick's, as such, has the care of the
parish of St. Werburgh, one of the most populous in Dub-
lin. This great cure Mr. Synge served for eight years^
preaching almost constantly to a crowded audience. Du-
ring this period he took his degree of D. D. and a new con-
vocation being summoned in 1713, he was chosen proctor
for the chapter of St. Patrick's. On Dr. Sterne's pro^
mbtion to the see of Dromore, the archbishop of Dublin
appointed Dr. Synge his vicar-general, in which office he
continued until he was made bishop of Raphoe, in 1714.
His distinguished zeal for the revolution, and the Hanover
succession, which had effectually obstructed his prefer-
ment in the latter years of queen Anne's reign, now as
effectually promoted it, for, in 1716, he was made arch-
bishop of Tuam, over which see he presided about twenty-
five years. He died at Tuam, July 24, 1741, aged eighty-
two, and was buried in the church-yard of his own cathedral.
It is remarkable; of this prelate, that he was the son of
one bishop ; the nephew of another, namely, George Synge,
bishop of Cloyne ; and the father of two bishops, Edward^
bishop of Elphin, and Nicholas, bishop of Kiilaloe. This
learned divine, in the course of bis ministry, composed
and published several excellent treatises f6r the promotion
of piety and virtue ;'they are written in a sensible, easy,
and rational manner; and have been so well received by
the public, as to. go through many editions. His works
form altogether 4 vols. 12mo, but consist of small tracts,
which are all printed separately for Rivingtons and others.
It has been said of archbishop Synge, that his life was aa
S Y N G 1. »4 ,
exemplary as bU writings were instractive ; and that, ** What
lie wrote he believed ; and what he believed he practised." '
SYRUS PUBLIUS.— See PUBLIUS.
T.
Jl ABOUROT (STfiPHEN), a French author, generally
known by the name of the sieur des Accords, was born in
1549^ was proctor for the king in the bailiage of Dijon,
and has obtained a kind of fame by some very eccentric
liublications. That which is best known, and is said to be
least exceptionable, though certainly far from being a
jQQodel of purity, was first published by him at the age of
eighteen, but revised and much augmented when he was
about thirty 'five. It is entitled ^^ Les Bigarrures et Touches
du. Seigneur des Accords ;'' to which some editions add
'' avec les Apophtegmes du Sieur Gaulard et les escraignes
Dijonoqises ;'* and the Vest of all (namely, that of Paris,
in 1614), ^^denouveau augmentees de plusieurs Epitaphes,
Dialogues, et ingenieuses equivoques." It is in two vo-
lumes^ 12mo, and contains a vast collection of poems, co-
nundrums, verses oddly constructed, &c. &c. The author
died in 1590, at the age of forty >one. Having one day
sent a sonnet to mademoiselle B^g^r, he wrote at bottom,
*^ A tons *Accords,'* instead of his name ; the lady in her
answer called him the Seigneur des Accords, and the pre-
sident B^gar frequently giving him that title afterwards,
Tabourot adopted it. The Dictionnaire Historique places
his birth in 1547, and makes him forty-three years old at
his death ; but in his own book is a wooden cut of him in-
scribed, setat. .35, 1584, which fixes his age as we have
^iven it, if the true time of his death was 1 590.*
TACHARD (GoY), a Jesuit, and a missionary from
J^rance to the court. of Siam, who died in Bengal of a con-
t Harris's «dition of Warc^Biog, Brit« • Diet. Hist
«S < T A C H A ft D.
itegioos dUsofder in 1694| is recorded as the anUiof of twd
tvoyages to Siam, io 2 vols, at Paris, 1686 and 1689. tt
Uku^-boffeyeTf been since proved, that he was credulous
in the Extreme ; was much flattered and imposed upon^
and has given a most exaggerated account of the power
and wealth 6f the king of Siam ; other narratives are there-'
fore preferred to his. He went first with the two French
ambassadors, the chevalier de Chamont, and the abb£ de
Choisi. '
TACITUS (Caius Cornelius), one of the ^ most emi-
nent Roman historians, was born, most probably, in the
year of Rome 809 or S 10, or about 56 of the Christian
sera ; but the place of his nativity is no where mentioned.
H/e was the son of Cornelius Tacitus, a procurator ap»
pointed by the prince to manage the Imperial revenue, and
govern a province in Belgic Gaul. Where he was edu«
<eated is not known ; but it is evident that he did not imbibe
the smallest tincture of that frivolous science, and that vi«
cious eloquence which in his time debased the Roman ge-
siius. He most probably was formed upon the plan adopte4
in the time of the republic ; and, with the help of a sound
•cbeme of home-discipline, and the best domestic exam^
pie, be grew up, in a course of virtue, to that vigour of
•mind which gives such animation to his writings. His first
ambition was to distinguish himself at the bar. In the year
^ef Rome 828, the sixth of Vespasian, being then about
eighteen, be attended the eminent men of the day, in their
inquiry concerning the causes of corrupt eloquence, and is
supposed to have been the author of the elegant dialogue
concerning oratory, usually printed with bis works.
Agricola was joint consul with Domitian in the year of
Rome 830, for the latter part of the yean His name does
not appear in the Fasti Consulares, because that honour
was reserved for the consuls who entered on their office
on the kalends of January, and gave their name tQ tha
whole year. Tacitus, though not more than twenty, had
given such an earnest of his future fame, that Agricola
chose him for his son-in-law, and, thus distinguished, our'
author began the career of civil preferment. The circum-
stances of his progress, however, are not precisely mienr
«tioned, although Mr. Murphy has given us some ingenious
5K)nJ6€tures to supply this deficie.ucy. He was favoured
J Diet. Hift.
TACITUS. «r
by Vespasian atid by Titui^ and rose to prtfferaieat eveia
under the tyrant Domttian, It would be difficult, says bit
biographer, to account for the success ^ a man who iadl^
whole tenourof bis conduct preserved an ttobleiiMslie4cha*-
meter, if he himself had not furnished a "Solution of the
problem. Agricola, he liells us, had the address te restrain
the headlong violence of Domitian, by bis prudence, and
the virtues of moderation : never choosing to imitate the
zeal of those who, by their intemperance, provoked their
£sce, and rushed on sure destruction, without renderiny
any kind of service to their country. The conduct ^
Agricola plainly shewed that great men may exist in safety
under the worst and most barbarous tyranny. We may be
•ure, that he who commends the mild disposition of his
father-in-law, bad the prudence to observe the 'same line
of conduct. Instead of giving umbrage to the prince, and
provoking the tools of power, he was content to display bis
eloquence at the bar Domitian, however, certainly ad>-
vanced our author's fortune. It is no where mentioned
that Tacitus discharged the office of tribune and asdile, but
it may be presumed that he passed through these station^
to the higher dignity of prsetor, and member of the quin*
deoemviral college, which he enjoyed at the secular
l^aaies in the year of Rome 841, the seventh of Dooai^
tian.
In the course of the following year, our author and bis
wife left the city of Rome, and absented themselves more
than four years. Some writers, willing to exalt the vinue
of Tacitus, and aggravate the injustice of Domitian, aa*
sert, that Tacitus was sent into banishment* This, baw«-
ever, is mere conjecture, without a shadow of probability
to support it. Tacitus makes no complaint against DomU
tian : be mentions no personal injury : he received marks
of favour, and he acknowledges the obligation. It may,
therefore, with good reason be affirmed, that prudential
considerations induced our author to retire from a city,
where an insatiate tyrant began to throw off ail reserve, and
wage open war against all who were distinguished by their
talents and tlieir virtue.
Tacitus had been four years absent from Rome wben he
received the news of AgricoU's death, which happened ia
the year of Rome 846, and of the Christian sera M. A report
prevailed that be was poisoned by the emperor^s orders ;
his rapid course of brilliant suacess in Briuin faaviog
V0L.XXIX. H
}98 T AC I T U S.
-alarmed tbe jealousy of Domitian, who dreaded nothing^so
much tLs a great military character : but Tacitus acknow-
ledges., that this report rested on no kind of proof. After
^ this event, however, Tacitus returned to Rome, and from
•that tiitie saw the beginning of the most dreadful aera, in
which Domitian broke out with tinbridled fury, and made
the city of Rome a theatre of blood and horror. At length
this tyrant fell the victim of a conspiracy, and war succeeded
%y a virtuous emperor, Nerva, in whose reign, in the year
of Rome 850, Tacitus succeeded the celebrated Verginios
Rufus, as consul for the remainder of the year, and for
that reason, as before noticed, his name is not to be found
in the Fasti Consulares. In honour of Verginius, the se-
nate decreed, that the rites of sepulture should be per-
formed at the public expence. Tacitus delivered the fune-
ral oration from the rostrum, and the applause of such an
orator, Pliny says, was sufficient to crown the glory of a
well-spent life.
Nerva died Jan. 27, in the year of Rome 851, having,'
about three months before, adopted Trajan as his successor.
In that short interval the critics have agreed to place the
publication of the ** Life of Agricola," by Tacitus, but
Mr. Murphy assigns very good reasons for referring it to
the reign of Trajan. The "Treatise on the Manners of
the Germans,'' it is generally agreed, made its appearance
in the year of Rome 851. The " Dialogue concerning
Oratory" was an earlier production, and probably was
published in the reign of Titus or Domitian, who are both
celebrated in that piece, for their talents and their love of
polite literature.
The friendship that subsisted between Tacitus and the
younger Pliny, and which is well known, was founded on
the consonance of their studies and their virtues. When
Pliny says that a good and virtuous prince can never be
sincerely loved, unless we shew our detestation of the
tyrants that preceded him, we may be sure that Tacitus
vras of the same opinion. They were both convinced that
"K striking picture of former tyranny ought to be placed in
contrast to the felicity of the times that succeeded. Pliny
acted up to his own idea in the panegyric of Trajan, where
we firtd a vein of satire on Domitian running through the
whole piece. It appears in his letters, that he had some
thoughts of writing history on the same principle, but bad
pot resolution to- undertake that arduous task. Tacitus had
more vigour of mind: he tljought more intensely, and
TACITUS. 99
with deeper penetration, than his friend. We find that he
had formed, at an early period, the plan of his history,
and resolved to execute it, in order to shew the horrors of
slavery, and the debasement of the Roman people through
the whole of Domitian's reign. From the year of Rome
853,' when along with Pliny, he pleaded in the famous
cause of Priscus, the proconsul of Africa, and in behalf
of those who bad been oppressed by him, Tacitus appears
to have dedicated himself altogether to his history. At
what time it was published is uncertain, but it was in some
period of the reign of Trajan, who died in the year of Rome
St70, A. D. 117. In this work he began from the accession
of Galba, and ended with the death of Domitian, i. e. from
the year of Rome 822 to 849, a period of twenty-seven
years. Vossius says that the whole work consisted of no
less than thirty books ; but, to the great loss of the literary
world, we have' only four books, and the beginning of the
fifth. In what remains, we have little after the accession
of Vespasian. The reign of Titus is totally lost, and Do-
mitian has escaped the vengeance of the historian's pen.
The " Annals" followed, including a period of fifty-four
years, from the year 767 to the death of Nero in 821;
but of these have perished, part of the fifth book, contain-
ing three years of Tiberius, the entire four years of Cali-
gula, the first six of Claudius and the last two of Nero.
Thestyleof these "Annals," Mr. Murphy observes, differs
from that of the History, which required stately periods,
ponip of expression, and harmonious sentences. The '^An-
nals'' are written in a strain more subdued and temperate;
every phrase is a maxim ; the narrative goes on with ra-
pidity ; the author is sparing of words, and prodigal of sen-
timent; the characters are drawn with a profound know-
ledge of human nature, and when we see them figuring on
the stage of public business, we perceive the internal spring
of their actions ; we see their motives at work,' and of
course are prepared to judge of their conduct.
Tacitus intended, if his life and health continued, to
review the reign of Augustus, in order to detect the arts
by which the old constitution was overturned to make way
for the government of a single ruler. This, in the hands
of such a writer, would have been a curious portion' of
history ; but it is probable he did not live to carry his de-
sign into execution. The time of his death is not men-
tioned by any skncient author. It seems, however, highly
H2
J < w ->
100 TACITUS. ,
probable that he died in the reign of Trajan, and we maj
reasonably conclude that he survived his friend Pliny.
The commentators assume it as a certain fact, that he must
have left issue, because they find that M. Claudius Tacitus,
who was created^ emperor in A. D. 275, deduced his pedi-
gree from, our historian ; and Vopiscus tells us that he
ordered the image of Tacitus, and a complete collection of
his works, to be placed in the public archives, with a spe-
cial direction that twelve copies should be made every year,
at the public expence. But when the mutilated state, in
which our author has come down to posterity is considered^
there is reason to believe that the orders of this prince,
who reigned only six months, were never executed.
Without entering on the merits of Tacitus as a historian,
which have been the subject of very extensive discussion,
we may refer to Mr. Murphy's comprehensive view of his
life and genius. It is universally acknowledged that his
works are among the most precious remains of antiquity,
and it is not much less universally acknowledged that he
exhibits the defects as well as excellencies ef the historian.
The first edition of bis works was published at Venice by
John de Spira in 1468, containing the last six books of the
" Annals," four books of the " History," with part of the
fifth, the treatise on the ^' Manners of the Germans,'' and
the " Dialogue concerning Oratory," which we see has
always been printed with Tacitus's works, although many
critics have doubted whether it was hist Another edition
was published in a year or two after by Franciacus Puteo*
lanus^ more correct and elegant than the former, with the
addition of the life of Agricola. The first six books ot the
^^ Annals" had not then been found, but diligent search
being made in all parts of Eur<!>pe, they were at length dis»
covered in the monastery of Corby in Westphalia. Leo X.
' purchased this treasure, and, under his patronage, BeroaU
dus, in 15 i 5, gave the world a complete edition of the
whole, the manuscript having beeo deposited in the Flo-
rentine library. The principal subsequent editions were
' tlmse of Froben, 1519, 1533, and 1544, fol.; several by
Lipsius, 1574 — 1619 ; by Freinsheim, 163B and 1664, Svo;
' Elzivir, 1634, 1640, 2 vols. 12mo; the Variorum, 1672 awd
• 1685, 2 vols. Svo; by Rickius, . 1687, 2 vols. 12mo; by
Gronovius, 1721, 2 vols. 4to; by Mrs. Grierson of l>ubUii,
1730, 3 vols. Svo; by Ernest, 1752, 1772, 2 vols. Svo; by
Lallemajid, 1760, 3vols..l2mo; by Broti^, 1771, 4 vols.
4to; byCrellius, 1779 — 92, 4 vols. Svo; by Homer, 1790,
TACITUS. 101
I
4 vols. Svo; at Edinburgh, 1796, 4 vols, 4to and dvo;
and by Oberlin, 1801, 2 vols. «vo. Brotier's, undoubtedly
the best edition, is the model of all that followed. There
have been translations of Tacitus in most European Ian*
guages. His whole works have been published in English,
with large political discourses annexed, by Mr. Gordon.
The style of Gordon is, however, so vicious and affected,
that it is impossible to read him with patience ; and Ta-
citus has lately found a much more elegant and judicious .
translator in Mr. Murphy, whose work in 4 vols. 4to, was-
published in 1793, and has met with very general appro-
bation. There have been in all, four English translatiols
of Tacitus ; that of Greenway and sir Henry Saville in the
reign of Elizabeth ; that performed by Dry den and others;
the translation by Gordon ; and that of Murphy.*
TACQUET (Andrew), a Jesuit of Antwerp, known for
his skill in the mathematical sciences, published, among o^her
things, a good treatise on astronomy ; an edition of Eu-
'Clid's Elements, with the application of the problems and
theorems to practical use. In matters of astronomy, the
prejudices of the times seem to have prevented him from
more effectually defending the system of Copernicus. He
died in 1660. His works were published collectively, at
Antwerp, in 1669 and 1707, in one volume, folio.*
TAFFI (Akdrea), an ingenious artist, born at Florence
in 1213, was the person who introduced into Italy the art
of designing in Mosaic, having learned i^ from spme Greek
artists, who were employed in the church of S. Mark at
Venice. The chief of these artists was a man whose name
was ApoUonius. With him Taffi became associated, and
they worked together at Florence, with great success. The
most famous work of Taffi was a dead Christ, in a ch^p^l
at Fk>rence ; it was seven cubits long, and executed with
abundance of care. He died in 1294, at the age of eighty
one.*
TALBOT (John), a name mentioned with distinguished
honour in the English annals, was second son to Richard
lord Talbot, and was born at Blechmore in Shropshire, in
the reign of king Richard II. Hrs first summons to parlia-
ment was in the eleventh year of the reign of king Henry
IV. He married Maud, the eldest of the two daughters
1 Lift prafijifd to Mnrphy'i traBiladoo.
' Mpreri.— Diet. Hist. — Hutton's Diet, i^ew edit.— 'Phiipt. Transact* vol. lU.
* Bullaffl'a Academte des Sei«n«es.— Diet. Hiat.
102 Talbot.,
4
/
and coheiresses of sir Thomas Nevil, by Joan, sole daugh- .
ter and heiress to William lord Furnival. In the first,
year of Henry V. he was committed to the Tower, but for
what reason we are not informed. He was, however, soon
released, and constituted, in Feb. following, lord lieutenant
of Ireland, and had letters of protection sent him thither
by the name of sir John Talbot, knight, lord Furnival.
While in this office, he took Donald Mac Murghe, an Irish
rebel of considerable note and powers, and afterwards
brought him prisoner to the Tower of London.
Although we capnot fix the exact time of his going to
France, it appears that he attended Henry V. at the siege
of Caen in 1417 ; and the following year, in conjunction
with Richard Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, lord Talbot
took the strong castle of Dumfront : and was afterwards
present at the siege of Rouen, on all which occasions be
was esteemed one of the bravest of those officers who had
contributed to the conquest of France. About 1422 we
find him again in England, employed in suppressing some
riots, in the counties of Salop, Hereford, &c. : but he re-
turned again to t\^e continent before the year 1427, at which
time he regained possession of the city of Mans, which had
been a considerable time in the hands of the English, but
bad in part been retaken by the French, who were now at-
tacked with such impetuosity, that all their troops were
either kiUed or taken prisoners. The unexpected recovery
of this important place, the capital of the province of Maine,
as it was entirely x)wing to lord Talbot, contributed not a
little to encrease his military fame. He then made himself
master of the town of Laval, and having joined the earl of
Warwick in the siege of Pontorson, carried that place too,
which had before been the grand obstacle ,in preventing
the regent, the duke of Bedford, from carrying the war be-
yond the Loire. On its surrender, the earl of Warwick
appointed lord Talbot and lord Ross governors of it.
In 1428, the earl of Warwick having returned to. Eng-
land, on being appointed governor to the young king
Henry, Thomas Montacute, earl of Salisbury, arrived in
France, and, accompanied by lord Talbot, sir John Fastolf
(See Fastolf) and others, undertook fche memorable siege
of Orleans, in the course of which lord Talbot exhibited
such striking proofs of uncommon valour, that his very
name would strike terror into the French troops. The
siege was long cj^rried on with great valour on the part of
T A L B p T. l(Ml
the. Frj^Qch^ and th.e English, had much.rffispn to thiolc
that eyea if it concluded in their favour^ the victory would
be dearly purchased. They continued however, to be ap-
parently advancing towards the accomplishment of this im-
portant object, when the relative positions of the besiegers
and the .besieged began to assume a new appearance, ia
consequence of one of the. most singular occurrences that
is to be met with in history, namely the intervention of the
celebrated maid of Orleans^ Joan of Arc, who^e actions
have been already detailed. (See J[oan.) It .may suffice
here to add, that when this heroine, whose valour was at- .
tributed to supernatural agency, had spread dejection
throughout the English army, the earl of Suffolk raised the
siege, and retreated with all imaginable precaution. He
afterwards retired with a detachment of his. army to Jer-*
geau, where he .was besieged by the French, attended by;
Joan of Arc, and, the place being taken,..his lordship waa
m^de prisoner.
After the siege of Orleans was raised, lord Talbot re-t
tired to Meun, which he. fortified, and then seized another
town in the neighbourhood, and threw a reinforcement into
Bangenci, and on the disaster of Suffolk, he succeeded to
tb^ command of the remainder of the British troops. He
was now however doomed to sustain a fatal reverse in the
bajttie of Patay, which the French, encouraged by their en-'
thusiasm, began in so sudden a manner that the English
had no time to form themselves, and were still so possessed
with the opinion that their enemies were assisted by a su^
pernatural .power, that all the efforts of lord Talbot were
insufficient to make them sustain the attack of the enemy.
He did all that became a brave man and an able general,,
and his enemies were astonished at his valour,' for in con*
junction with the lords Scales and Hungerford, and sir
Thomas Rempstone, he sustained almost the whole fury of.
the French attack; but the general rout of his army was at
last conppleted by the French with great slaughter, and lord/
Talbot, who was wounded in the neck, was taken prisoner,
together with some other officers of distinction.
Lord Talbot had sustained a tedious captivity of three
years and a half in the hands of the French, when the duke
of Bedford found means to have him ex^changed, Feb. 12,
HS3, for Xaintrailles, a French officer of great reputation y
and after p&y^ng a short visit to England, his lordship, re-
suj(Q.ed^ bisi cojniiiafid in France, and Joan of Arc^s magic .
ia4 TALBOT.
hftving no longer any influence^ »he having, aeoordliig lo
the common accountSi been p»l to death as an iroposter^
or a witch. Lord Talbot, whose name was stilt an object of
terror, extended bis conquests, and took several fortifiedl
places, with bis accustomed skill and bravery. lo some
instances he is accused of having treated the garrisona
with improper severity, and perhaps the long duration of
his captivity might bave contributed to increase his ani-
mosity against the enemy. Among the places he took
were the castle of Joigny, Beaumont upon the Oise, Cret),
Pont de Maxeme, Neufville, Rouge Maison, Crespi in Va-*
lois, Clermont, St. Dennis, and Gisors. One of his exploits
was performed in a singular manner. In the beginning of
1437, the weather was so extremely cold, that the generak
on both sides could not undertake any regular operation in
tike field, yet even this lord Talbot contrived to turn to ad-
vantage. He collected a body of troops, and putting white
cloths, or shirts, over their other clothes, marched with
them all night, and brought them to the very walls of Pon-
toise, unperceived by the garrison, who did not distinguisli
them from the snow with which the ground was covered.
They then mounted the walls by means of scaling-ladders,
and seizing the chief gates, lord Talbot made himself mas*
ter of this important place, which exposed the Parisians to
the continual incursions of the English garrison up to the
^^ry g&^B of Paris.
His next conquests were Harfleur, Tankerville, Crotoy,
where he defeated the troops of the duke of Burgundy,,
who had deserted the English interest, Langueville in N^-
mandy, Carles, and Manille, and performed feats of great
bravery, when the French attempted to recover Pontoive.
In truth, all the reputation which the English arms in
France stilt retained appears to have been almost whoity^.
owing to the abilities, courage, and activity of lord Tattot :
and in consideration of so great merit, be was advanced to
the dignity of earl of Shrewsbury, his patent of creation
bearing date May 20, 1442. In the following year, he
was constituted one of the ambassadors to treat of peace
with Charles VII. king of France ; and the yea/ after, the
king acknowledging himself indebted to him in the sum of
10,426/. 4tS, and a farthing, in consideration of his {great s^r->
vices, as well to king Henry V. (his father) as to himself,
.. both in France and Normandy, granted^ that after the sam
ef twenty- one thousand pounds, in which he stood indebted
T A L B O T* 101
«ntp Henry the cardinal bisbop of Winchefltery were paid,*
he should receive, y^^rly, four hundred marks out of the
eurtoma and dotiet issuing from the port of Kingston
upon HuIL He was, the same year, again retaiiied to serre
the king in his wars of France, vitii one baron, two knights,
fooraeore and sixteen men at arms, and three hundrea
archers, the king having given him ten thousand pounds in
band.
IiK]444 he was again constituted lieutenant of Ireland,
where he landed in 1446, and soon after held a parliament
at Trim, in which several good laws were enacted for the
security of the English. On July 17, the same year, hav-
ing then the titles of earl of Shrewsbury, lord Talbot, Fur*
nival, and Strange, ** in consideration of his great servicei
and blood spilt in the wars ; as also considering the devas-
tation and spoil done iif the county and city of AVaterford,
and barony of Dungarvan, in the realm of Ireland, by se-
veral hostilities of the rebels; to the end that the said
realm of Ireland might thenceforth be better defended and
preserved, he was advanced to the title and dignity of
earl of Wexford and Waiterford ; having the said city and
county of Waterford, with the castles, honour, lands, and
barony of Dungarvan, granted to him, with jura regalia^
wreck, &c. from Yooghal to Waterford, to ho)d to himself,
and the heirs male of bis body ; and that he and they should
thenceforth be stewards of that realm, to do and execute
all things to that office appertaining, as fully ^s the steward
- of England did perform." Which patent was granted by
writ of privy. seal and authority of parliament. He returned
to England the next year, leaving his brother Richard TaU
'bot, archbishop of Dublin, his deputy.
In 1450, being again in the wars of France, where the
good success of the English then more and more decline,
he was at the surrender of Falaize, and quitted that place
on honourable terms. In 1451 he was made general of the
English fleet, then going out, having four thousand soldiers
with him in that expedition; and the year following, 1452,
lieutenant of the duchy of Aquitaine, having under him
. these captains of his men at arms and archers, viz. John
' VisGoant Lisle (his eldest son by his second wife), sir Ro-
bert Hungerford, lord Molins, sir Roger Camoys, sir John
Lisle, and the bastard of Somerset : and in consideration
of his great charge in that high employment, had a grant
of the third«^ and third of the thirds, which were reserved
i06 T A L B O T.
to the. king upon bis retainer therein. He then marched
thither ; took Bourdeaux, and put a garrison into it, which
success caused several remote cities to submit to his autho*
rity. Hearing that the French bad besieged Chastilion,
he advanced thither, and gave them battle, on July 20;,
but the event of that day (though for a while it stood doubt-^
ful) at length proved fatal to the English; this renowned
general being killed by a cannon ball, and his whole
army routed.
He died on Ju)y 20, .1453, aged eighty, as the inquisi*
tion after his death shews ; but the inscription, on a noble
monument, erected to his memory at Whitchurch, in.
Shropshire, (to which his body was removed from Roan)
makes his death on the 7th of that month.
He was first buried at Roan in France, together with his.
eldest son, and the inscription for him is thus translated :
^'Here lyeth the right noble knt. John Talbot, ^irl of-
Shrewsbury, earl of Wexford, Waterford, and Valence,
lord Talbot of Goderich and Orchenfield, lord Strange of
Blackmere, lord Verdon of Alton, lord. Cromwell of Wing-
field, lord Lovetofte of Worsop, lord Furnival of Sheffield,
. lord Faulconbridge, knight of the noble orders of the garter,
St. Michael, and the golden fleece, great marshal to Henry
VI. of his realm of France,, who died in the battle of Bour-
deaux, 1453/'
It has been observed of this gallant soldier that he bad>
been victorious in forty several battles and dangerous skir->^
mishes. He was usually called the Achilles of England.
Camden, .in his ^^ Remains,*' says that his sword was <^not
long since found in the river of Dordon, and sold by a pea.
sant to an armourer of Bourdeaux, with this inscription;
but pardon (he adds) the Latin, for it was not his, but his
camping chaplain's :
" Sum Talboti m. mi. c. xliii.
Pko vincere inimico meo/**
TALBOT (Chables), lord high chancellor of Great
Britain, descended from the noble family of Talbot, was
the son of William*, bishop of Durham, and was born «in
1 Coll.iiis'i Peerage.*- MoD8trelet*s Cbreiv — ^Kapin's Hist.— British Biogra-
pby, &c.
* William Talbot, bisbop of Dor- second earl of Shrewsbury, and was
bam, was descended from sir Gilbert grandson of Sherrington Talbot of SaU
Ta!bot of Grafton, knight banneret, warp in Worcestershire, esq. and son
and Itnight of the most noble order of William Talbot of Stourton castle
of the garter, third son of John the in Staffordshire, hyt Mary daughter *
T A L B O T. 107
168.4. Id. 1701 he was admitted a gentleman commoner
of^ Oriel .college, . Oxford, where he proceeded A.B. in
1704) at three years standing, a privilege allowed him as
the son of a bishop. In November of the same year, he
was elected a fellow of All Souls, but voided this by mar-
rying, in a few years, Cecily, daughter and heir of Charles
Matthews, of Castle Munich, in the county of Glamorgan,
leisq. and great grand-daughter, by. the mother's side, of
the famous judge Jenkins.
From his first admission into the university, he had fixed
upon the law as a profession, and leaving Oxford before he
proceeded farther in arts, was admitted a member of the
society of Lincoln's-inn, . and was. called to the bar a con-^
siderable time before his course of reading was expired.
He set. out with great success, and in 1719 was chosen
member of parliament for Tregony in Cornwall. In April
17.26 he. was made solicitor-general, and likewise was
chosen member for the city of Durham, probably assisted
by his father's interest, who was then bishop of that see.
In Nov. 1733, George IJ. delivered to him the great seal,
and he was then sworn of his majesty's privy council, and
likewise constituted lord high chancellor, and created a
baron of Great Britain. by the title of lord Talbot, baron of
Hensol, in the county of Glamorgan. On these promotions,
he resigned the chancellorship of the diocese of Oxford^
which had been given him by his father, when bishop of
of Thomas Doughty of Whittiogton Durham^ of which county he was made
id Worcestershire, esq. He was born lord lieutenant and custos rotulorum.
at StourtOQ castle in 1659, and in the He died October the 10th. 1730. H*;
beginning of 1674 entered a gentle* marrfed Catharine, daughter of
man commoner of Oriel college in King, esq. one of the aldermen of Lon-
Ozford. On October the 16th, 1677, don. He had eight sons, and several
he took the degree of bachelor of arls, daughters ; of whom those who lived
and June the ^3d, 1680, that of mas- to maturity were, 1. Charles, the.
ier. He afterwards entered into holy lord Chancellor. ^. Edward, archdea-
orders, and in the reign of king James con of Berks, who died in 1790. 3^
II. preached and acted with great zeal Sherrington, a captain of foot. 4.
againsi popery. lu April 1691 he was Henry, one of the commissioners of
nominated to the deanery of Worces- the salt office. 5. Henrietta Maria,
ter, in the room of Dr. George Hickes, married to Or. Charles Trimnel, late
ejected for refusing the oaths to king bishop of Winchester. 6. Catharine,
William and queen Mary; and in married to Exton Sayer, LL.D. chan-
1699 was advanced to the bishopric of > cellor of Durham, and surveyor of his
Oxford, to which he was consecrated majesty's land revenues. There are
September the 24th, having leave to in print two' speeches of his in the
hold bis deanery in commendam. In • House of Lords, one in favour of the
1715 he was translated to the bishop- union between England and .Scotland,
ric of Sarum, in which he was confirmed and the other upon the trial of Dr.
April the 83d. In September ,1722 Sacheverell. He published likewise a
htf.wai translated^ t» the bishopric of .Tolume of sermons in 8vo.
lOS TALBOT;
ihatsM; and an August 1735, the honorary degree of doc«-
tor of lavfB was conferred upon him by that university. He
diedy in the height of his fame and usefulness, of an ill-
ness of only five days, Feb. 14, 1737, at his house in Lin«
coln*a4nn«>fields, in the fifty«third year of his age. He
was interred at Harrington in Gloucestershire, where his
estate was, in the chancel of the church.
It has been said of lord chancellor Talbot, that eloquence
never afforded greater charms from any orator, than when
the public attention listened to his sentiments, delivered
with the most graceful modesty ; nor did wisdom and
knowledge ever support it with more extensive power, nor
integrity enforce it with greater weight. In apprehension
he to hr exceeded the common rank of men, that he in-
stantaneously, or by a kind of intuition, saw the, strength
or imperfection of any argument ; and so penetrating was
his sagacity, that the most intricate and perplexing maxes
of the law could never so involve and darken the truth, m
to con<ieal it from his discernment. As a member of each
.house of parliament, no man ever had a higher deference
paid to his abilities, or more confidence placed in his in-
flexible public spirit; and so excellent was his temper, so
candid his disposition in debate, that he never offended
those whose arguments he opposed. When his merit,
and the unanimous suffrage of his country, induced hi9
prince to intrust him with the great seal, bis universal affa-
bility, his easiness of access, his humanity to the distress,
which his employment too frequently presented to his view,
and his great dispatch of business, engaged to him the
affection and almost veneration of all who approached him.
And by constantly delivering with his decrees the reasons
upon which they were founded, his court was a very in-
structive school of equity, and bis decisions were generally
attended with such conviction to the parties, against whose
interest they were made, that their acquiescence in them
commonly prevented any farther expence. As no servile
expedient raised him to power, his country knew h^ would
use none to support hinoself in it. . He was constant and
regular in his devotions both in bis family and in public.
His piety was exalted, rational, anc^ unaffected. He was
firm in maintaining the true interest and legal rights of the
church ^of England, but an enemy to persecution. When
be could obtain a short interval from business, the pompous
formalities of his station were thrown aside y bis table w»s
TALBOT. 10^
a scene where witdom and science dhonei enlivened nod
adorned with elegance of wit. There was joined the ut«>
most freedom of dispute with the highest good breedings
and the vivacity of mirth with primitive simplicity of man*
ners. When he had leisure for exercise, be delighted ia
fieid'Sports ; and even in those trifles shewed, that he was
formed to excel in whatever he engaged ; and had he in-
dtilged himself more in them, especially at a time when be
found his health unequal to the excessive fatigues of his
post, the nation might not yet have deplored a loss it could
ill sustain. But though he was removed at a season of life
when others but begin to shine, be might justly be said,
^^ satis & ad vitam & ad gloriam vi&isse ;^' and his death
united in one general concern a nation, which scarce ever
unanimously agreed in any other particular ; and notwith-
standing the warmth of our political divisions, each party
endeavoured to outvie the other in a due reverence to bis
momory.'
' TALBOT (Catherine), a very ingenious lady, the only
child of Edward Talbot, second son of William, bishop of
Durham, and nephew to the chancellor, was born in May
1720. She was born five months after the decease of her
' father, who died at the e^rly age of twenty-nine, and being
a younger brother, lefi his widow in a situation very in«
adequate to his rank in life. She was the daughter of the
vev. George Martyn, prebendary of Lincoln^ aod had been
*1barried to Mr. Talbot only a few months. Happily, how-
ever, for her, the kind attentions of a dear and intimate ^
friend were not wanting at that critical period. CathariaCt
siMer to Mr. Benson, afterwards bishop of Gloucester, who
bad been the companion of her early youth, and whose
brother was upon an equally intimate footing with Mr. Tal-
bot, was residing with her at the time of his death, and was
her great support in that heavy afBiction ; and they conti-
nued to live together and bestow all their joint attention
upon the infant Catherine. But before she was ive years
of age, this establishment was broken up by the marriage
of Miss Benson to Mr. Seeker, afterwards archbishop of
Canterbury (See Secker), but then rector of the valuable
living of Houghton-le- Spring in Durham. Mr. Secker,
mindful of his obligations to Mr. Edward Talbot, as men-
tioned in our account of him, immediately joined with his
I Oca. Oict«-BMf . Brtr.
no "f A L B O T.
wife in the request that Mrs. and Miss Talbot would from
that time become a part of bis faintly. The offer was ac-
oepted) and they never afterwards separated; and upon
Mrs. Secker^s death, in 1748, they still continued with him,
and took the management of his domestic concerns.
Besides her mother's instructions, which were chiefly
confined to religious principles. Miss Talbot enjoyed the '
benefit of a constant intercourse with the eminent divine
with whom they lived ; and his enlightened mind soon dis-
covered the extent of her early genius, and was delighted
to assist in its improvement. Hence, although she never
studied the learned languages, unless perhaps a little Latin,
she reaped all the advantages of Mr. Seeker's deep and
extensive learning, of his accurate knowledge of the Scrip-
tures, and of his critical and unwearied research into the
sciences and languages more immediately connected with
that important study. Yet though so much attention was
bestowed on serious pursuits^^ the lighter and more orna-
mental parts of female education wer6 not neglected ; and
for the acquirena'ent of these there was abundant oppor-
tunity in the different situations in which Mr. Seeker's ra-
pid progress in the church placed him. From the time that
she was seven years old, she lived, almost constantly, in
or near large cities ; and was consequently enabled to ac-
quire every useful branch of education, and all elegant ac-
complishments'. She made some progress in music, but
much more in drawing and painting in water-colours. Nor
were the sciences and modern languages neglected ; she
had a competent knowledge of French and Italian, and late
in life she taught herself German. She studied also geo-
graphy and astronomy with much care and attention, and
her master in the latter of these sciences, a Mr. Wright, was
the m6ans of her becoming acquainted with the celebrated
Mrs: Carter, with whoni she formed a strict friendship, the
amiable turn of which may be seen in their correspondence
lately published. Miss Talbot formed also other friendly
connections with persons of m^rit and rank, vvho highly
esteemed her.
At what age^he began to compose does not appear ; but
certainly it was early in life, for her poem on reading
Hammond's elegies was written when she was not more
than twenty- two years of age; and though not one of the
best of them, it shows that she was familiar with composi-*
tion, and that her powers of mind had been accustomed to
TALBOT. Ill
^exertion. Tfafere are no dates, however, to her different
productions, and therefore we cannot trace her progress in
composition or sentiment, nor could she be prevailed upon
by her friends either to arrange her papers, or to piiblish
them herself. This is much to be regretted, for the world
has been sufficiently inclined to do justice to Miss Talbot's
talents; and few books of moral and religious instruction
have had a greater sale, and gone through more editions
than the little posthumous volume of her miscellaneous
•works. Of the " Reflections on the Days of the Week,"
published separately, upwards of 25,O0Q copies have been
sold ; and of the collection of her works, that now before
us (1812, 8vo) is the seventh edition. This is a circum-
stance not less creditable %o the age, than it is to the author ;
and it also proves the correctness of her friend's judgment
into whose hands they were put by Mrs. Talbot. Mrs. Car*
ter published them upon h^r own account and at her own
hazard, and the event shewed that she bad formed a just
isstimate both of their merit and the reception they would
meet with.
But Miss Talbot ought not to be considered by posterity
merely as an author. Great as her talents, and brilliant as
her accomplishments were, she possessed qualities of in-
finitely more importance, both to herself and society. Her
piety was regular, constant, and fervent. It was the spring
of all her actions, as its reward was the object of all her
hopes. ' iHer charity, including the whole meaning of the
word, in its apostolic sense, was extended to all her ac-
quaintance, rich as well as poor ; and to the latter she
gave, not only such * relief as her circumstances would al-
low (for she was never rich) but what was infinitely more
valuable to her, no small portion of her time. There is
reason to believe that she was often Dr. Seeker's almoner,
for there can be no doubt that he, who when he became
arqhbishop of Canterbury, constantly bestowed in charity
' upwards of 2,000/. a year, had been equally bountiful be-
fore in proportion to his income.
On the death of this affectionate friend in 1768, who
bequeathed Mrs. Talbot and hier daughter about 400/. a
year, they removed from Lambeth-palace to a hou^e in
Grosvenor-street, but in the following year the declining
state of Miss Talbot^s health obliged them to leave London
for a cooler and better air. Their kind and constant friend,
the late marchioness Grey, lent them for this purpose her
lit T A L B 0 T.
hou^e at Ricbmood, togeiber with everj thing she could
think of to contributiB to their comfort or amusement^ aad
from this delightful retreat Miss Talbot only returoed io
time to breathe her last in her mother's house in town^
Jan. 9, 1770, in the forty-ninth year of her age. H^
.chief disorder, added to a very weak, and now completely
worn-out constitution, was a cancer, which had beqo £^
three years preying upon her enfeebled frame*
These particulars we have extracted from an elegant
memoir of her life prefixed to the last edition of ^pr ^orka
by ^he rev« Montague Pennington, but must refer lo^il;.fpr
much interesting information respecting Misfi Talbot^^
amiable character and disposition* Her works consist of
** Reflections on the Seven Days of the week;'* ^' Essayf
on various subjects;** '^ Letters to a friend on a Futufie
Stat^ •'* " Dialogues ;'? " Prose Pastorals ;", " Imitationa
of Ossian ;" /^^Aflegoriea ^ and " Poetry*'' ' .
TALBOT (Pfi^ER), a Roman catholic writer, of coc^si*
derabje <;elebrity in ^is day, was the son pf sir WilU^ift
Talbot, and was born in 1620, of an ancient family in tjm
county of Dublin. He wa« brother to colonel Richard
Talbot, commonly called, 8||bout the court of Englaii^dp
^< Lying Dick Talbot,'* whom James IL creaied diike ^
Tyrconnell, and advaiuced t^ tb^ tieotenaiicj of IreJan^.
Peter was received into the society of ibe Jesuits in Port^
gal in 1635, and after studying philosophy and divinity^
Went into holy orders at Rome, whence he returned tp
Portugal, and afterwards to Antwerp, where be read lec^*
tures on moral theology. He was supposed to. be thf.prer-
son who, in 1656, reconciled Charles IL then at CciQgjf^
to the popish religion, and Charles is reported to hav^
sent hioi secretly to Madrid tfO^ intifnate to the c)0ttrt4lf
Spain bis conversion. He wa§ also sent by bis auperiora lo
JlnglaiDd to promote the interests of the Romisfa churcli|
which he appears to ha'ge attempted iu ayery singular waj^
^y paying bis court to Cromwell^ at whose funeral be -a^
tended as one of the mourners, and even joined Lambeit
io. opposing general Monk's declaration for the king. He
Aed^b^refore at the restoration, but was enabled to retttrh
Uie year following, when the king married the infanta of
pQi:ltttgal, and be became one of the priests who officiated
io ber family. His intriguing disposition, however, created
> Life AS above.— -Mrs. Carter's Life and Corresp«ndeii«e..
tome confusipn at court, and be was ordef^d to d(*part the
kingdom. The Jesuits, too, among whom he bad bete
educated, thought him too busy anj^ factious to be re-
tained in their society, and it . is supposed that by theic
interest pope Clement IX. was prevailed upon to dispense
with his vows, and to advance him to tb^ titular. archbishop-^
ric of Dublin, in 1669. On his return to Ireland he(
recommenced his services in behalf of the church of ^Rome,
by excommunicating those regulars and seculars of his
^wn persuasion who had signed a testimony of their loyalty
to the king* His ambition and turbulence led him also to
<|Qarrel with Plunket, the titular primate, a quiet man^
Sver whom be claimed authority, pretending that the king
ad appointed him overseer of all the clergy of Ireland ;
huiT when this authority was demanded, he never could pro*
dace it. In 1670, when lord Berkeley landed as lord lieu-
tenant, Talbot waited upon him, and being courteously
received, had afterwards the presamption t^ ippeaic befoi^,
the council in his archiepiscopal x:b.aracter, a thing without
S precedent sinee the reformation. He was, however, dis<*
toissed without punTshment \ but when the popish plot was
^covered in England in 1678, he was imprisoned in the
castle of Dublin, pn^ suspicion of being concerned in it^
wd^'^died there in 1680: He was a man of talents and
learning, bi& ^iaiiru^ mibitioQs, and turbulent. Sotwell,
Harris, and Dod J mive enumerated several of his publica*
iions, which, says. Dodd, are plausible, and. generally in
defence of the Jesuits, but some of them are virulent
against the English church. ^
Talbot (Robert), one of our earliest antiquaries, was
born at Thorp, in Northamptonshire, and was educated at
Winchester school, whence he was admitted of New college,
Oxford, in 1525. He left the university in 1530, but
took the degree of D. D. either there or in some other
place. In 1541 he was made a prebendary of Wells, and
April, 9, 1547, treasurer of the cathedral church of Nor-
wich, which he possessed at the time of his death, Aug.
27, 1558. He was a very diligent searcher into the anti-
quities of his country, and bis collections proved of great
service to Le}and, Bale, Caius, Camden, and others.' He
aho furnished archbishop Parker with many Saxon bocjc^f
some of which he had from Dr. Owen, physician to Henry
1 Harris'i edition of Ware.^X)oda'» Cb. Hist.
VOL.XXIX. i ^
U4 TALBOT,
VIII. Ue left bis MSS. to New college. He was the fint
of our countrymen who illustrated Antoninus's Itinerary
with various readihgrg and notes, which were of great use
to Camden, and are printed by Heame at the end of the
third volunde of Leland's Itinerary from a MS. in the Bod-^
leian library, which belonged to John Stowe> and is in his
handwriting; but Talbot's notes reach only to the sixth
ken Two other copies are in Bene^t college library ; a
fd'urih is in Caius college library, with additions by Dr..
Caius ; and a fifth in the Cotton library. Camden followed
bis settlement of the stations in most instances, but Wil^-
}iam Burton frequently differs from him in his ** Commen*
tary otfi* Antoninus his Ittnerary/* His other MSS. are ^ Au-
inm ex Stercore ; vei de iEnigntaticis et Prophettcis,'' in^
, C!orpus college, Oxford ; and *^ De cbartis qutbusdam Re-
gum Britannorum,*' in Bene't college, Cambridge.^
TALIACOTIUS, of TAGLIACOZZO (Gaspab), pro-
fessor of medicine and anatomy in the university of Bo^
logna, was bom in that city in i 546, and died there Nor*.
7, 1599, in the fifty- third year of his age. There is little
recorded of his life ;- his fame depends on his having prac*^
lised the art of restoring lost parts of the body by tnsition^
particnlarly the 'nose, which has been a topic of ridicule
ever since it was mentioned by Butler in his Hudibras,
<< So learned Taliacotius from, key Addison has also a
humorous paper on the same subject in the Tatler (No.
260), and Dr. Orey some remarks in his notes on Hudi-^
l^ras. TaIiacotius> however,, was not the inventor of tfaii^
art, for he allows that Alexander Benedictus and Vesaliutr
had given* some account of the same art before him, tod
Ambrose Par6 mentions a surgeon who practised it much
and successfully. Charles Bernard^ seijeant-surgeon to
^een Anne, asserts, that though those ivbo have not ex--
amined the history may be sceptics, there are incontestable
-proofs that this ari; was actually practised with dexterity
and success. Other writers have doubted whether Talia-
cotius did more than write on the theory, but there seem»
no foundation for depriving him of the honours of success
in practice also. Our readers may, indeed, satisfy themi-'
Selves as to the practicability of the art, as far as the nose
is concerned, by perusing a very recent treatise, "An
account of two successful operations for restoring a lost
t
■ 4
^ Ath. Ox. ToL I,— Leland in Encom.— -Bale.— Cough's To^iography. .
T A 1, r A C O T I U S. Ill
Nose, fram the ixiteguoieifts of the forehead, inthecaass
of two officers of bis majesty's army," by J. C. Carpue^
aiirgeon, 1815, 4ta The lips and eai% were the otber
parts which Taliacotins professed to restore } and bis writ-
ings on the subject are, 1. ^^ Epistola ad Hieronymum Mer^
culiarem de naribus, multo ante abscissis, reficiendis,*^
Francf. 1587, 8vo. 2. ^^ De Gurtornm Chirurgia per insi«
tionem libri duo," Venice, 1697, fol. and reprinted at
Francfort, 1 598, 8vo, under the title ^* Chirurgia nova de
narium, aurtum, labiorumque defecto, per insitioneln gu<>
tis ex bumero, arte hactenus omnibus ignpta, sarciendo.^
The magistrates of Bologna bad such a high opinion of
Taliacotius's success, that they erected a statue of him,
holding a nose in bis hand. '
TALLARI) (CAitfiLLE p^HosTUN, count of), an admired
general, and mareschal of France, was born Feb. 14, 1653,
the son of Roger d^Hostun, marquis of la Beaume. ' Like
other young nobles of France, be chose the army for fai^
profession, and at the age of sixteen had the royal regiment
of Cravates, in which command he signalized himself for
ten years. In 1672 be attended Louis XIV. into jHolland,
obtained soon after the confidence of Tur<^ne, and dis<«
tioguisbed himself on several occasions. He was rsnsed ib
the rank of lieutenant-general in 1693, and in 1697 was
employed in an embassy to England. On the renewal of
war, he commanded on the Rhine in 1702, and soon after
was created mareschal of France. He distinguished him-
self in the ensuing year against the Imperialists, and
gained a brilliant advantage, which, however, be rather
disgraced by bis pompous manner of announcing it. He
was less fortunate in 1704, when being engaged against
the English in the plains of Hochstedt, near Blenheim^ he
was defeated and brought a prisoner to England, where he
remained for seven years. Soon after this battle, be said,,
in a kind of peevish compliment to the duke ef Marl*
borough, ** Your grace has defeated the finest troops in
Europe ;^* ** You will except, I hope," said the duke,
*' the troops who beat them.*' His residence in England,
say the French historians, was not without its use to France ;
as he very much assisted in detaching queen Ani»e from the
party of the allies, and causing the recall of the duke of
* Eloy Diet. Hist, de Mct^icine,— Ndtcs on the Tatltr, ssd wQnftHu;
clibr«s.
I 2
llf T A L L A R D. '
Marlborough. He returned to Paris in 17 15, and waif"
created aAluke. In 1726 be was named secretary of states
^hkh booQur he did not long retain, but died March 3^
1728^ at the age of severity-six. He was a man' of good
talents and character ; bis chief fault being that he was
rather inplined to boasting./ ^
TALLENTS (Fbancis), a non- con for mist divine of con-
siderable eminence and learning, was born at Paisley, near
Chesterfield, Nor.' 16 19, and educated at the public schools
at MiCnsfietd and Newark, whence he went to Peterhouse,
^ambridf;e,. but being chosen sub-tutor to the sons of the
eapl of Suffolk, removed for that purpose to Magdalen
college, and in 1642 travelled with them on the continent
On his return he was chosen fellow of Magdalen college^
and afterwards became senior fellow and president. In
1648 be was'ordained at London, in the presbyterian forok
In 1652 he left the university, and went to Shrewsbury,
where he became minister of St J Mary^s. At the restora-
tion, an event in which he rejoiced, he was inclined to
conform, but pt'obably scrupling to be re-ordained, whicn.
was thtt chief obstacle Vvith many other non-conformist»,
he was ejected. In 1670 he again visited the continent's
tutor to two yotmg gentlemen, and about three years after-
wards returned to Shrewsbury, and preached in a dissent-
ing meeting there, while unmolested ' Uk lived also some
Affet reaching thb
sermon- was preached by the cel^rated Matthew Henry,
who, in anaccount appended, gives him a Very high cha-
«racter f6r.piety, learning, and moderation. He was one i!X
those of whom the great Mr. Boyle took early notice, and
;lived in^ friendship with all his life. He published a fe^
religiQti|s, chiefly eoutroversiM, tracts, bpt .i^ principalty
.Remembered as the editor. of aVork once iu'V^ry High re«-
jiutation, " A view of Universal History; ^'r, chrolholo^icitl
.Tables,'' engraved iii his bouse and mider biis particulai:
inspectiion) on sixteen large' copper-plates. * / - >' i
TALLIS (Thomas), one of the greatest Jhlisicikns di
ibis country, err'of Europe, in his time, Nourished abbilb
the middle of 'ibe^xteenth century. He is said to hai^
been oi^anist of Ae f oyai chapel to king Henry Vlll. king
T A L 1 1 S. lit
SJd ward VI. queeo Mary y and ^cj^qeeo Elizabeth; bat the
Inscripooii on bis graye-stoiTewarniiits .no 8ii€b assertion;
p[n tii9 two reigns of Edward Vt, and queen Mary^ he was
simply a geutlen)an of the^jcbap^l^ and served for seven-
pence halfpenny a day ; but under, £lizabetb| he and Bird
were gentleman of the chapel apd'^r^pists. The studies
of Tallis seem to have been wholly devoted to the service
of the churchy for bis natne is not to be found to any mu-
sical poQipositions of sougs, ballads, madrigals, or any of
tbos^ lighter kinds of mu^c framed with a view to private
recreation. Of the many disciplfes who had profilied by his
iinstruction,.Bird seems to have possessed the greatest share
of his affection, one proof of which' was a joint publicatipii
hy them of ctne of the noblest eollectionsof hymns and
o|her comppsitioHs for the service of the church that ever
appeared io any age or country. Thjs was printed by Vau*
troliier in l?75f with the title of '^ Can tioAes quss ab ar^
^upiientio sacrs^ vocantur quinque jet sex partium, . Autori-*
.bus Thomas, Talii^io et Gulielmo Birdo,^ Anglis, sereuissi*
mae reginai majestati^a.prtyato sacello genqjrosis et organ.<^
istisy^' and was published under the protection of a patent
x>f queen Elizabeth, the first of the kiiod that bad ever beea
;gr^rited. ,5^
Though it has beeA commonly said th^t Tallis was orm
(ganist to Henry VIIL and the three fiuccieec||ng princes
liis (|espenda[^s,, it may. well be dqubted wbet^^r any ky^
fiQan were iemployed in ;|bat office till. the begini^ing of the
oreign of queen El jizahe|b,. vHsen Tallfs and Bird were se^
verally appointed mrgaoisj^s of the royal chapel. Notwith*-
'staqfipling be ^as. a diligent collector, of .q^usical antiquities,
and a careful peruser. of the worics.pf .other men, the com**
;pj[^itiQns.of TaUis, learui^d and elegf^nt as they are, are so
truly original, that hemay justly, be. 9aid to be the father
«f tbQ cathedral style?; and, ^thi^ugl} a,,like appeUatioa is
givi^n by the Italian/; tbil^lejstrioa, it is much to be ques-
tioned, considering t|iiejbtaie,.^{ien Tallis flourished, whether
he could derive t^e least mlvj^niiage from the improvements
" of that gre^ ajaq. Perhapp. i%e. laid %he foundation of his
studies in the wq^karof the'ol^ qs^thedralif ts of this king*-
dom, ahd^.probabtl}^ in those^ pf the Gemiau musicians,
.w))o ^n bis tiipe .ha,d the iNrere^Lueopfi ^j^he Italians ;
and that he had an emulation to excel even these^ may
be presumed frc^m the foUowing pactieulan John Oken-
heim^ a native of the Low Countries, and a disciple uf
lis T A L L I &
lodoeus Prtt€Qsi»y had made a conpofition for no fewer
that! thirty*stx Toicfes, which, Glareanos says, waa greattyi
admired Tallis composed a motet in forty parts, the bis^
tory of which stupendoas composition, as ^r b» it can now
be traced, is given by sir John Hawkins. Notwithstanding
his supposed attachment to the Romish religion, it seems
that Tallis accommodated himself and his stisdies to the
alterations introduced at the reformation. With this view,
he set to music those several parts of the English litargy,
which at that time were deemed the most proper to be
stmg, namely, the two morning services, the one compre*
bending the " Venite Exnltemus,** « Te Deum,'* and
*' Benedictus ;*' and the other, which is part of the com«
tnunion^officO) consisting of th^ ^ Kyrie Eleison,*' *^ Ni-
eene Creed,'' and ** Sanctus :" as aUo the evening service,
containing the *^ MagniBcat,*' and ^^ None dimittis.** AU
these are comprehended in that which is called Tallis's
first service, as being the first of two composed by hsm«
fie also set musical notes to the Preces and Responses,
and composed that Litany which for its excellence is sung
on solemn occasions in all places where the choral service
is performed. As to the Preces of Tallis in his first ser*-
vice, they are no other than those of Marbeck in his book
of Common-prayer noted: the Responses are somewhat
diffeient in the tenor part, which is supposed to contain
the melody ; but Tallis has improved them by the addition
mf three parts, and has thus formed a judicious contrast
between the supplications of the priest and the suffrages of
^e people as represented by the choir. The services of
Tallis contain dso chants for the *< Venite Exultemus,*'
mnd the ^< Creed of St. Athanasius :" these are tunes thait
divide each verse of the psalm or hymn according to the
pointing, to the end that the whole may be sung alter-
nately by the choir, as distinguished by the two sides of
the dean and the chanter. Two of these chants are pub^
lished in Dr. Boyce's Cathedral Music, vol. I. The carl^
of selecting from the Comilft)d-prayer the ofiices most pro-
per to be sung was a matter of some importance, especially
as the rubric contains no directions about it ; f9r this rea-
son it is supposed that the musical part of queen Etiza-
beth's liturgy was settled by Parker, archbishop of Canteie^
bwy, who was not only it great divine, an i&xclrtloiit'Catibft-
lawyer and ritualist, and a general scholar, but also- a
skilful musician. Besides ^be offices above-mentioned.
T A L L I 8. 119'
conttitoting what am now term^ the Morniof , Commas
ntoQ, knA Evening Senriees, in ibar parts^ with the Precet»
Responses, and Litany, Tallis composed many anthems.
He died Nov. 23, 1585, and was buried in the^ parish-
church of Gre^i wich in Kent ; where there is a brass plate
for him in the chaocet ; the mscription on which was. re^
paired by dean Aldricb, and may he seen in Strype's Stow>
fcnt no memorial now remains. ^
TAMERLANE, or Timwr Bec, the great conqiieror of
the East, was born in I3S5, in the village of Kesch, be-
longing to the ancient Sogdiana« His name of Tamerlane
is derived by some writers from Tinmr Lenc^ (mt Tirnur the
iame^ as he had some defect in his feet. His origin is un«-
certain, some reporting him to be the son of a shepherd,
«nd others, of the royal blood. He mised himself, how*
ciwr, by his personal courage and ttJents. He was dktin«»
fished early foy these qualities; and, having acquired
some followers devoted to bis fortunes, his first oonqnest
was that of Balk, the capital of Khorasan, on the frontiers
of Persia. He then made himself ma^er of the whole pre^
vince of Gandahar, and returning to subdue the people
beyond the Oxus, took Bagdad; He now determined to
undertake the conquest of India ; bat his soldiers, fatigued
by their former efforts, refused at first to follow him; On
this occasion he employed a pretended prophet to exhort
them in the name of heaven; and having made them
itthamed of their reluctance, and filled them with a strong
enthusiasm, led. them on to greater victories. Delhi feM
before him, and he became possessed of the immense trea-
sures of the Mogul empire. Returning from his Indian
exploits^ he entered Syria and took Damascus : and Bag^
dad having attempted to revolt, he made a terrible exam-
ple^ by putting many thousands of the inhabitants to the
eword, and delivering, the city to pillage. Bajazet, em-
peror of the Turks, now attracted his notice, and to him
he sent an embassy, requiring'him to do justice to some
Mahometan prinoes whom he had deposed, and to abandon
the siege of Constantinople. This haughty message being
as haughtily answered,, war was commenced between them* .
Tamerlane marched towards Bajazet, whom, in 1402, he
engaged^ conquered, and took prisoner, in the plains of
Ancyra near Phrygia. The haute lasted three days. Tlie
\ Hawkins and Bwrncjr'e Hittmrkt of Maiic
120 T AM ER L A N E.
Turkish vfptmn 8ay» that after tMs emat, Tmaedwa&utkKA
.Biy^et ft hat he would have (lone to him^ jS he ^mA be«a
.victorious.^ ^i I would. have shut yo«r?4tiVf said Bajas€t»
•^^ in an iron cage.** Upon which he Was ktmaelf com^
demned to the same puuisfament. Some ^mters, houieirer^
boast of the generosity aad magnaotmitjr of aheconqueiisc;
JBe this as it may, he certainly carried his vietorieBito»'«
wonderful extent : while he wasriengaged in ; the> war >witb
Bajazet^ he vanquished Egypt, and adzed the imok^se
treasures of Grand Cait^o^ nor* could any thing in the East
withstand hioir He died about three years •after his ivit^
Aory,. on the first of April, 1405, in, :tbe seventy-firstryear
of.,4is age, and the thirly-siaih nf -his rdgnJ> .When he
found death approaching, he called the princes togedsier,^
4^>pointed his grandsou^to.hfs hiaMir,»anfd diec^ ^xtifessing ,
liis.ampiioit fa^h inrtbeKara^ iiad.ir<9f^eetio^j(he.8ttcnMk
words of .the Mahpmetao^ << TbefOria moiGodtbMiiSodv^
and Mahomet is bis pro[4iet»*\ > . ii ^ .-^.p ' -
Timur, according tp^^Arabsbab, waai^l ^asid ebspiilifti^
wi.ih a fair ,complexioa,.;i^d agreeaMoiooiifitfeiiance^i4Ie
was, very strong, tand well made, <ex0ep^-;his llameni^,
^ which .was on the right side ^f and as -vigosousi in xronstitili^
tioqi as. undaunted in .courage. He I'etaioed'^Jiiaiikciiikiesi
' tOrtba^la^t, Zn bis«Minners(he appears to/havoheeilisftrim^^
faa4n|(. not on^y /alsi«ibood, hut* even jestiilg; eiHis.hi^Oovy^
aJ^Kds a wofi^rlul example of long andun«ariai^leisuflcesa
atJbeadiog ooemaiifi :. He «c#iiquered.se sanch jts^AlesamlefV -
but with far Iwi buplmnitj&f^. - , *.• . ^ 1 .
^ TANCRED (GiUiiSToraw^, a gentltmasrwbatdlcscirMB
to,. bO; reBorded)a<uftPg> the «benefafiftor8. :to literature,^
v9Mi grfiat gi^audson tO' sir Richard. ^Taffcred/ ^who . was .
luigbted for bi§ servicea and a^eye siiffisringa during tbe-
rebellion* Tbi^v.sir ilicbard< was the son of GharJjosTian^ *
cr^nd, esq. who pi^Fch^ed the manor and rectory of ^Hmi^>
ley) anciently QuipcJef, situated bctweea Yorkiand AU-^
boipougb. Christofj^r Tancred, the sqb^ecl^of this article^ ^<
died[in.l754 unosarried, and left :biis house and < estate at;
Whixley for the; maintenance of tv^telvie deeafjedgefitlesMii >
who bave borne arms in tbe'S^F^H<re.of abeir oounti^, eaotai
of whom receive twentyTtlwo^guioeaa amnnally^ jBid>a
s^mrate apai^tment is asHgiied^ta each ><rf tbeni,;bat the*^
whole di^e ioipomaton*, liealso founded feurcmedicaitexbi^i
«/
} DBiT. Hai|,.n9i«»^.
TANeRI/*D. lit
l»kioD^at'Alni»'caltege;<'fbiir in ditrinity it'difisfs^cqU
Jb|^ CMibMc%e^i«iid four law studc^tdiips at Lin^ohiV
jMi oR wbkfa he was ca^ beneher. Tb^fte were origihftn^ 6f
tbe yearljr value of SOl., bol ftre imht lObk^ee^ch. The trua-
(eeaio tbiS'feflndiaiionaire the roasters 6( Caius and Cfarist^i
oeliage^ the president '^nghe eoUege of Pbysicians, tbe
treasofer of Lincoln VIiin,vtahe master of ' the Cfaarter-
li^se^ the.'president of Cfartst's^'hospital, and* tHe governor
of Greenwich ' botpitai. These ekhibitions co&ticioe f^
about eight years, three years after taking the degree of
M. A. or M. B. and after being caUed to the Bar ; and a
Latin oration is spoken annually, by one of the exhibition-
«s and students, in coflsmemoration of their liberal beue*
faetor**
TANNER (ThomjlS), an excellent antiquary, was the
eon ofra father of both his names, ticar of Market Laving^
-ton in Wilts, and was born in 1674. He beeilnie a stu-
dent in Queen^s-college, Oxford, in Michiteltaas-term,
IMfi ;• adaskted clerk in that house, 1690; B. A. 1693;
aiftered inse beigr orders at Christmas, 1694; and became'
chaplain •ofAiUsouls^coUege in January following ; chosen
feUow of the same, .1697 ; chancellor of Norfolk, and rec*
tor of Thorpe near Norwich in 1701; He was installed
prebendary of Ely, Sept. 10, 1713, (which he quitted in
.1?23}; made archdeacon of Norfolk, Dec. 7, 1721 ; candQ
of Cbrist-ichurch, Feb. 3, 1723-4; and proloentor of the
lower bouse of convocation,, which was' convened anno
4727.' To this honour he was unanimously elected on ac--
coiint*of his great abilities, however contrary to his pwo
inwliliatioBs ; and ; was consecrated' bishop of St. Asaph,
Jan^ 23, . 1 732. Bishop Tanner died at Christ-church, Ox^
faad, ])ec« 14, 173d ; and was buried in the nave of that
catbeldsal,* near the pulpit; without any funeral pomp, ac-
cording to his own direction. He or'dered his body to be
.wuapp^ tip in the coarsest crape, and his cofBn to be
covered with sevge, not cloth : the pall-bearers to have
eachvof them one of Baskett-s folio bibles; the under-
bearers a Sherlock upon Death ; to the dean of Cbristr
cbur^, he left five pounds; to the eight canons fivesbil-
iiogs each ; eighty pounds to buy coats for eighty poor
men; and one hundred pounds to the college, towarda
their#iibsacy:tbeii building. A monument to his -memory
) HargroTe^s Hist of Koftmbeiw^.— pent. Ma|^. toI. LXXVII*
123 TANNER.
ia affixed to one of the pillars, with an intcription« AncMher
inscription, aini a translation of it, may be seen in the
** Anecdotes of Bowyer.'* He was thrice married, first, to
Rose, eldest daughter of Dr. Moore, bishop of Ely^ and
by her, who died March 15, 1706, aged twenty-five, be
had a daughter who died in her infancy; secondly, to
Frances, daughter of Mr. Jacob Preston, citizen of Lon-
don« She died' June 11, 1718, aged forty, and left two
daughters, who both died young, and bis son and heir, tbe
fer. Thomas Tanner, who died in 1760, at that time pre-
centor of St. Asaph, rector of Kessingland, and vicar of
LowestofF. The bishop married, thirdly,^ in 1733, Miss
Eliaabetb Scottow, of Thorpe, near Norwich, with a fmv
tune of 15,000/. She survived him, and married Robert
Brittffe, esq. recorder of Norwich, aad M. F. She died
in 1771.
Bishop Tanner^s character seems to have descended to
posterity without any blemish. His virtues are acknow«-
ledged by his contemporaries, and .of his learning a» an
antiquary, which was very exien^ive, he was most readily
communicative to all who were engaged in publications of
that nature. He had a eonsiderable .hand in the second
edition of Wood's *^ Athenae,'* but appears to have givea
offence to some of Wood's firiends, by softening certain of
bis prejudices as. well as bis coarse language. This pro*
duced something like a eontroveray, which the reader may
. find detailed in the life of A. Wood, prefixed to his ^ An^
nals,'^ or in the preface to the new edition of the ^< Athe-
iise,'* by Mr. Bliss. Of the publications more particularly
belonging to himself, the first appeared before he was
twenty years old. It formed an excellent compendium of
our religious houses, setting forth, when and by whom
they were founded, their dedications, orders, and value^;
and was entitled, *^ Nbtitia Monastica, or a short History
the Religious Houses in England and Wales,^* 169^, 8v0.
This was so favourably, received that it became very scarce^
and at the request of bis friends he set aboiit revising and
enlarging it in 1715, but the duties of his station, aird
afterwards his infirmities, prevented him from leaving it
quite complete. It appeared, however, under the care of
the rev. John Tanner, his brother, in 1744, folio, under
the title of '* Notitia Monastica; or an Account of all the
Abbies, Priories, and Houses of Friers, heretofore iq Eng-
land and Wales; and also of all the Colleges andHospitsds
TANNER- t2S
founded before A. D. 151 1. By the right rev. Dr. Tbomiis
Tanner, late lord bishop of St Asaph. Published by Joha
Tanner, A. ML vicar of Lowestoft in Saflblk, and precentor
of the cathedral church of St. Asaph.*^ Of this a much
improved edition was published in 1787^ by Mr. Nasmith;
but the greater part of the impression having been con-
sumed in Mr. Nicholses fire, it now ranks among scarce
books. His << Bibliotheca Britannico-Hibernica/' which
employed him forty years, was published in 1748, folio,
with a posthumous preface by Dr. Wilkins. He left large
collections for the county of Wilts, and large notes oa
Richard Hegge's Legend of St. Cuthbert, 1663. His im«
mense and valuable collections are now in ibe Bodleian
library at Oxford. His portrait was engraved by Vertue
in 1736, at the expence of the Society of Antiquaries*
The portrait prefixed to the '* Notitia," is inscribed, ** He-
verendns admodum Thomas Tanner, Asaphensia Episco-
pus, PrimsevsB Antiquitatis Cultor. G. Vertue sculp. 1748.**
This print was a copy of that engraved by Vbrtue^ with
aome difference in the decoration, ana this addition to the
inscription : ** Hoc ectypum fratris sui dignissiofii antiquis
moribus ornati posteris sacratum esse voluit Soc. Ant.
Lond. 1736."*
TANSILLO (Lbwis), an Italian poet, whose works were
once proscribed by the inquisition, and having become
acarce, are therefore accounted valuable, was born at Nola
about 1520. He passed a great part of his life attached to
the service of don Pedro de Toledo, viceroy Of Naples, and
don Garcias de Toledo, commander of the gatlies in the
same kingdom. The period of his death is not precisely
known, but he is said to have been judge of Gaieta in
-1569 ; and, as he was then in a very bad state of health,
it supposed to have died soon after. He had the reputa-
tion of a very good poet, and bis productions, as far as
they are now known, are these: 1. '^11 Vendemmiatore,^*
'the Vintager, a poem ; in which he described in too free
M manner, the licence of the inhabitants in the vicinity of
Nola, at the time of the vintages; Naples, 1534; Venice,
•1549, 4to. On this £iccount all his poems were put into
'the Index expurgatorius. Mortified at this rigour, he ad-
dressed an ode to the pope, asserting, that, though his poem
c
* Ath. Ox. vol. 11.— Biog. Brit — LeUers from Emiaeot penooi, 1813, 3 volf.
^fo.—- Gougb's Topogri^by.— Sip. NicelsoB*0 Lfittn» vol. L p. ^7.-- Ni«holB*i
Bowyer. •
Itt T A N $ I L L O.
vas licentiousi his life had not been so; remonsifatinf
against the inclusion of hia innocent productions in the.aeuy-
tence with the culpable piece; and declaring that be, w^^
employed in a poem upon the tean of St. Petisrt ivb^
jneritSy be trusted, would atone for bis ofEence, , aad pro«
cure him deserved honour* In consequence of this od|S»
iivhen the next edition ,of tbe Ind^x espurgatorius ap-
peared^ not only the innoxious pp^;iii9f but the Veodemmi*
.atore also, were omitted, as if .tbe repentance of the pf>&L
bad purified his poem I 2. ^^ ll,.CavallarizzQ/VVijceDS9»
Svo. 4. Sonnets, Songs^ Stanj^as, and some Copaediea.
Lastly, .in 17^7, professor Ra'nza published an. j^edi^ed
poem of Tans^illo's, entitled '^ Balia/' ji^hich ba» be^ ^|^
fgantly translated into Euglisb i^ji Mr* BOS9O0, jindeq the
title « The Nurse," 1758, 4to,* . , ; ♦ j
TARIN (P£T£a), a French phj^cian, boraat.CQur^enai«
died in 1761, at what age is uncertain,, H^twas.knowm^by
various works, of which the followMig,were.]tbet;hief r.^.
•^Elements of Pbysiplogy," translated, from ^bci X^auifk pf
Haller, 1752,. Syo. ?. *• Adversiria <Anatj:)a)g^a, I75j(?, Ug^
with a medical, BibIiogra4>by, «i&tracted fro^ the << Mt^lbor
,dus Studii Medici V pf Hf^ller* 4^ .".Qst^agjp-a|xbia,'VParMv
1753, 4to, a compilation, illustratea by, ongraxiogs, .^^^
" Aothropqtomie,'' pcjjh^ ,art qt dissiecUng^a75Q» 2^j^oI^
l2ou>.. 6. ^^ Desi9i>gr^pli^e» ' or a.treati^e^.po .U^unWntil^
bious. tie wrote also 9Pi^e. medical .articles for tb^fȣi)^
cyclopedia.* , , , / ,n
TARTINI (Joseph),, styled by Dr. Bur;>iByj^ "Oi^iaOr
]nirable,'\was born in April 1692, j^t.^iranpjp tb(e:pi;Qf
vince of Istria. His father, bavjng j>.i^/^a a great bei)dfa%
tor^cto.tbe cathe<jlral at Pare^zo, was enifobledfor hiis/juetx*
Joseph ^as intended fpr the Uw« bu^ t^l^ing ^p tb|9 siudj
of music, among his other pursuits, it .prfivaijed pvj^,,a^
the rest ia gaining bis attachment, {a^ljip, ,be yvaa j^ent
' to the university of Pa4ua» to study as a Jpivili^n^ ^t^ bet
fore he was twenty, having married without.the con$e|9t pjt
j^is parents, they wholly abandoned him. After wandering
for some time in search of an asylum, be twas Veceiv^d in^li
coi^yent at Assjssi, by a monk to wbo^ifi be,wfia:rela^^j^
^ * « Timb6Mbi.<»RMoe's ptefac*. < £loy/I)l^« Hist, dt iMUdecinW
TART IN I. X2S
Here be amused himself by prae^sing the violioy till betog
inccideiitaUy discovered by a Paduan acquaintance, family
differences were accooimodated, and be settled with his
#ife at Ventee. While he femaihed there, he heard, in
1iy'i4f the celebrated Veractni^ whdse performance, exceI-»
iifig every thing he had then heard, excited in his mind a
wonderful emulation. He retired the very next day to An-
iHina, to study the use of tb^ bow with more tranquillity,
Mdahain, if possible, those poi/i^fers of energy and expres-
sion wfajch he had so greatly admired. By diligent study
'and practicb,^be apquited such skill aod reputktion, that in
i7il^,*he was itivitedto the place of first violin, and n>aster
t>f the bs^nfl, in the fettiOus church of St. Antony of Faduk*
He Incd^ 41sb freqqen^ invitations, \yhich he declined, to- vi«
lit PaKkWd London.^ By ^12% he had made, many excel-
lent scholars, and formed a scb'ooY, of method oif pjcactiee,
that^ wtis tfehftBrated*aU ovef^Europe^ and increased iii fame
lb the ^nd of his life. Ih 1T44, be is s&id to l^ave changed
Mis $iyiej^froai extremeKf' difficult execution, to graceful
^i ^j^ressive; istntl'Fai^dalino Bini^ on'e of his best scho-
ktl, Wvln^ h^ird M the change, placed' himself afresh
\
I
' /
regret
td^d near ftfty years'; antl wberehe'wasnbt\'oiTly. regarded
i^4t^'chief and most attractive ornkD^nt,1^ut as ti philosp^*
|Aer, and even a saints having devoted .'himseljf to the ser-
vifce*of bis jiatroti St. Antony orPdclua, '
^'Tfatf first book of solos by TaVtini, wa^ published at Am*
tfterdam, in 1734, the second at Rome; in 1745'; and Dr.
2urney relates tljat he possesses the third, slxth,^j&v^eath,
h[9 Ainth of^^^ublicalious, besides two books printed in
Srtgland, ambtinting toupwards of fifty solos; exclusive pi
id&tiusdripts. fiis <ioncertos amount to t\yo butidr^^d'^ but
afstiH'eptitious copy of two sets having appeared iu Ho|p
*^' d'y he would never own tbem. OPthese, which are yet
iposed to'bd certa^61y genuine, six were composed i^
UiS'fifs^ matin^r, and sixaft^r^ 1744, when be had improve^
h^tr 9tyti^. B\it his mojbt celebrated work is his *f Trattato
lU Mli^ca,** or treatUie on music, iii ^hich, though His sys-
«ifiH,-'ai^'to the scientific part, has since been confuted, he
kp^e^t^^B bhe ,6f the most ingenious theorists of this ceri-
tW^ '^If Wks pVjblished in 1754, in 4to. "Republished, in
^^^T^oaiaPJiB^^M^*?^^ ^^^ prineipi dell' Armonia Musicale;
12« T A R T I N L
•ontanata nel Biatonieo genere/' aiuHber theoretical workL
Tartini was so ambitious of being thougbt a follower of
Coretli's precepts and principles, that, after bis own repu*
tation was in its zenitb, be refiised to teach any other mil*
sic to bis disciples, till the^ bad studied the opera quinia^ 6i
solos of Corelli. His masical character is thus drawn by
the very able judge to whose account we have already re**
'ferred : f* Tartini, on a recent examination of his works^
seems, to my feelings and conceptions, io have had a larger
portion of merit, as a mere instrumentil composer, than
any other author who flourished during the first fifty or
sixty years of the present century. Though be made Co^
relii his model in the purity of bis harmony, and simplicity
of bis modulation, be greatly surpassed that composer in
the fertility and originality of bis invention ; not only in
the subjects of his melodies, but in the truly cantabUe man^
ner of treating them. Many of his adagios want nothing
but words to be excellent, pathetic, opera songs. His aU
legros are sometimes difiicult ; but the passages fairly be**'
long to the instrument for which they were composed, and
were suggested by bis consummate knowledge of the finger*
board, and powers of the bow. He certainly repeats bis pas**
sages, and adheres to bis original motive^ or thetne, toe
much for the favourite desultory style of the present times;
but it must be aHowed that, by his delicate selection and
arrangement of notes, bis passages are always good ; play
them quick, or play them slow, they never seem unmeaning
or fortuitous. Indeed, as a harmonist, be was, perhaps,
more truly scientific than any other composer of his time,
in the clearness, character, and precision of bis bases; whicli
were never casual, or the effect of habit, or auricular pre-
judice and expectation, but learned, judicious, and cer-
tain."*
TARRANTIUS (Lucius), surnamed Firmanus, beclkuse
be was a native of Firmum, a town in Italy, flourished at
the same time with Cicero, and was one of bis .friends.
He was a mathematical philosopher, and therefore -wan
thought to have great skill in judicial astrology. He was
particularly famous by two horoscopes which he drew, the
one the horoscope of Romulus, and the other of Rome.
Plutarch says, '< Varro, who was the most learned of the
Romans in history, had a particular friend named Tarran-
^ Burney'fHistrOfMosio.
T A R R A N T I U S. 127
tfire, wbo^ out curiosity, applied himself to draw fabtoscopesy
by means of a'stroaomical tables, and was esteemed the
most eminent^ in his time.*' Historians controvert some
|Mirticular circumstances of bis calculations ; but all agree
in conferring'on himthe bonorarytitle Prince of astrologers.*^
TARTAGLIA, or TART A LEA (Nicholas), a noted
mathematician, was born at Brescia in Italy, probably to-
vfrards the conclusion of the fifteenth century, as we find
ht was a considerable Ulster or preceptor in matbematics
iff 1521, when the first of his collection of questions and
answers was written, which he afterwards publislied in
1546, under the title of ** Quesiti et Inventioni diverse," at
Venice, where he then resided as a public lecturer on ma*
theniatics, he having removed to this place about 15S4*
This work consists of nine chapters, containing answers to
ft number of questions oi^ all the different branches of ma«
thematics and philosophy then in vogue. The last or ninth
#f these, contains the questions in algebra, among whicK
taee chose celebrated letters and communications between,
Tartalea and Cardan, by which our author put the latter in
possession 'of the rules Sor cubic equations, which he first
diacoTered in 1530.
The fiv^t work of Tartatea^s that was published, was his
** Nova Seientia itiventa,'' Venice, 1537, in 4to. This is a
treatise on the theory and prai^tise of gunnery, and the
first of the kind, he being the first writer on the flight and
path of balls and shells. This work- was translated into
£nglish by Lucar, and printed at London in \6S^, folio,
with many notes and additions by the translator. « Tartale&
f^ublished at, Venice, 1 543, in folio, the whole books of
Euclid, accompanied with many curious notes and com-
mentaries. But the last and chief work of Tartalea was hit
^Trattatodi NumerietMisure," 1556, and 1560,fol. This is
an universal treatise on arithmetic, algebra, gecHuetry, men-
SQration, &c. It contains many other curious particulars
af the disputes between our author and Cardan^ which
ended only with the death of Tartalea, before the last pare
ef this work was published, or about 1 558.'
^ TASSIE (James), a very ingenious artist, in the mqdeU
Kng department, was born in the neighbourhood of Glas-
gow, of obscure parents, and began life as a country stone*
«
• * Geo. Dict-*-HuttQD*s Dictionary.
I Bullart's Academie d«t Scieoces.— Gen, 0iet»— Huttoo'S' DictioDary*
•I
128 . T A S S I E.
BiMon^ without the etpectttion of ever ri«ng h^(iier: Ga«
ing to Glasgow on a fair-day, to enjoy himself with bltf
companions, at the time when the Fouiis^s were attempting
to establish an academy for the fine arts in that city, \m
saw their collection of paintings, and felt an irresistible im-
pulse to became a painter. He accordingly removed to
Glasgow y and in the academy acquired a Knowledge of
drawmg, which unfolded and improved hit natural taster
He was frugal, industrious, and persevering; but he was
poor, and was under the necessity of devoting himself to
atone-cutting for his support ; not without the hopes that
he might one day be a statuary if be could not; be a painter.
Resortii^ to Dublin for employment, he became known to
Dr. Quin, who was amusing himself in his leisure hours
witb endeavouring to imitate the precious stones in coloured
pastes, . and take accurate impressions of the engnMrin|^
that were on them.
That art was known to the ancients, and. many specimens
from them are now in the cabinets of the curious. It seemi^
to have been lost in the middle ages ; was revived iu Ttalj
under LeoX. and the Medici family at Florence ; and be«
cam^ more perfect in France under the reg(^ocy of the^
duke of Oileaiis, by his labours and those of BoQsb^rg.
By those whom they instructed as assistants in the labora-
tory it continued to be practised in Paris, and was carried
to Rome. Their art was kept a secret, and tlieir collec-
tions were small. It is owing to Quin and to Tassie that it
has been carried to such high perfection in Britaip, au4
has attracted the attention of Europe.^ . a
Dr. Quin, in looking out for an assistant, soon discpvered
Tassie to be one in whom he could place perfect confi-
dence. He was endowed witb fine taste.; he was modest
iand unassuming ; be was patient; and possessed the highest
integrity. The doctor committed his laboralorv and ex^
periments to his care. The associates were fully succfi^s-.
fill V and found tliemselves able to imitate all the gems^ and^
take accurate impressions of the engravings. As the doc-^
tor had followed the sublect only for ^is amusement, wheo^
the discovery was completed, be encouraged Mr. Tassie t«
repair to London, and to devote himself to the preparatioQi
and sale of those pastes as bis profession. Accordingly, m,
1766, he arrived in the nietropolis ; but he was diffideot
and modest to excess ; very unfit to introduce himself to
the attentiou of persons of raok and of afioencsie ; besides.
T A S 8 I E. 129
the number cff engraved gems in Britain was small ; and
those few were little iioticed. He long struggled under
llifficulties which would have discouraged any one who was
not possessed of the greatest patience^ and the wartiiest at-
tachment to the subject. . But he gradually emerged from
obscurity, obtained competence, and what to him was more^
he was able to increase his collection, and $icid higher de-
grees of perfection to his art. Jiis name soon became r©»'
*spected, and the first cabinets in Europe were open for
bis use ; and he uniformly preserved the greatest attention
to the exactness of the imitation and accuracy of the en-
graving, so that many of his pastes were sold on the con-
tinent by the fraudulent for real gems. His taste led him
to be peculiarly careful of the impression ; and he uni-
foronly destroyed those with which he was in the least disr
sQttisfied. 'The art has been since practised by others ; and
many thousauds of pastes have been sold as 7'assie^s, which
he would have considered as injurious to his fame. Of the
fame of others be was not envious; for he uniformly spoke
with, frankness in praise, of those w|3o executed them well,
ibough they were endeavouring to rival hUnself.
To tixe ancient engravings be added a numerous collec*
tfon of the most eminent modern ones ; many of which ap*
proach in excellence of workmanship, if not in simplicity
of design and chastity of expression, to the most celebrated
of the ancients. Many years before he died he had a
Commission from the empress Catherine of Russia, for above
15,000 different engravinp;s, which being executed in the
k;est and most durable manner, were arranged in aJegant
Cabinets, and w^re placed in the apartments of the palace
of Czarsk Zeb. In executing this commission, Mr. Tassie
availed himself of all the advantages which the improved
state of chemistry, the various ornamental arts, and the
knowledge of the age, seemed to afford. The impressions
were taken in a beautiful white enamel composition, whi9h'
h not subject to shrink, or form air-bladders ; which emits
fire when struck with steel, and takes a fine polish^; and
which sljews evefy stroke and touch of the artist in highe]:
fiferfection than any other substance. When the colours^
mixed colours, and nature of the respective originals, coi)Id
bli ascjertained, they were imitated as compfetely as art can
iitiits^te them : insomuch that many of the paste intaglios
and came6s in this collection are such faithful imitations,.,
that ahlstfc^emsl^fv^^ haVe owned' they" could hardly be
Vol. XXIX. K
•» 'S
130 T A S S I E.
distinguished froiki the originals. And when the colottr
and nature pf the gems could not be authenticated^ th«
pastes were executed in agreeable, and chiefly transparent
cqlours : constant attention being bestowed to preserve
the outlinesy extremities, attributes, and inscriptions. It
Yft^as the learned Mr. Raspe (from whom this account is
taken), who arranged this great collection, and made out
the descriptive catalogue, (See ^^A Descriptive Catalogue/^
&c. 2 vols. 4to, 1791.)
Mr. T^ssie died in 1799, at which time his collection of
engravings amounted to 20,000. For a number of years
he pn^ctised tl:^ modelling of portraits in wax, which he
afterwards moulded and cast in paste. In taking likenesses
he was, in general, uncommonly happy : and it is remark-
able, that he believed there was a certain kind of inspira-
tion (like that mentioned by the poets) necessary to give
bim full success. The writer of his life in the Encyclopan'*
dia Britannica, in conversing with him on the subject,
always found him fully persuaded of it. He mentioned
many instances in which he had been directed by it : and
even some, in which, after he bad laboured in vain to
realize his ideas on the wax, be had been able, by a sud-
den flash of imagination, to please himself in the likeness
several day^ after he had seen the original. He possessed
also an uncommon fine taste in architecture, and would
have been eminent in that branch if he bad followed it. In
private life Mn Tassie was universally esteemed for his uni-
form piety, and for the simplicity, the modesty, and bene-
iK>lence, that shone in the whole of his character. '
TASSO (ToRQUATO), a most celebrated Italian poet,
was descended from the illustrious bouse of the Tassi of
Almenno, abo^it five miles from Bergamo, a family which
bad supported itself by alliances till the time of Bernardo
Tasso, whose mother was of the bouse of Cornaro. Th6
estate of Bernardo, the father of our poet, was ik) wise
equal to his birth ; but this deficiency, in point of fortune,
was in some measure compensated by the gifts of under-
tianding. His .\yorks in verse and prose are recorded as
iQonuments of his genius ; and his fidelity to Ferrante of
Saiiseverino, prince of Salerno, to whom he was entirely
devoted, entitled lum to the esteem of every osian of ho-
iHHir. This prince had made him his secretary, a»nd taken
1 Dr. ei«if '« .Sup|>le«Kut to the JgncycUp, BritMnien.
T A S S a 131
•
faim with him to Naples, where he settled, i^d married
Portia di Ro$si, of one of the moi(t illustrious families in
that city.
Portia was six months gone vtqth child, when she was in*
yited by her sister Hippoiita to Sorrento, ta pay her a
visit. Bernardo accoaipanied her thither : and in tbia
place Portia was delivered of a son, on the 1 1th day of
March, 1 544, at noon. The infant was baptised a few
days after, in the metropolitan church of Sorrento, by the
name of Torquato. Bernardo and Portia returned soon
after to Naples with him, concerning whom historisms re«
late incredible things of his early and promising genius.
They tell us, that* at si'x months old, he not only spoke
and pronounced his words clearly and distinctly, but
thought, reasoned, expressed bis wants, and answered
questions ; that there was nbthing childish in his words,
but the tone of his voice ; that be seldom laughed or pried ;
and that, even then, he gave certain tokens of that equality
of temper which supported him so welt in his future mis*
fortunes.
Toward the end of his third year, Bernardo bis father
was obliged to follow the prince of Salerno into Germany,
which journey proved the source of all the sufferings of
Tasso and his family. The occasion was this : Don Pedro
of Toledo, viceroy of Naples for the emperor Charles V,
bad formed a design to establish the inquisition in that'
city. The Neapolitans, alarmed at this, resolved to seodi
a deputation to the emperor, and made choice of the prince
of Salerno, who seemed most able, by his auihority and
riches, to oppose the viceroy. The prince havit)g con-
sented, Bernardo Tasso accompanied him into Germany ;
but, before his departure, committed the Qwe of his son
to a man of learning ; under whom, at three years of age,
they tell us, he began to study grammar; and, at four,
was sent to the college of the Jesuits, where he made so
rapid a progress, that at seven he was pretty well acquainted
with the Latin and Greek tongues; at the same age he
made public orations, and composed some piex^es of poe-
try, of which the style is said to have retained nothing of
puerility.
The success the prince of Salerno met with in his em-
bassy greatly increased his credit amongst the Neapolitans,
but entirely ruined him with the viceroy, who so much
exasperated the emperor against the prince of Salerno^
K 2 . »
1S3 T A S S O.
that Ferrante, finding there was no longer any security fot
bim at Naples, and having in vain applied to gain an ai|'
dieuce of the emperpr, retired to Rome, and renounced
his allegiance to Charles V. Bernardo Tasso would not
abandon his patron in his ill fortune ; neither would he
leaye his son in a country where he himself was soon to be
declared an enemy ; and foreseeing he should never be
able to return thither, be took Torquato ^ with him to
Rome.
As soon as the departure of the prince of Salerno was
known, he, and all his adherents, were declared rebels* to
the state ; and Torquato Tasso, though but nine years of
age, was included by name in that sentence. Bernardo,
following the prince of Salerno into France, committed
his son to the care of his friend and relation Maurice Ca-
taoeo, a person of great ability, who assiduously cultivated
the early disposition of his pupil to polite literature. After
the death of Sanseverino, wh^ch happened in three or four
years, Bernardo returned to Italy, and engaged in the ser*
vice of Guglielmo Gonzaga, duke of Mantua, who bad
given hiii9 a pressing invitation. It was not long before
be received the melancholy news of the decease of hjs'
wife Portia, which determined him to send for his son,
that they might be a mutual support to each other in their
affliction. He was now his only child, for his wife, befdt;'e
her death, had married his daughter to Martio Sersale^ a
gentleman of Sorrento. He was greatly surprised, on his
son's arrival, ta see the vast progress he had made in hi»
studies. Although but twelve years of age, he bad, ac-
cording to the testimony of the writers of his life, entirely
completed his knowledge in the Latin and Greek tongues :
h« was well acquainted with therules of rhetoric and poe(;ry,
aed completely versed in Aristotle^s ethics. Bernardo soon
determined to send him to .the university of Padua, \o
study the Jaws, in company with the young Scipio Gon-
zaga, afterwards cardinal, nearly of the same age as him->
self. With this nobleman Tasso^ then seventeen years of
age, contracted a friendship that oever ended. but with his
life. He prosecuted his studies at Padj^a wit^greax dili-
gence and success: at the same time employing his leistire
hours upon philosophy and poetry, be soon gave a public
proof of his talents, by his poem of " Ripaldo," Which he
published in the eighteenth year of his age.. T^ls i>oem,
which is of the romance kind, is divided into twelve books
y A s s o. ii^
in ottava rima, a<ld contains the adventures of Rinakilf^
the famous Paladin of the court of Gharlemain, who mak^i
so principal a figure in Ariosto^s work, and the Brst achie?e<-
xnents of that Knight for the love of the fair Clarice, whom
he afterwards marries. The action of this poem precedes
that of the ** Orlanda Furioso:" It wiis composed in ten
months, as the author himself infdrnis us in* the preface,
and was first printed at Venice in 1562. Paolo Be^ii speaks
very highly of this performance, which undoubtedly is not
unwdrthy the early efforts of that genius which afterwards
.produced the " Jerusalem."
-Tasso^s father saw with, regret the success of his son's
,poem : he was apprehensive, and not without reason, tbut
the charms of poetry would detach him from those more
,soiid studies which he judged were most likely to raise him
in the world : and he knew well, by his own experience,
that the greatest skill in poetry will not advance a man^s
private fortune. He was not deceived in his conjecture ;
Torquato, insensibly carried away by his predominant pas-
sion, followed the examples of Petrarch, Boccace, Ariosto,
and others, who, contrary to the remonstrances of their
friends, quitted the severer studies of the law for the more
pleasing entertainment of poetical composition. In short,
h^ entirely gave himsif up to the study of poetry and phi-
losophy. His firkt poem extended his reputation through
all Italy ; but his father was so displeased with his conduct
that he went to Padua on purpose to reprimand him. Though
he spoke with great vehemence, and mad^ use of several
harsh expressions, Torquato heard him without interrupting
him., and his composure contributed not a. little to increase
his father's displeasure. " Tell me,*' said Bernardo, " of
what use is that vain philosophy, upon which you pride
yourself so much ?" " It has enabled me," said Tasso
modestly, "to endure the harshness of your reproofs.'*'
The resolution Tasso had tike n to devote himself to the
Muses was known all over Italy ; the principal ^persons of
the, city and college of jpologna invited him thither by
meai)s of Pietro Doiiato Cesi, then vice-legate, and after-
wards legate. ^ But Tasso had not long resided there, when
he was pressed 4>y Sci'pio GoUzaga, elected prince of the
academy established at Padua, under the name of Etherei,
to return to! that city. He could not wirtfastand this sohbita-
tion ; and Bolosgina being at that time the sgeue of civil
compnotion, he was the more willing to seek elsewhere for
1S4 T A 8 S a
tbe repose be loved. He was received- with extreme joy
by all the abAdeaiy, and being incorporated into that so-
ciety, at the age of twenty years, took tipon himself the
name of Pentito ; by which he seemed to show that he re-
pented of ait the time which he had employed in the study
of the law. In this retreat he applied himself afresh to
philosophy and poetry, and soon became a perfect master
of both : it was this happy mixture of his studies that made
him an enemy to all kinds of licentiousness. An oration
was made one day in ihe academy upon the natare of love;
the orator treated his subject in a very masterly manner,
but with too little regard to decency in the opinion of
Tasso, who, being asked what he thought of the discourse,
replied, ^' that it was a pleasing poison.'*
Here I'usso foniied the design of his celebrated poem.
*' Jerusalem Delivered f' be invented the fable, disposed
the different parts, and determined to dedicate this work
to the glory of the house of Este. He was greatly esteemed
by Alphonso II. the last duke of Ferrara, that great patron
of learning and learned men, and by his brother, cardinal
Luigi. There was a sort<of contest between these two bro--
tfaers, in relation to the poem : the cardinal imagined that
be had a right to be the MsBcenas of all Tasso's works, as
<^ Rin^ildo," his iirst fMece^ had been dedicated to him:
•the duke, on the other band, tbooght that, as his brother
had already received his sliere of honour, he ought not to
be otfended at seeing the name. of Alpbonso at the head of
the ** Jerusalem Delivered.*' ' Tasso for three or four years
.suspended his determination : ut length, being earnestly
pressed by both the brothers to take up iiis residence in
Ferrara, he suffered himself to be prevailed upon. The
duke gave him an apartment in his palace, where he lived
'141 peace and affloencei end pursued his design of i39m-
pleting his ^^ Jerusalem," wktcb he now resolved to dedi-
cate to AlphoDSO. The duke, who was destroos of fixing
TasBo near binl^ had thonglils of marrying hist advanta-
geously^ bttt he always evaded, aiiy proposal of that kifid :
though he appeared peculiarly devoted to Alphonso, yet
he neglected wot to pay his co«rt to the oirdinal.'
• The name of Tasso now became faiaiobs; tht^oa^h all
Europe : and the caressea he iteceived from Charles IX. in
a journey he made to France with tardinal Lufigi, who went
thither in quality of legate, show that his reputation was
not cettfined to. his ovai country. '.The cardinal's legation
T A 8 S O. 136
being finished, Tasso returned to Ferrara, where he applied
himself- to finish bis '^Jerusalem," and in the mean time
published his <' Aminta/' a pastoral comedy, which was
received with universal applause. This performance was
looked upon as a master-piece in its kind, and is the ori*
ginat of the " Pastor Fido'* and " Filli di Sciro.'' It was
not easy to imagine that Tasso eould so well paint the
effects of love, without having himself felt that passion :
it began to be suspected that, like another Ovid, he had
raised his desires too high, and it was thought that in many
of his verses he gave bints of that kind. There were at
ike duke's court three Leonoras, equally witty and beau-
tiful, though of different quality. The first was Leonora
of Este, sister to the duke, who having refused the most
advantageous matches, lived unmarried with Lauretta,
duchess of Urbino, her elder sister, who was separated
from her husband, and resided at her brother's court.
Tasso had a great attachment to-this lady, who, on her side,
honoured him with her esteem and protection. She wasi
wise, generous, and not only well read in elegant litera-
ture, but even versed in the more abstruse sciences All
these perfections were undoubtedly observed by Tasso,
who was one of the most assiduous of her courtiers * and it
appearing by his verses that he was touched with the charms
of a Leonora, they tell us that we need not seek any fur->
ther for the object of his passion.
The second Leonora that vmM given him for a mistress
was the Gfountess of San Vitale, daughter of the count of
Sala, who lived at that time at the court of Ferrara^ and
passed for one of the most accomplished persons in Italy.
Those who imagiued that Tasso would not presume to lift
his eyes to his master^s sister, supposed ttmt he loved this
kdy. It is certain ihat he had fre(}aent opportunities of
discoursing with her, and that she had frequently been the
subject of his verses. The third Leonora was a lady in the
service of the princess Leonora of Est^a ' This person was
thought by some to be the most proper object of the poet^s
gallaptry. Tasso, several times, employed his muse in
her service ; in one of his pieces he confe»ises that, con-
sidering the princess as too high for his hope, be had fixed
bis affection upon her, as of a condition more suitable to
bis own. But if any thing can be justly drawn from this
E articular, it seems rather to strengthen the opinion, that
is desires, at least ^t one time, had aspired to a greater
156 T A S 8 O.
height. It appears, however, difficult to determine with
certeinty in relation to Tasso's passion ; especially wlien
we consider the privilege allowed to poets : though M.
Mirabaud makes no scruple to mention it as a circdimstaoc«
almost certain, and fixes it without hesitation on the prin-
cess Leonora. Tasso, himself, in several of his . poems,
seems to endeavour to throw an obscurity over his passion.
. In the mean while Tasso proceeded with his '* Je-
rusalem," which h^ completed in the thirtieth year of his
age : but this poem was not published by hiii own autho-
rity ; it was printed against his \vill, as soon as he had
finished the last book, and before he had time to give the
revisals and corrections .that a work of such a nature re-
quired. The public bad already seen several parts, <whicb
bad been sent into the world by the authority^ of his pa-
trons. The success of this work was prodigious : it 'was
translated into the Latin, French, Spanish, and even the
oriental languages, almost as soon as it appeared *, and it
piay be said, that no such performance ever before raided
its reputation to. $uch a height in so small a space of time.
But the satisfaction which Tasso must have felt, in spite of
' all bis philosophy, at the applause of the public, was soon
disturbed by a melancholy event. Bernardo Tasso, who
spent his old age in tranquillity at Ostia upon the Po, the
government of which place had been given him by the duke
of Mantua, fell sick. As soon as this news reached his
son, he imuaediately vi^ent to hitn, attended him with the
most filial reg-ard, and scarce ever stirred from his bed-
side during the whole time of his iUness: but all these
cares were ineffectual ; Bernardo, oppressed with age, aild
overcome by the violence of his distemper, paid the un-
avoidable tribute to nature, to the great affliction of Tor-*
quato. The duke of Mantua, who bad a sincere esteem
ibr Bernardo, caused him to be interred, with much pomp,
-ia the church of St, Egidius at Mantua, with this simple
inscription on 4iis tomb :
^' dsSA BfeRNARDI TaSSI."
' This death seemed to forebode other misfortunes to
Tasso ; foV the remainder of his life proved almost one con-
tinued series of vejcation and arffliction. About this time a
swarm of criticsbegan to attack his " Jet-usatemj^'arid the
'fldaddmy d^lTk' Crusca, in particular, published a criticism
*oV his poem, in which they scfupled not to prefer the rhap-
T A S S O. 1ST
*
Bodies of Palci and Boywrdo to the '^ Jerosalem Delivered*'*
During Tush's residence in the^ duke's coort, he had
contracted an intimacy with a gdntlenan of Ferrara, and
having entrusted him with some transactions of a^verydeli**
cate oatore^ this person waa so treaeherous as ta speak of
them again. Tasso reproached bis friend with his indis*
cretiopi who received his ejipostuUtion in such a manner,
that TassOrWas so far exasperated as to strike him : a cbaU
lenge immediately ensued ; the two opponents met at St.
Leonard's gate ; but, while they were engaged, three bro*
diers of T'asso's antagonist came in and basety fell, all at
once upon Tasso, wIk> defended himself so gallantly that
he wounded two of them, and kept his ground against the
others,- till some people came in and , separated them.
This affair made a great noise at Ferrara : nothing was
talked of but the valour. of Tasso; and it became a sort of
proverb) '^ That Tasso with his pen and his sword was su*
perior to all men.** The duke, being informed of the
quarrel, expressed great resentment against the four bro-
thers, banished them from bis domioiofis, and coo6scated
their estates ; at the same time he caused Tasso to'be put
under arrest, declaring he did it to screen him from any
Mature designs of his enemies. Tasso was extremity mor-
tified to see himself thus con&ned ; he imputed his deten-
tion to a v^ry diifevent cause from what was pretended, and
feaced an ill use might be made of what bad passed, to ruin
him in the duke^s opinion. i .
Though writers have left us very much in the dark with
regard to the real motives that induced the duke to keep
Tasso in confinement, yet, every thing being weighed, it
seems highly probable that the affair of a delicate nature,
said to have bi|en divulged by his friend, must have related
to the princess Leonorai, the duke's sister * : and indeed it
will be extremely. difficult, from any other considei^tioo,
to account fw the harsh treatment he reoeived frem a
prince, who had before shown him such peculiar pnarks of
esteem and friendship. However, Tasso himself had un*
doubtedly secret apprehensions that increased upon him
every day, while the continual attacks which were made
^ ft must be obserTed that bis late whom the reader may be refbrr^d for
biographer, Serassi, denies that there many particulars respecting the dis-
was ever any intrigue between Tasso puiabie events of Tasso's life, on which
and the princess Leonora. — ^Tbe ques- it would be impossible to entet n^ •
lion is ditcufsed at* great length, and woik like. the present.
#ith much acuteness^ by Mr. Black, to
118 T A 8 S O.
Upon bii tfrcidit A» ati author^ not a litUe c<>Qtributad tm
b«igbten bis oiolancboly. At length be resolved to take
the first opponunity U> fly from bis prison, for so be es*
teeesed it, which after about a year's detention be effected,
and retired to Turin, where be endeavoured to remain con<»
celled ; but notwithstanding all his precautions, he was
soon known, and recofnaiended to the duke of Savoy, who
received him into his palace, and showed him eVery miirk
of esteem and affection. But Tasso's apprehensions still
continued ; he thought that tbe duke of Savoy would not
refuse to give him up to the duke of Ferrara^ or sacrifice
tbe friendship of that prince to the safety of a private per-
.son. Full of these imaginations he set out for Rome, alone
and unprovided with necessaries for such a journey. At
his arrival there he went directly to his old friend Mauritio
Cataoeo, who received him* in such a manner as entirely
to obliterate for some time the remembrance of tbe fatigue
and uneasiness be had undergone. He was not only weU
corned by Cataoeo, but the whole city of Rome seemed
to rejoice at tbe presence of so extraordinary a person.
He was visited by princes, cardinals, prelates, and by all
tbe learned in general. But tbe desire of revisiting bis
native country, and seeing his sister Cornelia, soon made
him uneasy in this situation. He left his friend Mauritio
Cataneo one evening, without giving him notice ; and, be-
ginning his journey on foot, arrived by night at tbe mottn<*
tains of Veletri, where he took up his lodging with sous*
shepherds : tbe next morning, diftgruising himself in the^
\ habit of one of these people, he continued bis way, and m
four days time reached Gaieta, almost spent with jpatigoe :
here be embarked on board a vessel bound for Sorrento, at
MyiiUiU p4ace be arrived in safety tbe next day. H^ entered
tbe city and went directly to his sister's house ; she was a
widow^ and tbe two soqs she had by her husband being at
that titne absent, Tasso found her with only some of her
female attendants. He advanced towards her, without dis«
covering himself, and pretending be came with news from
her brother, gave her a letter which he had prepared for
tJiat purpose^ This letter informed her that ber brother's
life was in great danger, and that he begged her to make
use of all tbe interest her tenderness might suggest to her^
in order to procure letters of recommendation from some
pQwerfi^i person, to avert the threatened misfortune. For
further particulars of the affair, she was referred to the
T A S S O. rt9
%
mesienger who brought her this intefiigence. The lady^
terrified at die nevrs, earnestly entreated him to give her
a detail of her brother's misfortane. The feigned mesw
senger then gave her so interesting an account of tbe ' pre*-
tended story, tbat^ unable to contain her affliction, she
fainted away. Tasso was sensibly touched at this eonvin^
cing proof of bis sister's affection, and repented that be had
gone so far : he began to oomfort her, and^ reitioving her
fears by little and iittle, at last discovered bioaseif to her.
Her joy at seeing a brother whom she tenderly loved, was
inoKpressible : s^ter tbe first salutations were over, she was
very desirous to know the occasion of his disguising him^
self in that manner. Tasso acquainted her with his rea-
sons, and, at the same time^ gi^i^g her to understand, that
be would willingly remain with her unknown to the world,
Cornelia^ who desimd nothing further than to acquiesce in
bis pleasure, sent for her children and some of her neareert
relations, whom she thought might be entrusted with the
secret. They agreed that Tasso should pass for a relation
of theirs, who came from Bergamo to Naples upon his pri-
vate business, and from thence bad come to Sorrento to
pay them a visit. After this precaution, Tasso took up his
residence at bis sister's house, where he lived for some
time in tranquillity, entertainiiig himself with his. two
nephews Antonio and Alessandro Sersale, children of great
hopes. Tbfe princess Leonora of Este, however, who was
aioquainted with tbe place of his retreat, invited bim tb
return to Ferra^-a, which he did in company with Gualingo^
ambassador from the duke to the pope. Concerning the
motive of Tasso's return to Ferrara^ 8om6 authors think
tbat, weary of living in obscurity, he had resolved to throw
himself upon the duke^s generosity. This opinion seems
indeed drawn ftxMiA Tasso's own words in a letter written by
him to the duke of Urbino, in which he declares, ^^ that,
he had er^eavoured to make his pleace with the duke, and
had for tbat purpose' written severally to htm, tbe ducbess
of Fermra, the duchess of Ui^inoy and tbe princess Leo^
nora ; ye< never received any answer hot- from the last, who
assured him it was not in her power to render htm any fier«>
vice." We see here that TasSo acknowledges hims^f the
receipt of a letter from the princess ; and in regard to wbat
he says to be the purport of it, it is highly reasonable to
suppose^' that be would be very cautious of divulging the
real^ con tents- «o the duke of Urbino, when his aflairswith
140
T A S S O.
that lady i^ere so delicately circumstanced. This apparent
bare to conceal the nature of his correspondence with her,
seems to corroborate the former suppositions of his un-
common attachment to her ; and when all circumstances are
considered, it seems more than probable that be returned
to Ferrara at the particular injunction of Leonora.
The duke received Tasso with great seeming satisfaction,
and gave him firesh marks of his esteem : but this was not
all that Tasso expected ; his great desire was to be master
of his own works, and he was very earnest that his writings
might be restored to him, which were in the duke's pos-
session ; but this was what he could by jio means obtain :
his enemies had gained such an ascendancy over the mind
of Alphonso, that they made him believe, or pretend to
believe, that the poet had lost all his 6re, and that in his
present situation he was incapable of producing any thing
new, or of correcting his poems : he, therefore, exhorte^
bim to think only of leading a quiet and easy life for the
future : but Tasso was sensibly vexed at this proceeding,
and believed the duke wanted him entirely to relinquish
his studies, and pass the remainder of his days in idleness -
and obscurity. "He would endeavour," says be, in hi^
letter to the duke of Urbino, " to make me a shameful
deserter of Parnassus for the gardens of £picurus, for sceneis
of plea!sures unknown to Virgil, Catullus, Horace, and even
Lucretius himself.'* Tasso, therefore, reiterated his , jen-
treaties to have his writings restored to him, but the duke
Continued i'nflexible, and, to complete bur poet's vexation,
all 'access to the princesses was denied him: fatigued a;t
length with useless remonstrances, he once more quitted
Ferrara, and fled (as he expresses it himself) like anothe.r
Bias, leaving behind him even his books ^hd manuscripts.
He then went to Mantua, where he found duke GugU-
elmo in a decrepid age, and little disposed to protect hiqi
against the duke of Ferrara : the prince Vincentio Gonzaga
received him indeed with great oaresses, but was too
young to take him under his protection: From thence he
went to Padua and Venice, but carrying with him in every
part his fears of the duke of Ferrara, he at last had recourse
to the diike of Urbino, who shewed him great kindness,
but perhaps was very little inclined to embroil hitnself with
his brother-in*law, on such an accouu^t: he advis,ed Tassp
rather to returfa to Ferrara, which counsel he tooS, resolv^-
iah once more to try his fortune with the duke.
T A S S O, 141
Aiphbnso, it may be, exaspejrated at Tasso's flight, and!
pretending to believe that application to study bad entirely
disordered bis understanding, and that a sttict regimen
was necessary to restore him to his former state^ caused
him CO be strictly conflned in the hospital of St Anne.
Tasso tried every method to soften the duke and obtain
bis liberty; but the duke coldly answered those who ap-
plied to him, *^ that instead of concerning themselves with
the complaints of a person in his condition, who was very
little capable of judging for his own good, they ought
rather to exhort him patiently to submit to such remedies
as were judged proper for his circumstances.'' This con*
finement threw Tasso into the deepest despair; he abau*
done.d himself to his misfortunes, and the methods thai
were made use of for the cure of his pretended madnesa
had nearly thrown him into an absolute delirium. His
imagination was so disturbed that he believed the cau^e of
his distemper was not natural ; he sometime^ fancied him-
self haunted by a spirit, that continually disordered his
books and papers ; and these strange notions were perhaps
strengthened by the tricks that were played him by his
keeper. This second confinement of Tasso was much
longer than the first ; but after seven years confinement, his
release was procured by Vincentio Gonzaga, prince ol
Mantua^ who took him wit|i him to Mantua. It is said th^t
the young prince, who was naturally gay, being desirous to
authorize his pleasures by the example of a philosopher,
introduced one day into Tasso's company three sisters, to
sing and play upon instruments : these ladies were all very
handsome, but uot of the most rigid virtue. After some
short discourse, he told Tasso, that he should take two of
them away, and wouM leave one behind, and bade bim
take his choice. Tasso answered '^ ibat it cost Paris very
dear to give the preference to one of the goddesses, and,
therefore, with bis permission, he designed to retain the
three." The pV*ince took him at his word, and departed ;
when Tasso, after a little conversation, dismissed them all
handsomely with presents.
At last, weary of living in a continual state of depend-
ence, he resolved to retire to Naples, and endeavour to
recover his mother's jointure, which had been seized
upoa by her relations when he went injtp exile, with his
father Bernardo. This appeared the only meaus. tp place
him in the condition of life he so mucji d^ired. . He
applied to his friends, and having procured favourable
14a T A 1^ s a
letters to tbe vieeroyi he took leave of the dulse of
Mftcitua and repaired to Bergamo, where he stayed some
time, and thence went to Naples. While bere» dividing
bis time between bis studies and the prosecution of bis
law*Buit, the young count of Palena, by whom be wa»
highly esteemedy persuaded him to take up his resideo^^e
with him for some time ; but in this affair be had not con-
sulted .the prince of Conca, his father^ who, though he had
a value fat Tasso^ yet could not approve of his son^s re^
ceiviag into bis boose tbe only person that remained of a
family once devoted to the prince of Salerno. A conten-
tion being likely to ensue, on this account, between tbe
father and son, Tasso, with his usual goodness of dispo**
sition, to remove all occasion of dispute, withdrew from
Naples, and retired to Bisaccio with his friend Manso, in
whose company he lived some time with great tranquillity.
In this place Manso had an opportunity to examine the
singular effects of Tasso's melancholy ; and often dispsteci
with him concerning a familiar spirit, which he pretended
to converse with. Manso endeavoured^ in vain, tm per*
saade his friend that tbe whole was the illusion of a disturbed
imagination ; but tbe latter was strenuous in maintaining
tbe reality of what he asserted ; and, to convince Manso,
desired him to be present at one ot those mysterious con-
. versations. Manso had the complaisance to meet him the
next day, and while they were engaged in discourse, on a
sudden be observed that Tasso kept his eyea fixed upon a
win^w, and remained in a manner immovable : he called
him by bis name, several tinges, but received no answer :
at last Tasso cried out, ^^ There is the friendly spirit who
is come to converse with me : look, and you will be con-
vinced of the truth of all that I have said.'* Manso beard
him with surprize : be looked, but saw nothing except the
sun-beams darting through the window: he cast bis eyes
all over the room, but could perceive nothing, and was
just going to ask where the pretended spirit was, when be
heard Tasso speak with great earnestness, sometimes put-
ting questions to the spirit, and sometimes giving answers,
delivering the whole in such a pleasing manner, and with
such elevated expressions, that be listened with admiration,
and had not tbe least inclination to interrupt bim. At last,
this uncommon conversation ended with the departure of
tbe spirit, as appeared by Tasso's words; who turning to*
ward MansOy asked him if his doubts were removed. Manso
T A » 8 a us
wras more amaawd than enr ; be scarce knew what to
think pf bis friend'& situaticw, and wayed any furtber con*
versation op the subject.
At the approach of wiater they returned toNaples, wheq
the prince of Palena again pressed Tasao to reside with
him; but Tas$o, who judged it highly uoadvisaUe to com-'
ply with his request, resolved to retire to Rome, and wait
there the issue of bis law-suit. He lived in that city about
a year in high esteem with pope Sixtus V ; when, being
invited to Florence by Ferdinando, grand duke of Tusicany,
who had been cardinal at Bx)me when Tasso first resided
there^ and who now employed the pope's interest to pro-
cure a visit from him, he could not withstand such solicita-
tions, but went to Florencei fthere be met with a most
gracious reception. Yet not all the caresses be received
at the doke's court, nor all the promises of that prince^
eould overcome bis love for bis native country, or lec&sett
the ardent desire be had to lead a retired and independent
life. He therefore took his leave of the grand duke, who
would have loaded him with presents; but Tas80, as uaiiaiy
couid be prevailed upon to accept of no more than was ne-
cessary for his present occasions. He returned to Naples
by the way of Rome, and the old prince of Gonca dying
about this time, the young count of Palena prevailed upon
TassQ, by the mediation of Manso, to accept of an apart-
ment in his palace. Here he applied himself to & correc-
tion of his Jerusalem, or rather to compose a new work
entitled ^^ Jerusalem Conquered," which he had begun
during his first residence at Naples. The prince of Conea,
being jealous lest any otie should deprive him of the poet
and poem, caused him to be so narrowly watched that
Tasso observed it, and being displeased at such a proceed-
ing, left the prince's palace, and retired to his friend
Manso' s, where be lived m^^ster of himself and bis actions;
yet he still ccmtinued upon good terms with the prince of
Conca. ^
In a short time after he published his ^^ Jerusalem Con-
quered," which is a sufficient proof of the injustice of the
criticisms that have been passed upon his ^^ Jerusalem De-
livered ;" since the ^^ Jerusalem Conquered,'* in which he
endeavoured to conform himself to the taste of his critics,
was not received with the same approbation as the form^^r
poem, where he had entirely given himaelf up to the en-
thusiasm of. his genius. He bad likewise designed a third
144 T A a S O.
correction of the sume*poemf wbicb, as we are informed^
was to-have been partly compounded of the Jerusalem
Delivered and Conquered ; but this work was never coai*^
pleted. In all probability, this last performanee would not
have equalled the first : and indeed our poet seems to owe
bis fame to the ^^ Jerusalem Delivered/' the second poem
upon tbat subject being little known.
Manso^s garden commanded a full prospa(6t of the sea.
Tasso and bis friend being one day in a sumnier^hqu&tt
with Scipio Belprato, Manso's brother-in-law, observing
the waves agitated with a furious storm, Belprato said,
** that be was astonished at the rashness and folly of men
who would expose themselves to the rage of so merciless
an element, where such numbers had suffered shipwreck.'*
•* And yet," said Tasso, " we every nigbt go without fear
to bed, where so many die every hour. BeKeve me, death
will find us in all parts, and those places that appear the
least exposed are not always the most secure from his at-
tacks." While Tasso lived with his friend Maoso, cardinal
Hippolito Aldobrandini succeeded to the papacy by the
name of Clement VIII. His two nephews, Cyntbio and
Pietro Aldobrandini, were created cardinals : the first, after-
wards called the cardinal of St. George, was the eldest, a
great patron of science, and a favourer of learned men :
he had known Tasso when he resided last at Kome, and
had the greatest esteem for him ; and now so e£u*nestly in-
vited him to Rome, tbat he could not refuse, but once
more abandoned, his peaceful retreat at Naples. As in
consequence of the confines of the ecclesiastical state being
infested with banditti, travellers, for security, used to go
together in large companies, Tasso joined himself to one
of these ; but when they came within sight of Mola, a lit-
tle town near Gaieta, they received intelligence that
Sciarra, a famous captain of robbers^ was near at band
with a great body of men. Tas$o was of opinion, that they
should continue their journey, and endeavour to defend
themselves, if attacked : however, this advice was over-
ruled, and they threw themselves for. safety into Mola, in
which place they remained for some time in a manner
blocked up by Sciarra. But this outlaw, hearing that
Tasso was one of the company, sent a message to assure
him that he might pass in safety, and offered himself to
conduct him wherever he pleased. Tasso returned him
thanks, but declined acceptjn^ the offer, not choosing.
T A S S O. 145 ,
perhaps, to rely oh the. word of a person of such character*
Sciarra upon this s^nt a second message, by which be ia«
formed Tasso, that, upon bis account, be would withdranr
his men, and leave the ways open. He accordingly did i
so, and Tasso, continuing bis journey, arrived without anjT
accident at Rome, where be was most graciously welcomed
by the two cardinals and the pope himself^ .Tasso applied
himself in a particular manner to cardinal Cynthio, who
had been the means of bis coming to Ilome ; yet be n^-
lected not to make his court, to cardinal Aldobrandini, and
be very frequently <;onversed with both of them. One day
the two cardinals held an assembly of several prelates, to
consult, among other things, of some, method to put a stop
to the license of the pasquinades. One proposed that Pas*
quints statue should be broken to pieces and cast into ibe
river. But.Tasso's opinion being asked, he said, /' it
would be much more prudent to let it remain where it was;
for otherwise from the fragments of the statue would be
bred an infinite number of frogs on the banks of the Tyber,
that would never cease to croak day and night." The pope|,
to whom cardinal Aldobrandini related what bad pasised,
interrogated Tasso upon the subject. " It is true, holy i
father,** said he, *^ such was my opinion ; and I shall add
moreover, that if your holiness would silence Pasquin, the
only way is to put such people into employments as may
give no occasion to any libels or disaffected discourse.**
At last, being again disgusted with the life of a courtier,
he obtained permission to retire to Napl& to prosecute bis
law-suit. At his arrival there, he took up bis lodging in the
convent of St. Severin, with the fathers of St. Benedict*
Thus was Tasso once nK>re in a state of tranquillity and re-
tirement, so highly agreeable to his disposition ; when car*
dinal Cynthio again found means to recall him, by prevail-
ing on the pope to give him the honour of being solemnly
crowned with laurel in the fcapitol. Though Tasso himself
was not in the least desirous of such pomp, yet he yielded
to the persuasion of others, particularly of bis dear friend
Manso, to whom he protested that he Went merely at his
earnest desire, not with any expectation of the promised
triumph, which he had a secret presage would never be.'
He was greatly affected at parting from Manso, and took
his leave of him as of one he should never see again. la
his way he passed by Mount Cassino, to pay his devotion
to the relics of St. Benedict, for whom he had a particuUr
Vol. XXIX. L
146 T A S S O.
reneration. He spent the festival of Christmas in that mo-*
nasteryi and thence repaired to Rome, where be arrived in
the beginning of 1595. He was met at the entrance of that
city by many, prelates and persons of distinction, and was
afterward introduced, by the two cardinals, Cynthio and
Pietro, to the presence of the pope, who was pleased to
tell him, '^ that his merit would add as much honour to the
laurel he was going to receive, as that crown had formerly
given to those on whom it had hitherto been bestowed.*'
Nothing was now thought of but the approaching so-
lemnity : orders were given to decorate not only the pope'»
palace and the capitol, but all the principal streets through
which the procession was to pass. Yet Tasso appeared
little moved with th^se preparations, which he said would
be in vain : and being shewn a sonnet composed upon the
occasion by his relation, Hercole Tasso, he answered by
the following verse of Seneca :
Magnifica verba mors prop^ admota excutft.
His presages were but too true, for, while they waited
for fair weather to celebrate the solemnity, cardinal Cyn*
fhio fell ill, and continued for some time indisposed : and^
as soon as the cardinal began to recover, Tasso himself was
seized with bis last sickness.
Though be had only completed his fifty- first year, bi»^
studies and misfortunes had brot^ght on a premature old
age. Being persuaded that his end was approaching, he
resolved to spend the few days he bad yet to live in the
monastery of St. Onuphrius.' He was carried thither in
cardinal Cynthio's coach, and received with the utmost
tenderness by the prior and brethren of that order. His
distemper was now so far increased, and his strength so
exhausted, that all kind of medicine proved ineflPectual.
On the lOth of April he was taken with a violent fever,
occasioned perhaps by having eat some milk, a kind of ali-
ment he was particularly fond of. His life now seemed in
imminent danger : the most famous physicians in Rome
tried all their art, but in vain, to relieve him: he grew
-worse and worse every day. Rinaldini, the pope's physi-
cian, and Tasso's intimate friend, having informed him that
bis last hour was near at hand, Tasso embraced him ten-
derly, and with a composed countenance returned him^
thanks for bis tidings ; then looking up to Heaven, he ^* ac-
knowledged the goodness of God, who was at last pleased
T A S S O. 147
to bring bim safe into port after so long a storm/' From
that time his mind $eemed entirely disentangled from
earthly affairs : he received the sacramerit in the chapel of
the monastery, being conducted thither by the brethren.
When he was brought back to bis chamber, be was asked
where be wished to be interred ; he answered, in the church
of St. Onuphrius : and being desired to leave some memo-
rial of his will in writing, and to dictate himself the epitaph
that should be engraven on his tomb, be smiled and said,
** that in regard to the first, he had little worldly goods to .
leave, and as to the second, a plain stone would suffice to
cover him.*' He left cardinal Gynthio his heir, and desired
that his own picture might be given to Giovanni Baptista
Manso, which had been drawn by his direction. At length
having attained the fourteenth day of his illness, he received
the extreme unction. Cardinal Cynthio hearing that ha
was at the last extremity, came to visit him, and brought
him the pope's benediction, a grace never conferred in this
manner but on cardinals and persons of the first distinction.
Tasso acknowledged this honour with great devotion and
bumilityj and said, ^* that this was the crown he came to re-
ceive at Rome." The cardinal having asked him '^ if he
' had any thing further to desire," he replied, " the only fa-
vour he had now to beg of him, was, tliat he would collect
together the copies of all his works (particularly his ^^ Je-
rusalem Delivered," which he esteemed most imperfect)
and commit them to the flames : this task, he confessed,
might be found something difficulty as those pieces were
' dispersed abroad in so many different places, but yet he
trusted it would not be found altogether impracticable."
'He was so earnest in his request, that the cardinal,^ unwill-
ing to discompose him by a refusal, gave bim such a doubt-
ful answer as led him to believe that bis desire would be
complied with. TasSo then requesting to be left alone, the
'cardinal took his farewel of him with tears in his eyes, leav-
ing with him his confessor and some of the brethren of the
monastery. In this condition he continued all night, and
till the middle of the next day, the 25th of April, being the
festival of St. Mark ; when, finding himself fainting, he em-
braced his crucifix, uttering these words : In manus tuas^
. Domine — but expired before he could finish the sentence.
Tasso was tall and well-shaped, his complexion fair, jbut
rather pale through sickness and study; the hair of bis
head was of a che^nut colour, but that of his beard some*
L 2
14$ T A S SkO.
what lighter, thick and bushy; his forehead square and
high, his head large, and the fore part of it, towards the
end of his life^ altogether bald ; bis eye-brows were dark '^
his eyes full, piercing, and of a clear blue ; his nose large,
bis lipa thin, his teeth well set and white ; his neck well
proportioned ; bis breast full ; his shoulders broad, and
all bis limbs more sinewy than fleshy. His voice was strong,
clear, and solemn ; he spoke with delibera.tion, and gene-
rally reiterated his last words : he seldom laughed, and ne-
ver to excess. He was very expert in the exercises of the
body. In his oratory, he used little^ action, and rather
pleased by the beauty and force of his expressions,, than
by the graces of gesture and utterance, that compose sq(
great a part of elocution. Such was the exterior of Tasso:
as to his mental qualities, he appears to have been a great
getiius, and a soul elevated above the common. rank of
mankind* It is said of him, that there never was a scholar
more humble, a wit more devout, or a man more amiable
in society. Never satisfied with bis works, even when they-
rendered his name famous throughout the world ; always
satisfied with bis condition, even when be wanted every thing ^
entirierly relying on Providence and his friepds; without
malevolence towards his greatest enemies; only wishing
for riches that be might be serviceable to others, and
making a scruple to receive or keep auy thing himself that
was not absolutely necessary. So blameless aqd regular
a life was ended by a peaceable death, which carriedhim
off in 1595, in the fifty-second year of his age.
He was, buried the same evening, without pomp, ac-.
cording to his desire, in the church of St. Onuphrius, and
bis body was covered with a plain stone. Cardinal Cyn«
thio had purposed to erect a magnificent monument to bis
memory; but the design was so long prevented by sickness
a^nd other accidents, that, ten years after, Manso coming
to Rome, went to visit bis friend's remains, and would bare
taken on himself the care of building a tomb to him ; but
this cardinal Cynthio would by no means permit, having
determined himself to pay that dut;^ to Tasso. However^
Manso prevailed so far as to have the following words en-
graven on the stone :
HIC lACET TORQVATVS TASSVS.
Cardinal Cynthio dying without putting his design in^
execution, cardinal Bonifacio Bevilacqua, of an illustrious
T A S S 0. lit
I
fkmily of Ferrara, caused a stately sepulchre to be erected,
]« the church of St. Onuphrius, over the remains of a fuan
whose works had made all other monuments superfluous.
As to hi» works, we have mentioned his principal : his
**Rinaldo,'* **Aminta/* and " Gierusalemme liberata," an
epic poem in twenty-four books. This poem had been
published in an imperfect state, through the importunity
and authority of some, of his noble patrons, but the first
complete edition of it appeared at Ferrara in 1581, 4 to^
The critics failing upon this work, he proposed to give a
hev^ and corrected edition of it, or, more properly speak-
ibg, to write it over again, which be did, and published at
Rome, under the title of ** Gierusalemme conquistata," in
1593, 4to. But the poem, thus accommodated to the taste,
and ,butnour of bis critics, was not received by the world at
large with the same applause as the first edition had been,
which. is the only one now read. Many writers, especially
among the Italians, have compared Tasso to Virgil; and
their partiality has, perhaps, made Boileau criticize him
more severely than he would otherwise have done : he calls
Tasso^s verges tinsel, when compared with the gold of Vir-
gil; land censures the simple judgment of those, who pre-
fer " le clinquant du Tasse a tout Tor de Virgile." In the
mean time some virtuosi of Italy have made it a question
for a long while, whether Ariosto does not deserve the pre-
cedency of Tasso: a comparison which more judicious cri-
tics think r/ever ought to have been instituted; and Tira-
boschi says we may as well compare Virgil's £neid with
Qvid's Metamorphoses. Tasso's " Jerusalem ".is regularly
epic in its whole construction, and ranks deservedly among
t^e few of that species of composition, ancient or modern,
Which all a;ges will probably acjmire. A little too much of
the marvellous, one or perhaps two of the episodes, and
part of his machinery, are the only subjects to which the
, ihost rigid criticism has ventured to object. Where some
of his ifefectSy some of his conceits, are visible, they have
been referred to his age, but these are not frequent, and
it seems^ generally acknowledged that while he is inferior
to Homer, in simplicity and fire, to Virgil, in tenderness,
and to Milton, in daring sublimity of genius, he yields to
no other in any poetical talents.
T,he %irorks of Tassa have been often printed separately,
at various tunes and places. The abb6 Serassi has enu-
merated 132 editions of the <^ Jerusalem Delivered," of
150 T A S S O.
which be thinks the best was that printed at Mantua by
Francisco Osanna, in 1584, 4to. The '^ Jerosalem Con-
quered^* had but thirteen editions, of which the last is in
1642. ** Rinaldo" had fifteen, and "Aminta" fifty-eight,
without reckoning those which appeared -out of Italy. Of
the translations of the first poem, Serassi mentions eleven
in the different dialects of the Italian, and twenty-threb in
the other languages in Europe, but he has omitted some,
particularly the French translation in Alexandrian verses,
by M. Montenlas.. Tasso*s whole works, together with hit
life, and several pieces for and against his '^ Gierusalemme
Liberata,** were published at Florence, 1724, in six volumes,
folio. The lijTe was written by his friend Battista Manso,
and printed at Rome in 1634 ; of which that by the abb6
de Charnes, printed at Paris. in 1690, 12mo, is only an
abridgment. But the best edition of the whole works, in
Mr. Black's opinion^ is that of Venice, 12 vols. 4to, al-
though it does not bear so high a price. His " Aminta,'*
and '* Gierusalemme liberata,'' have been translated into
English ; the former being published at London in 1628 ;
the latter in 1713; and again, with the true Spirit of the
Original, by Mr. Hoole, in 1762. Within these few yean
English literature has been enriched by a very valuable
and elaborate *^ Life of Torquato Tasso ; with an historical
and critical account of his writings, by John Black," ISIO,
2 vols. 4«to. In this the reader will receive ample ^atis-*
faction as to the disputed parts of Tasso's eventful history^
and many illustrations of the times in which he lived, and
of the lives of his contemporaries, the relative state of li-
terary history, ai^d, indeed, will find an asseihblage of
every kind of evidence that can now be expected to throw
light on the genius of this truly great poet. "
TASSONl (Alessandro), an Italian poet of great fame,
was born al Modena, in 1565. He was early left an or*
phan, and exposed to many difficulties, yet be cultivated
the knowledge of the learned languages with great assi-
duity, and, in 1597, entered into the service of cardinal
Ascdnio Colonna, as his secretary. With him he went
into Spain ; and, after the death of that patron, contrived
to be introduced into the court of Charles Emanuel duke
of Savoy. Not agreeing with the prince cardinal, son of
the duke, he retired^ after a time^ and sought an asylum
1 Life by Hool«, prefixed (o hit Translation.— Life, as above, by Mr. Black.
T A S S O N I. tit
witb cardinal LudovUio, who gave him a pefnsion of iOfk
Roman crowns, and apartments in his palace. After tbo
death of this cardinal, he had recourse at length to hia
natural sovereign Francis I. d'^ste, duke of Modena, from
whom he received an honorary salary. He died in 1635^
and was buried in St. Peter^s. He was a member of the
academy of the Umoristi. His character was lively an4
agreeable, notwithstanding his turn for satire.
His works are, 1. his '' Secchia rapita,^' or rape of the
bucket, which the Italians in general consider as the first
liiodel of a mock^beraic poem that was given in their Ian*
guage. It seems, say the critics of that nation, that the
graces clothed this poem with all their ornaments. A de^
licate burlesque, with the art of joining great things te
amall ; an unaffected lightness, and consummate elegance^
concurred in it to form a complete Italian model of an
beroi-comtc poem, which will in tinie be admired by
strangers. Tb^ edition most valued is that of Ronciglione
in 1624. It was translated into French by Peter Perrault^
1678, in two vols. 12aiD; and again by M. de Cedars, ia
1759, in three volumes. 2. ^^ Considerazione sopra il Pe*
trarca." He thought Petrarch, great as be was, too much
imitated, and tried in this publication to lessen the rag^
for that kind of imitation. In that he succeeded. 3. He
published also " Pensieri diversi," which he made,a very
amusing book^ ^His ^tack upon the imitators of Petrarch
occasioned a contest between him and Gius. Aromatari ;
and that produced finally, 4. *^ La Tenda rossa, risposta
di Girolamo Nomisenti (Alessaudro Tassoni) ai dialoghi de
Falcidio Melampodio,'' (Giuseppe de gli Aromatori,) Franc*
fort, 1613, 8vo. His will is also cited as a piece of hu«
mour, and there are some productions by him still remain-^
ing in manuscript ; among the rest, one entitled '< Esequie
della monarchia di Spagna." Many interesting particulars
respecting Tassoni, accompanied with contemporary liter
rary .history, and much sound criticism, has just been given
in ^^ Memoirs of Alessandro Tassoni, &c* By the late Jo-
seph Cooper Walker, esq. M. R. LA.'* 1815, 8vo, edited
by his brother, Sam. Walker, esq. No other reference
can hereafter be wanting. *
TATE (Francis), an English lawyer and antiquary, the
son of Bartholomew Tate, of Delapre, in Northamptonshire^
1 Memoirs by Walker.
IM T A T R
was born in that couoly in 15^0, and etrter^d of Magdalen
college, Oxford, in 1577. After ^bitie application to study
he left the university without taking a degree, went to the*
Middle Temple, and after bis admission' to the bar, ac^v
quired great reputation as a coun^eUor, not only learned in'
the law, but as a good antiquary, and Saxon scholar. He
had a seat in parliament aboat the end of quef^n ElizabethV
reign, and in the 5th James I. was Lent-reader of the Mid-
dle Temple, and about that time became one oF the justices
itinerant for Wales. He dited Nov. 16, 161^, leaving va-'
rious manuscripts on legal antiquities, the Aite of whtch^
seems unknown, but the following have been printed in
Gutch's " Collcetanea CuriOsa t'* 1. •* The antiquity, use,
and privileges of Cities, Boroughs, and Towns.'* 2.^' The
antiquity, use, and ceremonies of lawful Combats in Eng-
land*" And in Hearne*s " Curious Discourses'* are, 3. ^* Of
Knights made by Abbots. 4.-^* Questions about the an-
cient Britons." 5. '< Of the antiquity of Arms in England.*'
6. ** Of the antiquity, variety and ceremonies of Funefais
in England :" and 7. ^ The antiquity, authority, and suc-
cession of the High Steward of England." ^
TATE ^ (Nauum), a well known Psalmodist, was born
in Dublin in 1^52. His father, Dr; Faithful Tate, was also
son to a Dr. Tate, a clergyman, and was born in the county
of Cavan, and educated in the college of Dublin, where
he took the degree of D.D. In 1641, being then minister
of Bally hays, in that county, he was a great sufferer by the
rebels, against whom he had given some informatidn, and
in his way to Dublin was robbed by a gang, while about
the same time his house at Ballyhays was plundered, and
all his stock, goods, and books, burnt or otherwise de-
stroyed. His wife and children were also^o cruelly treated^
that three of the latter died of the severities inflicted upon
them. After this he lived for some time in the colles:e of
Dublin, in the provost's lodgings. He became then preacher
of East Greenwich, in Kent, and lastly minister of St.
Werburgh's church, in Dublin. He was esteemed a man
of gi*eat piety ; but, as Harris says, was thought to be
* He was matriculated by the name babiy, when he came fco EogUndi^
of Nahum Teat, which Mr. Malone adopted the new spelling of his name.*'
seems to think was his real ivame; but On tbfs we haye only to remark, that
'* being called by the lets polished of the name is spelt both vays in Ib^ title*
bis countrymen, 7a/e, according to the pages of his father's works,
ordinary XrisTi pronunciation, he t>ro-
1 Ath. Ox. Tol. I. new edit. — Archaeologia, Vol. !•
TATE, ISS
puffitm)i<¥9lly incUftedy as perhaps may be stiriniscd front
his own and bis son's Christian oaoofes, names taken from'
the Scriptures being very common with a certain class of the-
puritans. He was living in 1672, but the time of his death
we have not been able to fix. Besides two occasional ser-^
iDpfiSy be publisbedi 1. ^' The doctrine of the three sacred
per$oas of the Trinityy'* Lond. 1669^ 8vo ; and, 2. ^* Me-
ditations/' Dublin, 1672) 8vo.
His son» Nahum, at the age of sixteen, was admitted of
Dublin college, but does not appear to have followed any
profession. It is observed by Wacburtoo, in the notes to
t)ie Dunciad, that he was a cold writer, of no invention,
but translated tcderably when befriended by Dryden, with
whom he sometimes wrote in conjunction. He succeeded
Shadwell as poet«laureat, and continued in that office till
hi^ death, which happened Aug. 12, 1715, in the Mint,-
where he < then resided as a place of refuge from the debta
which he had contracted, and was buried in St. George*flf
church. The earl of Dorset was his patron ; but the chie^
use be made of him was to screen himself from the per*
secutions of his creditors. Giidon speaks of him as a man
of .great honesty and modesty ; but he seems to have been
ill qualified to advance hiijuself in the world. A person
who died in 1763, at the age of ninety, remembered him
well, and said he was remarkable for a down-cast look, and
had seldom much to say for himself. Oldys also describes^
him as a free, good-natured, but intemperate companion.
With the^ qualities it will not appear surprising that he
was poor and despised. He was the author of nine dra-
matic performances, and a ]great number of poems; but'
is at present better known for his version of the Psalms,
in which he joined with Dr. Brady, than any other of his
works. Bis miscellaneous poems are enumerated in Gib-
ber's *^ Lives,'' and by Jacob, who says Tate's poem on
the Death of queen Anne, which was'one ofithe last, is
'^ one of the best poems he ever wrote." His share in
the *^ Second Part of Absalom and Achitophel" is far from
inconsiderable ; and may be seen in the English Poets. He
published also *^ Memorials for the Learned, collected out
of eminent authors in history," &c. 1686, 8vo; and his
'' Proposal for regulating of the Stage and Stage Flays,"
Feb. 6, 1698, is among bishop Gibson's MSS. in the Lam«
beth library. *
. 1 Gibber's Lir^s.—Nichols'i Poemt.— Jacob's liTes.-— Harris'! edition of Ware^
—Malone's Drydeo, toL I« p. Ul.
IS4 T A T I A N,
TATIANi a writer of the primitive church, was a Sy«f
riau by birth, and flourished about the year 170. He wat
a sophist by profession, very profound in all branches o£
literature, and acquired great reputation by teaching rhe*
torie. Being converted to Christianity, he became the
scholar of Justin Martyr, ivhom he attended to Rome, and
partook.with him of the hatred of the philosopher Crescens :
for he tells us himself, that Crescens laid wait for his life,
as well as for. Justin's. While Justin lived he continued
steady in the orthodox belief, but after his death becamd
the author of a new set of fanciful opinions, which, after
propagating them for some time at Rome, he carried into
the east, and opened a school in Mesopotamia, and otheff
places* Nothing is certainly known concerning his death.
His apology for Christianity, entitled ^^ Oratio ad Grae*^
cos,'' ^< An address to the Greeks," the only genuine work
of Tatian which remains, every where breathes the spirit
of the Oriental philosophy. He teaches, that God, after
liavifig from eternity remained at rest in the plenitude of
his own light, that he might manifest himself, sent forth
from his simple nature, by an act of his will, the Logos^
through whom he gave existence to the universe, the es-
sence of which had eternally subsisted in himself. ** The
Logos," he says/ '^ through the will of God, sprang from
his simple tiatiire." This first emanation, which, after the
Alexandrian Platonists, he calls the Logos, and which, like
the Adam Kadmon of the Cabbalists, is the first medium
through which all things flow from God, he represents as
proceeding, without being separated from the divine na-
ture. Matter is conceived by Tatian to have been the pro-
duction of the Logos, sent forth from his bosom. And the
mind of man is, according to him, reason produced from
a rational power, or an essential emanation from the divine
Logos. He distinguishes between the rational mind and
the animal' soul, as the Alexandrian philosophers between
nig and -i^ix^, and the Cabbalists between Zelem and Ne-
phesh. The world he supposed to be animated by a sub-
qrdinate spirit, of which all the parts of visible nature
partake : and he taught that daemons, clothed in material
vehicles, inhabit the aerial regions ; and that above the
stars, aeons, or higher emanations from the divine nature,
dwell in eternal light. In fine, the sentiments and lan-
guage of Tatian upon these subjects perfectly agree with
those of the ^Egyptian and the Cabbalistic philosophy.
T A T I A N. US
wbetice it may be presumed that hei derived tbemi in a
great measure, fram these sources. After Plato, this Chris«
ttan father maintained the imperfection of matter as tho
cause of evil, and the consequent merit of rising above ail
corporeal appetites and passions ; and it was, probabljTf
owing to this notion, that, with other fathers, he heid tha
superior merit of the sute of celibacy above that of mar«
riage; and that he adopted, as Jerooi relates, the Gnostic
opinion, that Christ bad no real body. The tenor of
Tatian's Apology concurs with what is known of his his*
tory, to prove, that he was a Platonic Christian. His *^ Ora«
tio" was first printed at Zurich in 1546, together with the
Latin version of Conradas Gesner. It was afterwards sub*
joined to Justin Martyr^s works, printed at Paris in 1615
and 1636, folio ; but the best edition of it is that of Ox«
ford, 1700, in i2mo. '
TATISICHEF (Vassili), a modern historian, inr 1720
began to collect materials for a complete history of Russia ;
and continued bis researches without intermission for the
space of thirtiy years. This indefatigable compiler finished
bis account to the reign of Feodor Ivanovitch ; and was
bringing it down to this century, when death put a period
to his labours. Part of this great work was consumed in a
fire ; and the remainder was published after the author's
death by Mr. MuUer. It consists of three large volumes in
quarto. The first contains several curious dissertations re«v
lative to ihe antiquity of the Sclavonian nation ; while the
second and third comprise the history of the Russian empire,
from its earliest origin to 1237.
It can hardly be called a regular history, but is rathet a
connected series of chronicles, whose antiquated Sclavo*
nian dialects are only changed into the Russian idiom ; anjl
the author is justly censured for not regularly citing tbe
various annalists as he abridges or, new models them, and
for not assigning the reasons which induced him to prefer
the writers whose relations he has adopted, to those which
he has rejected. '
. TATIUS (Achilles), an ancient Greek writer of Alex-
andria, is supposed to have lived in the third century, but
this is uncertain. According to Suidas, who calls him
8tatius, be embraced Christianity in the latter part of his
life, and became a bishop. He wrote a book ^* Upon tbe
1 Cave, ro% I.-*-F«bric. BiM. GrtBC^Bmciser. ^ Coxe^ TnTelk in Ituiiim.
iS6 T A T I U S.
Sphere,** ^ which seems to have been nothing more than «
commentary upon Aratus. Part of it is extant, and has
been translated into Latin by father Petavius, tinder the
title of ^* Isagoge in pheenomena Arati." He wrote alio s
romance, probably from its licentiousness when he was a
beatben, entitled, ^* Of the Loves of Clitopbon and Len^
cippe,*' in eight books, which were first published iky
Latin only, at Basil, 1554. This Latin rersion, made by
Annibal Cruceius of Milan, was repubtisbed by. Comme-^
IiJius, with the Greek, at Heidelberg, 1608, 8vo, with Lon-i'
gm and Parthenigs, writers of the same class : aftet whieh^
a more correct edition of the Greek was given by Salota*
•fus at Leyden, 1640, in l2mo, with Cruceius's version*
The best edition is that of Boden, Gr. and Lat. Leipsic,"^
1776, 8vo.*
TAUBMAN (Frederic), an eminent German critic, was
bom at Wonscisch in Franconia, about 1565. His father,
who was a tradesman of the lower order, died while Taub«'
man was a child, and his mother married a taylor,' who,
however, had sense enough to discern the boy's capacity,
uid resolved to bring him up to letters. For that purpose
besenthim to/CnImbtfch, a town of Franconia, to school,
where he remained until be was sixteen years of age, and '
snade aq uncommon progress in literature. The circum*
Btances of his parents, however, were so very indifferent,
that they were unable to funiish him with much, and it is
aaid that'he was frequently constrained to beg his bread
from door to door. While he was ait this school his mothet*
died, and his father-in-law married another wife, who
^ proved very kind to one now become an orphan iu every
way.
In 1582, George- Frederic, marquis of Brandenburg,
baving founded a college at Heilbrun, a town of Suabia,
collected the promising youth out of all his states, and
Taubmao among the rest, whose great capacity recom-
ynended him to public notice ; and who, besides his skill
in the Xatin and Greek authors, had acquired much fame
by bis poetry. After staying ten years at Heilbrun, he
went in 1592 to Wittemberg, whefe he soon distinguished
himself; and Frederic William, the prince of Saxony, con-
caved so high an esteem for him, as often to admit him
into his company. The professorship of poetry and the
! VotBiuf de Soieat. Math.— rubric. Bibl. Qmc^Mo^n^m HiA. MaUi. '
T A U B M A N. i5T
beiles UUres becoming vacant in 15^5^ the university asked
it of the court for Taubimn, who accordingly took pofr*
session of it in October that year, and held it, with great
honour to himself, and advantage to the public, as long as
he lived. He died of a fever in 1613, leaving five children
ai^d a wife, whom he had married in 1596. He was ono
of' those few happy men who had qualities to make himself
beloved as well as admired. His very great learning pro«
c^red him the adoiiration of mankind ; and the liveliness
of bis disposition, and many private virtues, secured to
bki^ tbeir esteejn and affection.
. . His works are, I. *^ Commentarius in Plautum, Francof*
1605 ;" and in 1612, not only enlarged, but more correct*
A third edition, with additions, by Janus Gruterus, was
published after his death in 1622. In these editions, which
ace all in quarto, Taubman has greatly contributed towards
the restoration of the tri^e text of Plautus. Joseph Scaliger
complimented Taubman upon his Commentary on Plauti^s ;
and tells him, that it has all the marks of penetration,
judgmi^ut, and industry. The learned have since ever con*
sidered it in tilis light ; and many consider the second and
third editions, not,withstanding the labours of any later cri*
tic, as the best we still have of Plautus. After his death
was published, by his son, bis 2. '^ Commentarius in Vir*
gilium ;^' which Tanaquil Faber scruples not, in one of his
letters, . to call the best commentary we have upon Virgil ;
but this is not the general opinion. 3. '^ De lingu^ Latini
dissert^tio,^' published by biipself at Wittemburg in 1602.
He ^Isp published other small pieces, and some Latin
poetry. , Taubmanniana came out at Leipsic in 1 703 :
Taubman had a great turn for raillery, but whether any of
bis genuine witticisms can be found in this collection mjay
reasonably admit of a doubt. ^
TAULERUS (John), a writer famous among the mysti*
cal devotees, flourished in the fourteenth <?Qntury, \y''e
have no certain account of the year or place of his birth*.
He was born in Germany, and bepame a monk of the Do^
minican order, and acquired great skill in philospphy ^nd «
sqbooUdivinity ; but he applied himself pvincipally to myisr^.
tical divinity ; and as it was believed that h^ was , favoufed .
with revelations from heaveo, he was styled the illu,xniwiU4^c
dMoinei He had great talents for preachings and there %^,
i$i T A U L E R U S.
ibo preacher in that age more followed than he. He re-
proved with great zeal and great freedom the. faults of
every body; and this made him odious to some monka^
whose persecutions of him he bore patiently. He sub*
mitted with the aame resolution to other trials, and it was
thought that he was thus visited by God, that he might
not grow proud of the extraordinary gifts which he bad
received from heaven. The two principal cities in which
he preached, were Cologne and Strasburg. He died in
the latter after a long sickness, May 17, 1361, and , was
honourably interred there in the academical college, near
the winter-nuditory. He wrote several books ; concerning
which different judgments have been formed; somecatho*
lies have censured them, and some protestants have com^
mended them. Among the latter, we may mention our
Dr. Henry More, who exceedingly admired Taulerus^s
work entitled << Tbeologia Germanica,^* which Luther also
praises. This was first translated from the German into
Latin by Surius, and then by Sebastian Castalio, and went
through a great many editions from 1518 to 1700, when it
was printed in French at Amsterdam. ^
TAURUS (Calvisius), of Beryta, who flourished under
the reign of Antoninus Pius, is mentioned as a Platonist of
some note. Among his, pupils was Aulus Gellius, who has
preserved several specimens of his preceptor's method of
philosophising. He examined all sects, but preferred the
Platonic : in which he had at least the merit' of . avoiding
the infection of that spirit of confusion, which at this pe-
riod seized almost the whole body of the philosophers,
especially those of the Platonic school. In a work which
he wrote concerning the differences in opinion among die
Platonists, Aristotelians, and Stoics, he strenuously apposed
the attempts of the Alexandrian philosophers, and others,
to combine the tenets of these sects into one system. He
wrote several pieces, chiefly to illustrate the Platonic phi-
losophy. He lived at Athens, and taught, not in the
schools, but at bis table. A. Gellius, who was frequently
one of his guests, give^ the following account, in his << Noc-
. tes Atticse," of the manner in which they were conducted:
*^ Taurus, the philosopher, commonly invited a select num^
her of his friends to a frugal supper, consisting of lentils,
an4 a gourd, cut into small pieces upon an «arthen dish;
> Gen, Dict**Biof . Brit, art, M9r6,«*JPfehcri Thsatrvm;
TAURUS, IS9
and during the repast, philosophical conversation, upon ra**
rious topics, was introduced. His constant disciples, f^hom
h6 called his family, were expected to contribute their
fthare towards the small expence which attended these
simple, repasts, in which interesting conversation supplied
the place of luxurious provii^ion. Every one came fur^
nrshed with some new subject of inquiry, which he was
allowed in his turn to propose, and which, during a limited .
time, was debated. The subjects of discussion, ifi the^
conversations, were noft of the more serious and important
kind, but such elegant questions as might afford an agreed-
able exercise of the faculties in the moments of convivial
enjoyment; and these Taurus afterwards frequently iltas*
trated more at large with sound erudition.** ^
TAVERNER (Richard), a pious layman of the reigna
of Henry VI IL Edward, Mary, and ElistiJ^eth, descended
from an ancient faitiily in Norfolk, and, was the eldest son
of John Taverner of Brisley, where he was born in "^1505.
He is said to have studied logic for some time in Oorpua
Cbristi college, Cambridge, and, if so, must have been
contemporary with archbishop Parker. He afterwards re«-
moved to Oxford, and was one of the learned scholars in-
vited by cardinal Wolsey to his nev college there. Wood
informs us that he took the degree of A.B. on May 21,
1527, and that of A.M. in 1530, having been made oner of
the junior canons the yea¥ before. Having thus acquired
ii competent knowledge in the sciences and learned lan-
guages, he studied law in the Inner Temple. In 1534 he
was introduced to court, and being taken into the service
©f sir Thomas Cromwell, principal secretary of «tate, he
was recommended by him to the king for one of the clerks
of the signet tn 1537, which place he held until the reign
of queen Mary, notwithstanding his commitment to the
Tower about four years after for ** slandering the ladic
Anne of Cleve," or rather on account of his being deemed
one of the gospellers^ as they were termed, of his college.
He certainly was a friend to the reformation, and in order
to promote it undertook a new translation or edition of the
English bible, " recognized with great diligence after most
faithful examples," Lond. 1539, fol. It was dedicated to
the king, and allowed to be read in churches. But in 1543,
his patron^ lord Cromwell, being then dead, the popish
1 A«in6eH»^Nl»ot.Atlic9.— BruGker.
r '
160 T A y E R N B R.
bishops caused the priatefs to be imprisonedl and punished f
and the edilor hhtoself also was oomaniited to the Tower*
Here however be acqailled himself so well^ that he was not
only soon after released, but restored again to the king's
iarour, and chosen a member of parKameat in 1 545. Bale
calls TaTeraer's edition of the Bible^ ** Saerornai Bibliorom
recognition sen pottos versio nora;" bst it is neither » bare
revisal of the preceding editions, nor a new version, but
between both. It is a correction of what is called Mat«
thewe's Bible ; many of vi4»ose marginal notes are adqptedy
and many omitted, and others inserted by the editor. Arch-*
bishop Newcome thinks it probable that Tavenier's patron^
Cromwell, encouraged him to undertake this work, on ao^
count of his skill in tiie Greek toi^e ; bot it is miwe pro*^
bable that he was principally induced to it by the printers,
as we learn frcnn a passage in the dedication, in which, aftev^
telling the king that a correct or faultless translation of the
Bible must be the production of many learned men, and of
much tio>e and leisure, he adds ; ** but forasmuch a$ the
printers Were very desirous to have the Bible rome forth as *
faultless and emendately as the shortness of the time iwt
the recognising .of the same would require, tbey desirsd
him, for default of a better learned, diligently to overlook -
and peruse the whole copy, and, in case be should find any
notable default that needed correction, to amend the
saaae, &c"
/ On the accession of king Edward, Taverner, although a
layman, had a special licence in 1 552 to preach through*
out the king's dominions. Good preaching was at that
time ao rery scarce, that not only the king's chaplains were
obliged to make circuits round the country to instruct the
peoploy aad to fortify them agiiinst popery, but even lay^
men, who waKT scholars, were employed for that purpose.
From this however he was obliged to desist when queen
Mary came to the\brone, and therefore retired to Norbiton
hall, near Kingston in Surry, where he lived quietly du«
ring the whole of her reign. As soon as Elisabeth became
Jueeog to whom he presented a congratulatory epistle in
■akin upoa that happy occasion, he resumed his preaching
in Oxford and elsewhere. Her majesty had a high respect
for him, and besides ofiering him knighthood (which Tan«
ner jthioks he aeeepted), put him into the commissioa oi
the peace for the county of Oxford. Here numerous con*
cams were intrusted to biai| and in 1569^ he was made bigii
•f
T A V E R N E K. i^i.
\
•iveriff of A^comtty. Hm »m1 was mHI nmrn agftiiiU fio*-
pery, profattUy «MriD);r to tfae frtghtfitl «ifc<cts of popish bi**
Ig^ty wbicfa fa^ bad witnetaed in Mary^s rekgfi, a^id not-
witbstaiMliiDg fais tiew office, be contkitied his preachirig.
Ev^m white bigb dieriff, iie afsfieaied in St. Mary's piiipit,
wirb ills goU cfaata about bis mcckf and bis aanoixl by bis
tidti, and is AAid ta have' b^«» oine of bis seraions w tbe
Mii^wing saardfi : *^ ^jrivHig aut tfae b»04Mi4 ef St« Mary's, it
the fet«M»y stage * wbefie I now aland, I have brought yoa
'9mae ^ne biakaiis, ibakod in the ai^n of eiiarity, ai^d oare^
fiiHy coajKuved fit tiie chockens of thefobureb, tke sparroifB
of 4be apim, and die sweet swaliows of aalvailion.*' This
atyle was nraab ^adaaired in 4iis daya aveii <by the generaiky
of the aeboiam, and indeed soch alUtertttion wtm long after-
wards a favonriDe both with speakers rand bearers, lie also
eodeavottned io promote tbe reforoMitioQ by bis wrttiaga
aod translatioos ; of which, besides bis BiUe, we *hai^e the
follow4f»g iist : 1. *< The saan and ptdi lof cc PsttlaiS of Da^
Tid, reduced into a form of fnrayers and mediiatiiNHiSy wMn
certain other godly orisons,'* Lond. IM^, ^q. g. ^ Tbb-
£f»stles BiaA Goapek, with a brief pcatiU apsm ibe«aaie,
froas- Adi^m to Low 'Suti'day ; and from £aster«o Adrent,"
Lo^d. 1 540, two parts, 4to. 3« ^< Fmtit lof Faiife, con*ain>»
ing all the prayers of the pa^riarchs^ he, iii. the Old -and
New Tesianent," ibid, 1562, 12nio. 4. ^< Tbe Garden ef
Wysdoflie, &c. containing the sayings of prinoea^ pbdoso*
pbera, 4ic.'' XS^j 2 books. 5. ^* F4ores aliqwot sentential
ruoi ex vartis aeriptoril>tts," transited foots Srasmtis. S,
<* CtttoOis Diistieha MomliSi," Lond. 15&a,.d9o, 1555» 4fto.
7. «<io MhiMikn F^btianum lib. 1," li^. 6. '' €ateei|t»*
mud 6dei." 9. ^* Provei4>s «r adagies gatheaad 'Oai of the
Chitiadcs of Crasaaus,'' \54S. Uis tfwisbtie«8. wese,
^ Gresteie's Pra3/«i« on thefsalim ;" ^vCkiiiiesston el -the
Gerpaaos, with the apology of Melaoethon^'* ukil^ aosiM
tracts from Erasroiak ^
In tbe latter part of his life, Taaerner lived at a seaH bo
bad built at Woodeatoa in OKfordsfdre, snbeace he daaes a
letter to itrchbishop Parker in J46£« excuainghianseif ^tn
lending the queen 100/., from inability. «t that time* He
died lit tbta piace^ July 14^ IS76, in the seventieth yetar
of his age, »nd was boried in tbe cbeiioal of thieoiiitrch
with great solemnity. He married two wiYes^ Margaret
• St. Mary'g puTpft wM tht n ^t tC^tfe.
Vol. XXIX. M
16« TAVERNER.
the daughter of Walter Laonbert, esq. ; aoil after her de«
cease, Mary, the daogbter of nr John Harcpurt, and bad
issue by both. Ward gives some account of bis fomily and
descendants in bis ^* Lives of the Gresbam Professora.*' ^
TAVERNIER (John Baptist), a Frenchman, fan^otis
for his travels, was born at Pads in 1605. His father,. who
was a native of Antwerp, settled at Paris^ and traded very
largely in geographical maps, so that the natural incltna^
lion which Tavern ier had for travelling was greatly in»
creased, by the conversations which daily passed in hia fa-
th^r^s house, concerning foreign countries. He began to
gratify bis passion so early, that, at the age of two and
twenty years, he had seen the finest countries of Europe^
France, England, the Low Countries, Germany, Switaech
land, Poland, Hungary, and Italy. During tlh^ space of
fwrty years he travelled six times into Turkey, Persia, and
the East Indies, and by all the different routes he codd
take. In the course of these peregrinations, he gained a
great estate by trading in jewels ; and, being ennobled by
Louis XIV. purchased the barony of Aubonine, near the
lake of Geneva, in 1668. He bad collected a great uuaDM>
ber of observations, but be had nut learned either to speak
or write well in French ; for which reason he was forced
to employ others in drawing up his relations. M. Chap*
paseau, with whom he lodged at Geneva, lent htm bis pen
for the two first volumes of his travels ; and M. Cbspeile
for the third. They have frequently been printed, an4
eontain several curious particulars; yet not without some
fables, which were told him purely to impose upon hts
simplicity. . He is charged also with stealing fromothc^rs
to fill, up bis own accounts : thus Dr. Hyde, having cited »
irery long passage from Tavernier, tells us thai) <^he bad
taken it like a downright plagiary from a book printed at
Lyons, 1671, in 8vo, and written by father Gabriel de Chftt
Aon, who had lived in Persia thirty years."
■» Tasemier's aflairs became embarrassed at theJatteriBiid
of 'bis life; by reason of the miamanageinent and ill con4
dwct Jof^a nephew, who had in the Levant the direeuoU'Ol^
a cargo purchased in France for 222,000 livpes, stnd. wbjob
should- have pmdaced above a- milK^n. Tavevniervjtbeyii^
fiDre under«cM>k a seventh jouruey lalo the Eaat, to reet^/
» Ath Oxvol. I.-— Ma ters'sHisl.of C.G.C.C.— W«rd'8Grash»niFrof€sior». .
--N«wcombe'f English Biblical TrgmUtionJk
taver;N1|:k. les
ibis disorder ; for wbic^ purp<^e he saki^bis \fm^fmyjd.^*f
bonne in 1687 to the otar^^uis Dn Que«ne, bu^bn^i^^oa
bis mjr^ at Moscovir^io Juiy 16^^ aged^igbty-foufj eafiSi.
He was of tbe Protestaiiit religfOR^ Several pariie^^ acoxirog
wbicb %vere tbe JDutcb and tW.Jct^i^its, were ofFeiKkid at
oertaun things ins^erted in, his travel^i, and be has basin
abii$ed in . print oa.tbat accotuit. He has one chapiar
wfaere he cofisiclers tbe conduatfof tbe Hollanders inAa^a;
and is. very severe upon tbe directors of their East India
company^ by wbooi he represents bimself to have sMflFeeed :
but iie declares at tbe beginning that be does nut blame
tbe conduct of tbe.Dutcb in general. The firj^t editioaof
tiia^* Travels" was printed at Pari*, 1$76 — 79, 3 vols. 4to»
That fnostcoaunon is in 6 vols. 42mo. ^
TAYLOR (Brook), a celebrated philosopher. and ma*
tbematician, was born^ at Edmonton in Middlesex, Aug.
2Bf 1685. His grandfatberi Nathaniel Taylor* was one-of
Cfae Puritans whom . Cromwell elected by letter, June l^^
1653^ to represent tbe county of Bedford in*. parliament.
His father^ John Taylor, .esq. of Bifron^i in Kent, U said to
have stiH retained some of the austerity of tbe puritanic
eharacter, but was sensible of the power of rnQsic ; in con*
sequence of which, bis son Brook studied that science
early, and became a proficient in it, as he did also in draw*
ing. He studied the classics and mathematics with a prif»
vate tuibr at home, and made so successful a progress, that
At fifteen be was thought to be qualified for the miiversity.
in 1701 be went to St. John's college, Cambridge,, in tbe
rank:of a fellow-commoner, and immediately appHed him*
telf ^itfa z^eal to the study of mathematical science, which
alone could gain distinction there. *It was not long, before
be became/an author in that science, for, in 17ds^be wrote
bis i* Treatise on the Centre of Oscillation/' though it:;was
not published till it appeared some ye^rs after jn tt^et Phi^
losopbical Transactions. In 1709,, he took thi^dc^^eaif
baefaeior of :kwB ;;. aiid about tim same time ^ommeafied a
eorcespondence with professor I^eil, ou^M^jepifs gjEiltJieinbdm
ld)!>ti^se mathematical dii^qnisition. An i74Sih]ei\wsie>leel]ed
into the Royal Society, to which. i«) tbsit {yeaiiibfi.«pre$,eRted
tbree papers,, one, ^f On the. Ascent of: Wiater, be44f\reea tmo
Qiass Planes.'' 2.. '* Oa -the C^»tve of OsiclMation.!' *•
** On tbe Motion of a stretched String." He presented
» Mor<fl^f.M&ifct Hist.' ' .■''*-■'
■*/ * '><-
M 2
IM *r A Y L O lU
«bo, in If 'll| A ^ftp^r on hti fiiiioiirlte science of tmittt^
hnt thhj though mentioned in fak correspondettce with
Kei), does not appear in the Transa<:tion8.
His distinguished abilities as a mathematician bad notr
reoomiftiended him particularly to the esteem of the Royal
Society, who, in 1714, elected tiiin to the office of secre-
taty* In the tame year, he took the degree of doctor of
iaw9) at Cambridge. In iliS, he published his *< Methoo
ivm incrementorufn/' and a curious essay in the Philoso*
(ihtcid Transactions, entitled, ** An Account of an Experi^
«ient for the Discovery of the Laws of Magnetic Attract
- tiot) ;^* and, besides these, his celebrated work ou perspec-
tive, entitled ** New Principles of Linear Perspective : or
the art of designing, on a plane, the representations of all
sorts of objects, in a more general and simple method than
has hitherto been done.^^ This work has gone through se-
veral editions, and received some improvements f^om Mi*.
Colson, Lucasilin professor ftt Cambridge. In the same
year Taylor conducted a controversy, in a coi^respondence
with Raymond count de Montmort, respecting the tenets
of Malbranche, which occasioned him to be noticed aftet*-
wards in the eulogium pronounced t)n thftt celebrated ltn(^<-
tapbysiciimv In 1716, by invitation frott several learned
fAen, to whom his merits were well known, t>r, Taylor
i^sited Paris, >her^ he was received with every tiaark of
inspect and distinction. Early in 1 7 17, he returned to Lou-
don, «t}d composed three treatises, which are in the tbir-
tietb volume of the. Philosophical Transactions. Bui: bis
Jiealth having been impaired hy intense application, he w?i8
now advised to go to AiX'-la-chapelle, and resigned his
office of secretary to the Royal Society. After his return
1o £figl«Bd in 1719, it appears that be applied bis mind to
iHidiesof a religious nature, the result of which were found
tnsome dlssersaftions preserved among his papers^ '^On
Ibe Jewish Sacrifices," t&c. He did not, howevet, neglect
hiaifbrmer pursuits, but amused himself with drawings im«-
proiFed his treatise on linear perspective, and wrote a de-
Csmeeof it against the attacks of J. Bernouilli, in a paper
HfHkk appears in the thirtieth vohime of the Philosophical
Transactional^ Bernouilli objected to the work as too ab**-
a^rusej and denied the author the merit of inventing liis syn-
tern* It is indeed acknowledged, that though Dr. B. 'f'ay-
-rior I'discov^red it for himself, he was not the ficst who ha4
-moiitim^sme path, as it had been.4we,^x.G!wi^ ybaJ^'t
I /
TAYLOR. l$f
I
in % beok ^n peiff^aeliTt, published at P^s^ra i^ 16Q0« Tini
abftvusi^ness of his wofk has been pbviatec} by atu>tber an^
^hof, in a work #ntHi#4> ^* Dr« Brook Taylor's inethod of
f^npwnver made eaay, bpib in iheory and practice, {^c/
by Joshua Kirby, painter '^ and this publication ha« c^aa*
.tinged to be the roaniia) both of artists and dilettanti. To^.
ward) the end of 17^0, I>r, Taylor visited lord Bolingbroke,
naar Orleans, bul retqrnpd the next year, and published
bis last paper in the Pbilosopbical Transactions, which d^
scribed, '^ An Evperim^u Q>ade to ascertain the Proport
%iw of Estpansion in tb0 TberoKkaieter, with regard to thff
l>egree of Heat."
Dr. Brook Taylor was twief married, and both tinses s0
unfortanate as to losa bi^ wife after a very short period.
The first lady was a Miss fridges, of Walliogtw in Surry,
to whom he was united in 1 72 1. Aa this lady, though ef a
good family, bad little fortune, bis marriage with bev
eecasioned a rupi;ure with his father, whi^b lasted till aftet
the birth of a son, who unhappily did not long surmt.
'Be became a widower in 1723. The two following^ yean
he resided with his father at ^ifront ; and, in 1795^ formed
a new marriage with the daughter of John Sawbridge, esqi^
ofOlantigbtn Kent. In 1799, he succeeded to his £a-r
tber*s estate at Bifrons^ but in the following year had ibe
misfortune to lose hia second wife in ebtld*bed; ablevv
which, in the impained state of his bealtb, he was unable te
sustain* His remaining days were days of imbecUity an4
sorrow, and be anrvived little meve than a year- On ib«
'*29th of December, 1731, he died of a dediBe, in the
ferty-siatb year of hia ajge, and waa buried at ^/Anne'Sj
in the interval between 1721 a^d bi$ deaiib, be ibppeiil .
te^ haw been in part disabled by ill healthy and in pari 49^
verted by otber objects from severe piudy. ** A Treatiat
on Ldgaittfonbs," addreaaed to bi# friend lerd Pauley, ajSieck
aterda lord Abercom, ii almoat tlie only frui^ of ibi« labni^r
Which has been Scfmi to beiof^g to that period ) And tbia
baa never been publiabed. Aftei ^e Idsa ^^f bil^ nwim^
We, he aeema tobave endeavcKnred to diver|.bis,eij^4 by
study^; and an essay, entitled ^* Conlemptatio Pbilosopbiiais''
pkinted^ but net publmbed, by bb grandaaiiiy air WillMMi
Voung, in 11»%9 wajs pirobaWy wfiweft m^tifnt^f and lor
this piit-pose. It was the effort of a strong mind, and affords
a most remarkaMe^ escampte of tb^ close t^eel^heilaaalMh^
U6 T A Y L O H.
tnati«iatiy applied to metaphysics. ^ Tbe^€fibrty' h<»rrref, wts
Tain, and equally vain were tb^ eartiest endeavourt of bis
friendsi to amtise and comfort him by sdcial gratificatioiib.
Dr* Taylor is proved, by his writings to have bean afinisblMl
scholar, and a profound mathematteian : h^ is recorded to
have been no less a polished gentlemaD, and a' sound and
serious Christian. It is sald'of him, that *^ he inspired pitT-
tiality on his first address ; be gained'itnpercepcibljrcm ae-
quaintance ; and the favourable impressions whitb be^ma4e
from genius and accomplishments^ be fixed in farther in-
timacy, by the fundamental qualities of benevolence Md
integrity.** His skill in drawing is also commended in ^le
highest terms. ** He drew figures,*' says his biographiM'y
^^ with extraordinary precision and beauty of pencil; band-
scape was yet his favourite branch of design. His origiflial
landsc^apes are mostly painted in water-colours, but wkb'dl
<tbe richness and strength- of oils. They have a force of
colour, a freedom of touch, a varied dispbsitten of planes
of distance, and a learned use of aerial as welt as linear
perspective, which all professional men who have seen these
paintings have admired*. Some pieces are compositioiitf;
some are drawn from nature : and the general cbaracteris-
tic of their effect may be exemplified, by sopposii^ - tBe
bold fore-grounds of Sal vator Rosa to be bached by the
succession' of distances, and mellowed by* the saber bar-
mony which distinguishes the productions of Gaspar Pouii^
sin. The small figures, interspersed in the tatidscapes,
wpuld not have disgraced the pencil of the correct ^and dstf*
•sic Nicolas.*' • ^- :. *
• The daughter of Dr. Brook Taylor, by bis second wife,
survived him ; and it is to her son, sir William Yoivng,
that the public is indebted for the account of that emi«
nent man, from which the present narrative bas been drawn
up. * « L t , :
* TAYLOR (Jeremy), a very learned and celebrated pre-
late, the son of Nathaniel and Mary Taylor, was bom:(ti
t*H^ pttrtA of the Holy Trinity in Cambridge, where bis
father was in the humble station of a barber : and was bnp^
iise**Ail^r P5,- 1613: He was educated' from the age of'
•tb^^ee'^tb that of thirteeti at Perseus free^scheo}^ in Caitf-
bi^d'gei aiidihen entered a sizer of^Oaius-eollegCv^n Ai^^-
gUbt 1^26; tinder Mr/ Bacbcrofl. ' In tbis society be took
:.ii»^n> iij^ pf^e4,M»*^ ^'Jf^^f!V^^J^^^l^^i& -^-^ -^-r-
Taylor: i«7
bis degree of feaiehelor in 1631, ani) bi«hap JUisl: »«)?% ib^t
^as soon eg be wa» graduate, be wa& chosen fellow. Tbe
improvement which be made in bis infancy was now foi^.
lowed lip wilb increasing assiduity ; and to sucb an extent
bad be- carried his theological studies, as to be tbougfat
worthy of admission, like Usbel*, into holy orders befoiie
be bad attained the age of twenty-one. About tbe same
iime be took bis degree of master of arts, and removed to
^Xondon, where, being requested by bis obamber-feUow,
Mr. Rbden, to supply his turn, for a short time^, at the
Jectnrein 8u FmuVs cathedral, bis talents attracted. tbe at-
. tention of arebbisbop Laud, wbo prefeired bim to a fellow*
,«bip at All Souls college, Oxford, <^ where be might ban^
tiflie> books, and company, to complete himself in those
aeveral parts of learning into* which be bad made so fair
nn entrance." Into this fellowship be was admitted in
.January 1636 ; but, as Wood remarks, k was an arbitral^
ao^ contrary to tbe statutes.
^ About this time also be was appointed chaplain in ordi-
nary to tbe^ king) having already been made chaplain to
archbishop Laud ; and in March 16S8, be was instituted to
tboi rectory of Uppingham, in the county of Rutland, by
Francis Dee, bbhop of Pet^borougb, on tbe presentation
of William Juicon, bishop of London. He bad no soon^
yeoei^v«d institution into this preferment than be commenoed
Usohai^ over it, and continued to reside at Uppingham
.until 1642. In May 1639 be was married in tbe church of
iJiat town to Pbosbe Landisdale, or Langsdale, a lady of
whose family little is known, unless that she had a brothejT
of tbe medioal professimi, a Dr. Langsdale of Gainsbo*
fOugU By her Mr. Taylor bad four sons and three daugb^
ters. Of the exemplary manner in which be administered
tbe spiritual oooeerns of his parish, a fair ^oncluision may
be drawn, both from his ardent piety, and from the way
iD which be himself speaks of bis expert^ce- in the conduct
of souls. He was Ao less attentive and. useful in n^anaging
theaecular affairs of bis parish, of which many proofs e«ist
in its records. * • > • - . . ^
The tranquillity )of bia life here wassobn disturbed bjr
4be progress of that commotion ^,bieh finally aiif^ompUahfd
tbe destruotlon of tbe monarchical and episcopal govern-
ments. As yet he bad appeared as an author ^oKdyiiiia
'^ Sermon on the anniversary of the Gunpowder Treason,^*
{irinted at Osfift'd' id i 639^ but had ti^w inore. urgent
f9 T A Y L O B.
fMasioii to ttnploy bb peii» wbile airg«Mpl<aeiM4 to p«^
mise any etfect, in defence of tbe cbnrch. Wkb thta view
be proiittceti in 1642, bis <' £pis«op8cy aticrted," wbicb'
WM {Hiblisbed at Oxford by the king't (ioiiioi»nd| and ran
in course wiib tbe vrorka of bishop Hall and otbera on .tbe
•aiBe subject. This ia dedicated to bis friend and petroo,
sir (^briiitopber Hattoo, afterwards lord Hatton of Kirby^
whose son be afterwards assisted io preparing am editioii
of tbe Psalms, according to tbe authorized version* This
appeared in 1 644, aitd was entitled ^' Tbe Psalter of Da*
vid, with Titles and Collecu according to the matter of
each P&alm, by tbe r^t beo. Christopher HaAton." His
biographer says, that ^^ all that ia new in tbia publicalioo
was the production of Taylor. The preface, wbtoh bearp
hit neoie, and the titles and collects adapted to each pseUiSy
were tbe efforts of his oiind.^' This was a very popular
w«rk daring tbe whole of the seicenteenth century ^ but in
tbe tenth edition, now before u% Lond. 168S, botii Het*
ton^s and Taylor's names are omitted from tbe title and
preface, yet it appears even then to have been sold by the
eame c^ ^^ Hatton's Psalms,'' as tbe Uader has so titled it
lHQ tho back.
Jn August 1 642, wbea tbe king went to Oxford, Taylor
was ealled upon to attend him. in bis capacity of cbaplaiot
Md was there honoured with a doctor's degree^ but pro*
bably lost bis living, as after tbis time there is no trace of
tiiaa 9^ Uppingham ; yet though it was sequestered^ it doet
iM>t appear that be relinquid^ bis olaMa to it, oer, in
l^int of fact, does any rector occur between his departim
and tbe year t66l, when John Allingtoo aigos himself as
such. Being one of tbe king's retinue. Dr. Taylor probe*
biy aeeoaapanied tbe arasy, but there are no distinct par«>
tieulars of his progress at this unfortunate period, and it ia
prebaMe that be vetircxl into Wales, cstben in the semmer
of 1645, or the spring of the following yeiar. We ca%
however, more certainly trace his pen in the controvec^ies
jof tbetimeis. When the asseaably of divines at WeaifBtn<-
ster published their ^< Directory," which abolished the
wsual forms of prayer, Dr« Taylor published *^ A Discourse
eeneermng Prayer eitca»pQ(re, or by prelenoe of tbe Spirit^
in justification of authorbed and set forms of iJtiirgie^^^
This was {NEioted. in 1646, bwt without the place beseg
fpeeafted« it 'bad b^en preceded, probably about 1644,
t|{ith*^^Akrep6Jbgy for attthouaed and setfoBoa of Liturgy.^
T=A"Y Lt> R. Aft
agptinst the. {>n0tM0e of tbe Spirit/* Tbeyr iWm;« '9e^y
able defence of liturgy.
While in Wales^ be was obliged to maintain huMelf #nd
family by keepings school, at Newtani in Caraiartbett9btf^
wbere be was assisted by Mr. Williaoi Wyatt of Sl« Jobo*<i
(^oHege, Oxfcud, and tbey jointly produced, in 1647, ^^A
i^ew and easie instimtioa of Grammar/' London, l2m(H
This seance little Kolame has two- dedieattons, one in Latin
to lord Hatton by Wyatt, the other in English, by Taylor,
addressed to lord Hatcon's son* The eminenoe of On
Taylor's learning, and the integrity of bis principles pro-*
fiured him sebolars, who^ as bisbiopapber says, ^< baving^
as it were, received instsuction from this prophet in. the
wilderness, were transplanted to tbe universities.** He
loiiAd also a generous patron in Richard Vaugbafti, .ea#I o^
Carbery, who resided at Golden Grove^ the seat 'of his
ancestors, in the parish of Lianfibangel Abefbythiek, Mar
LbtfdiilQ Ifawr, in Carmarthenshire. Into this faospitabte
faj»ily be was received as chaplain, iaad had a stipend
allotted bim, as he himself intimates in bis dedication to
lord Carbery, prefixed to bis '^ Course of Sermons.*' It
would appear that persecution bad followed him iQt4^
Wales, before he obtained bis present comfortable asyKim,
but in what manner or to what extent is not koown^
The i|rst production of the quiet be now enjoyed, was
bis ^^ Liberty of Propbecying,*' 1647, 4to, lyritten in be*
half of the clergy of tbe church of England, wbo were aoiw
genei«lly excluded from their benefices, and f<Mrbidden to
minister according to her liturgy. This was republished
in 1650, along with his preceding works, and with the ad^-
dition of the '< Life of Christ/' in 2 vols. 8vo. Of his
^ liibeny of Propheoyrng,'* bis biographer nemarks that
tl^re are few writings in which learning and sBodestyy
charity and argument, are more happily blendec) *. His
* Tl)t8 work, however, did DOt escape transcribed. ^Mn tbe wrttisg of tb%
insure. In it he was supposed to lay book, Or. Taylor made use of a like
«lswtt socAi principles, as struck at the atratagem as Hales did th writing his
faundatioii of att hitrarehy ; and or book ^f Sohisn, to break the Presby^
Ihat account gave offence to several terian power, and so countenance (JU*
aMisbers ef the church of England^ " visions between the factions, whick
Willie nsany of its adTenmries thought were tod much VBitei afaiast'theloyll
themselves cooAtenanced by these prin- dieigy. For in the said book he insisti
ei|)lef, and even jn^t^fipd in thnr ho9- on the same topics of schism and
^iKtteaagaiMiit. Woodbasdestfanted bereay, of tne incompetency of couti«-
ttpon this work ; and what he says is cits and fathers, td defermme our eodc^
" " ,ri
V .1
so ewriooSj that it well deservat to b« siasiical cootrarerates, aod of .Mropv-
170 T A Y L O ft.
next production was " The Gfeat Exemplar,'* the purpose
of which he states to be, ^^ to advance the necessity, and
to declare the manner and parts of a good life ; to invite
some persons to ibe consideration of all the branches of it,
by intermixing something of pleasure with the use ; and
others by such portions, as would better etitertain them
than a romance." In 1650 be published one of bis most
popular and standard works, <^ The Hule and Exercises of
Holy Living,*' of which the twenty- eighth edition was
published in 1810. In Oct. 1650, be lost his valuable pa-
troness the countess of Carbery, and delivered a funeral
sermon on that melancholy occasion, which was published
the same year.
Previous to the death of the countess of Carbery, Tay*
lor bad been occupied in writing his ** Rule and Exercises
of Holy Dying," and that part of his volume of *^ Sermons^"
wbieh was preached at Golden Grove, in the summer half-
year. These, with the addition of the funeral sermon
lately delivered, and a ** Discourse of the Divine institn*
tion, necessity, and saiiredness of the office Ministerial,"
be published in 1651. His ** Holy Living" and *< Holy
Dying" have been supposed by tbeir late editor, the rev.
Thomas Thirwall> to have been Dr. Taylor's favourite
works, and tbey are certainly elaborated with more than
bis usual care; and the latter, a^ being occasioned by the
eouniess of Carbery *s illness, comes more from the heart.
His *' Sermons" bave been ably analysed by his biographer,
and are indeed to be recommended to the attention of the
present age, rather in ^he.form of extracts or selections,
than as oYiginally published.
In 1652 Dr. Taylor published *^ A short Cateofoism,
composed for the use of the schools in South Wales^'*
which be afterwards reprinted under the head *^ Credenda^*
lous conscience9 ; and urgetb far more denomioating the action, I see no caoj^
cogent argool^ents than Mr. Hales did, why our author, whose ends w«re for
but slill had prepared hb Sc^oir ^ap* the restoring of peace, seeing he t^
i0MtM, or Antidote to prevent any dan* presented the caMsea of the var.so hi-
gerous effect of bis discourse: for the volous and i neons id erabie, ought to be
judicious reader may perceive such a represented as a criminal or adver!i«
preserve, though it lie in ambuscada, sary." If Mi« fuel be aigh^y aUedgMb
and is compacted in a narrow compass, the excuse certainly, is not v^iUd. la
as may easily rouse those troops, the mean time, Dr. Taylor's book. has
which began too soon to cry victoria, ever been admired i hod those, mko
and thought of nothing else but divid> bave not approved pf mapj^ thiAgs,.^^
ing the spoil. And if the learned au- vanced in it, bave allowed it to abound,
thor (Hales) did this and was blameless, as indeed all his works do, with ^nse,
the goodness of the end jn such ^ases wit, «|id ^pf^hvf^^S^epfmPt** ■ ..I
TAYLOR. 11^1
in his ^<* 6old«n Grove*^' In the same year he consented
to the publication of a ** Discourse on Baptism, it» tnsti-
"tntion, and efficacy upon all believers/' which was only
part of a projected work of a larger description. This wns
followed, in 1653, by another collection of "Twenty-five
Sermons" for the winter season^ making, together iirtth vhe
former, a course of sermons for the whole year. Thetie,
with ten additional, preached after the restoration, were
ipepublished in one volume folio, and before 1678 had gone
through five editions. In 1654, he published ^^ The Real
Pi%&ence and Spiritual of Christ in the blessed sacrament
Tproved against the doctrine of Transubstantialion." . Thff
he dedicated to Warner, bishop of Rochester, with whom be
afterwards engaged in controversy. In 1655, thei short
^eatechism he had published for the youth of Wales, conf-
siderably enlarged, was republished under the title of
" The Guide of Infant Devotion, or the Golden Grove, a
manual of daily prayers and litanies fitted to the days of
the week : containing a short summary of what is to be be-
.lieved, practised, and desired. Also festival by ni as, ac*
cording to the manner of thp ancient church."
In the same year appeared his " Unum necessarium, or
the Doctrine and Practice of Repentance." This, says his
iHOgrapher, led him into the consideration of original sin,
and its effects ; points which were at that time much con-
troverted between the Arminian and Calvinistic parties,
and he adopted the opinion of the former, carrying it to a
degree that -the latter utterly condemned, and which the
ehurch of England does not approve. His sentiments with
.regard to the doctrine of original sin were then, and Bth
tftjMresent, generally considered heterodox ; and are irre-^
conei table to the tenets of our church, as laid down iti
her liturgy, articles, and homilies. It was this, therefore,
which drew him into controversy. His friend, the bishop
of ^ Rbchester, Dr. Warner, shewed his disapprobation of
tbe chapter of original sin, in a letter addressed to Dr.
Taylor, dated July 28, 1656. It was also censured by Dr.
Sanderson, afterwards bishop of Lincoln, and others, to
#faoni be endeavoured to reply in two tracts, the one
** Deus justiiicatus, bra Vindication of the Glory of the
dM^ine attributes,^ &c." and the other <^ A further explica-
tion of the d^dtrioe of original sin, &c."
During some part of this controversy, he was in con*
finement ifi €kepMm ^^vstle, froin a suspicion tbttt he^al
ua TAYLOR
f^POcerned in th# insurrection of th^ royalusu 9X Salitbtiry»
btti appears to have beea released after the autumn of 16 ji$«
when he was at home^ and lost two of his sons by tbe small
poK. After this, in tbe beginning of 1 657, be went to
I^ndoo, baving determined to relinquisb altogetber bii
aituatioii in W Jes ; and oflSciated to a private congrega-
tion of loyalists, but not witbout gre»t danger from tbe
prevailing party. During tbe preceding year, a treatise
appeared whicb bis biographer says is attributed to Du
Taylor by Anthony Wood, and still occupies a place in the
list of bis writings, entitled '*A Discourse of auiciliary.
Beauty, or artificial bandsomenesse* In point of con-
acieikce betweei^ two ladies f* but this appears to be aa
eversigbt, for Anthony Wood attributes this little volume
to Dr. Gauden, and not to Dr. Taylor, and gives 166(2
aa the date, and not I6£^6.
lo 1657 Dr. Taylor collected several of bis smaller pieces,
with ivUaUrnl improvements, into a folio volume, and pub-
lisbed them under the title of ** A collection of Polemical
and Moral Discourses ;^* adding two hitherto unpubli$bed^
a " Discourse on Friendship,'* and ^' Two letters to per-
aons changed in their Religion.'* Tbe former was ad-
dressed to Mrs. Katberine Philips, and is in point of style
and sentiment one of tfie best of Taylor's pieqes, who ia
never more excellent than when on subjects qf moraU.
This volume reached a third edition in 1674, but consists
of sosaewbat diff<erent materials, and 'has a different title»
being now called ^* Symbolum Theologicum, &c.*'
lo this year, 1647, Dr. Taylor was induced by a nefv
friend and patron, lord Conway, to go, over to Ireland,
and reside at Portmore, the mansion of* that nobleman in
^he county of Antrim* Thia situation being adapted to
ftiidy and contemplation, was to him a delightful retreat ;
a^d bere be employed his time in arranging tbe treasure*
with which bis mind was ttored, and in correspondency
with m^ of literature* Here be accomplished the largeat
and i|K>st laborious of bis works, tbe '* Ductor Dubitantium,
or the Kule of Conscience in all her general measures;
lerving as a greai instrument for tbe determination of
(^9pes of conscience," l£60, fol. Of this work it has been
saidf witbout exaggeration, that it is the produ^ioo of re.«
tentive memory and laborious research, of learning variotis
and proGound, and of reaaoniog closa and dispiissionatel
Tbe ikaiaiid Son tbis vork bas lat<^ rieeo f exy coimcler-*
T A T L O It , Its
aWy; and what we can remember holding a very ttiferior,
If any place, in sale catalogues, is noir a prominent article
with a handsome price. ,It is undoubtedly a very interest-
ing work to men that delight in the exercise of tlie reason-
ing power, but its real utility in satisfying scruples of con-
science is, we think, not quite so apparent.
This work was dedicated to Charles II. the restoration
having taken place. Dr. Taylor appears to have left Ire-
land early in the spring of 1660, and arriving at London,
subscribed the declaration of the nobility and gentry that
adhered to the late king in and about that city, and when
the vacant sees came to be filled up, bishop Lesley was
proipoted to that of Meath^ and Dr. Taylor succeeded him
in that of Down and Connor. While yet bishop*elect, and
liefore he left London, he published his book on the sacra-
ment, entitled " The Worthy Communicant, &t.'* Hte
then went over to Ireland^ and was consecrated, and abot^
the same time he was chosen vice-chancellor o( the uuk
terity of Dublin, an office which he held until his death.
On opening the parliament in May t661, he preached be-
fore the members of both houses at St. Patrick's, and hili
sermon was printed at London in 4to. Thi^ same year, 06
the translation of Dr. Robert Lesley to th^ see of Raphotf,
the king, by grant of June 21, committed to the bishop of
Down and Connor, the administration of the see of Dro-
more ; which he held till his death. But it was no desire
of enriching himself that induced the bishop to accept of
this new charge. The dilapidated state of the church and
ecclesiastical property at this juncture clearly evince his
conduct to have been grounded upon a higher principle;
frnd finding not only the spiritual affairs of this diocese ih
disorder, but the choir of the cathedral of Dromore jo
rqins, he undertook to rebuild it, and on this otcasion^is
daughter Joanna preserited the plate for the communion.
JTn the same year he held a visitation at Lisnegarvy ; at
which he issued " Rules and advices to the clergy of his
diobese for their deportment in their personal and publio
capacities," These form a very useful compendium of
ministerial duty^ and have been often recommended by
subsequent prelates.
, Tn th0 ;iutumn of 1661, bishop Taylor, foreseeing a va-
cancy in the deinery^ of Connor, wrote to Cambridge for
fome able person, who might fill that dighity, aric| the pr6-
po$ition,bein|; made to Dr. George Rust, he was preferrcil
IM T A Y L O H.
«8 sooo at Uie ^aeaticy took place (See Rcrsr) ; and thus a
friendship commenced between these two great men,
which continued with mutual warmth and admiration till it
was interrupted by death. Dr. Rust was the survivor, and
succeeded bishop Taylor in the see of Dromore, and
preached his funeral sermon. In 1662*3, bishop Taylor
published '^ Three Sermons" which he had preac^hed at
Christ^s church, Dublin ; ** Eleven Sermons," preached
since the restoration ; and his '^ Discourse on Confirma*?
tion." In July 1663, he preached the funeral sermon of
Dr. John Bramhall, archbishop of Armagh, from whose^
hands he had received confirmation. This was published,
and contains a well-drawn character of the primate* . In
the same year, at the request of the bishops of Ireland, he
published ** A Dissuasive from Popery, addressed to the
people of Ireland." This work went through several edi«
lions, and some answers being published by the popish
party, he wrote a second part of his *^ Dissuasive," which
however, did not appear until after his death. He bad
also began a discourse on the beatitudes, wheniie was at*
tacked by a fever, which proved fatal in ten days^ He
died at Lisbum^ August 13, 1667, and was interred in the
choir of the cathedral' of Dromore. Dr. Rust, as we have
already observed, preached his funeral sermon, and en<»
tered largely into his character. He was indisputably, as
,Dr. Rust represents him, a man of the acutest penetration
and sagacity, the richest and most lively imagination, the
ioiidest judgment, and the profoundest learning. He was.
perfectly versed in all the Greek and Roman writers^ and
was not unacquainted with the refined wits of later ages,
whether French or Italian. His skill was great, both in
civil and canon law, in casuistical divinity, in fathers, and
ecclesiastical writers ancient and modern. He was a man
of the greatest humility and piety : it is believed, says Dr;.
Rust, that he spent the greatest part of his time in heaven,
and that his solemn hours of prayer took up a considerable
portion of his life. He was indeed a great devotee, and
had in him much of natural enthusiasm. Dr. Rust, con^
eludes his character with observing, that " he had the good-«
humour of a gentleman^ the eloquence of an orator, the
fancy of a poet, the acuteness of a schoolman, the pro-,
foundneiis of a philosopher, the wisdom of a chancellor,
the sagacity of a prophet, the reason of an angel, and the
piety of a saint. He had devotion enough for a cloister,
T A ¥ Ii O m IT*
iearauig enough for an university^ and wit enough for n
college of virtuosi;* and bad his parts and endowmenti
been parcelled out among bis. clergy that be left behind
biniy it would, perhaps, have made one of the best dio«
ceses in the ivorld/' Yet amidst the blaze of this pane*
gyric, we must not forget that dispassionate criticism will
assign as bishop Taylor's highest excellence, his powers of
moral suasion. He is always seen to most advantage ag
a moral writer, and his genius is every where, inspired and
invigorated by a love of what is good. Nor roust it^be for-
got that he was one of the reBners of our language. His
biographer bas justly said that ^< English prose was in his
time in a progressive state. It bad been advanced very far
by the genius of Sidney and the wisdom of Hooker ; but
the pedantry of the reign of James bad done much to
eclipse its lustre. In Taylor it broke out from its obscu-*
rity with energy and brightness. His polemical discourses
exhibit a specimen of English composition superior to any
ibat bad gone before.^'
It is not ascertained whether bis wife survived him ; but
it 'is well known that he left three daughters, Pfaoabe^
Joanna, and Mary. The eldest died single ; the second
married Mr. Harrison, a barrister in Ireland, and the
youngest became the wife of Dr. Francis Marsh, afterwards
archbishop of Dublin. In this sketch of bishop Taylor's
life, we have principally followed a recent valuable public
cation, " Tbe Life of the Rt. Rev. Jeremy Taylor, D. D#
&c. By the rev. Henry Kaye Bonney, M.A. of Christ's
college^ Cambridge, prebendary of Lincoln, and rector of
King's Cliffe, in the county of Northampton," 1815, 8vo.^
TAYLOR (John), usually called the Water- Poet, from
bis being a waterman as well as a poet, and certainly more
of the former than the latter, was born in Gloucestershire
about 1580. Wood says he was born in the city of Glou^
.cester, a^id went to school there, but he does not appearto
have learned more than his accidence, as appears, by some
lines pf bis own. From this school he was brought to Lon«
don, and bound apprentice to a waterman, -Mrbenoe be WaiT
either pressed or went voluntarily into the naval service,
fcr he was at the takiftg of Cadiz unrier the earl of Essex,;
in 1^596, when only sixteen years old, and was afterwartls
in Ger^nany, Bohemia, Scotland, as may be collected from
> Life as ab«Te.
/ ;
IW f A V L O «.
^amiii pttfMftges in iii« wtnrkt. At bom6 lie was «Aftfiy ym^
eollectof, for tile lietitenant of the Tower, of the wine^
w'bicfa were hn fee from all ships which 'brought them trp
the Thames ; hot was at last dbtbarged beeause he wouM
not purchase the place at more than it was worth. H6
calls bi09self the <* King's Water Poet/' and the *<Queen*8
Waterman,*' and wore ^e badge of the royal arms. White
a waterman, he very natural iy had a great hatred to coaches,
and besides writing a satire agstnst thetn, he fancied that
the watermen were starring for want of employment, and
presented' a petition to James I. which was i^erred to cer-^
tain commissioners, of whom sir Francis Bacon was one, to
obtain aprohfibttion of all phiy^houses except those on the!
Bank-aide, that the gt^ater pattof the inhabitants of Ion-
don, who were desirous of seeing plays, might be com-
pelled to go by water. Taylor himself is said to have un-
dertaken to support this singular petition, and was pre-
pared to oppose before the commissionets the arguments of
the players, but the commission was dissolved before it
came to a hearing.
When the rehellion oOmmenced in 1642, Taylor left
London, and retired to Oxford, where he was much no-
ticed, and esteemed for his facetious turn. He kept a
eommon victuaHtng house there, and wrote pasquiis against
the roend-heads; by which he thought, and Wood too^
aeems to think, that he did great service to die royal Cause.
After the garrison at Oxford had surrendered, he Vetired
to Westminster, i&ept a public-house iti Phoenix-alley, near
Long-acre, and continued constant in his loyalty to the
king; after whose death, he set up a sign over his doOr of
a mourning crown ; but that proving oflfensive, he pulled
it down, and hung ep his own picture, with tbeae versitk
under it :
*' There's many a heaci stands for a sign.
Then, geutte i^eader, why not mine V*
And on the other side,
"Tho* I deserve not, I desire
The laurel wreath, the poet's hire/*
He died in 1654^ i^ged seventy- low» as Wood w«i isK
formed by his nepheW| a painter of O^iford, who gave i^
portrait to the picture-gallery there in 1655. This ni-
phew'9 own portrait, also by himself, is on the staircase.
His works were published under the title of << All th^
TA^rLOa 177
Wol:kes of Jobn Taylor tbe watofwpoet) betn^ sixty and
three in nuoaber) coHeeCed toto one voludie by the author^
with sundry nev additions ; corrected^ revised, and newly
imprinted/' 1630^ folio. Tbe^ pieces, which are not des^
titute of, natural humour, aboondi with low jingling wit,
which pleased and prevailed in the reign of James I. and
which too often bordered upon bombast and nonsense. He
was countenanced by a few persons c^rank and ingenuity ;
but was the darling and admiration of nmaiibers of the rabble.
He was himself the father of some cant words, and he has
adopted others which were only in the mouths of the lowest
vulgar. From the date of this volume it is evident that it
does not contain those '^ pasquils*' and satires which Wood
says he wrote at Oxford, and which perhaps it might have
been unsafe to avow, or re^publisb, ^as be did not survive
the times of the usurpation. Five articles, however", whose
titles may be seen in the '^ Bibliotbeca Anglo-Poetica,^'
were published between 1637 and 1641. One of them iff
the life of old Par, printed in 1635, when Par is said to
have been living at the age of one hundred and fifty*two.^
TAYLOR (John), a learned dissenting teacher, was born
near Lancaster in 1694, and educated at Whitehaven. He
settled first at Kirkstead in Lincolnshire, Where he preached
to a Very small congregation, and taught a grammar school
for the support of. bis family, near twenty years^butin-
1733, his merit in this obscure situation being known, be
was unanimously chosen by a presbyterian coog^gation at
Norwich, where he preached many years, and avowed his
sentiments to be hostile to the Trinitarian doctrine. From
this city he was, 'in 1757, invited to Warrington in Lan-
cashire,, to superintend an academy formed thene ; being
judged tbe fittest person to give this new institution a pro*
per dignity and reputation in the world. With this invita*
tion, which was warmly and importunately enforced, he
complied ; but some differeuces about precedency and au-
thority, as well as some disputes about the principles of
morals, soon involved, and almost endangered, the very
being of the academy, and subjected him to such treatment
as he often said, *^ would shorten his days :" and so it
prored. ' He Irad a vtfry good constitution, which he had ,
prayer yed by temperance, but it was now undermined by a
< ALb. Of. FoK lI.--.HarleiaB Cat. No. 3517, vol. III.--Cibber'« .Lives —
^IriDger. . ,-» ;i ' %
Vol. XXIX. N
178 TAYLOR.
oompHcaiion of disorders. '^The last time'I taw- inoi^''
' says Dr. Harwood^ ^^ he bitteriy lamented bia unhappy si«
tuacion^ and hiii being rendered (all proper autfaoritjr, aar
a tutor^ being taken from bim) utterly intapahie of beinfg
any longer useful, said his life waanot any object of desim
to hinii wheii his public usefulness was do mure ; and re*
peated with great eaiotion some celebrated lines to tbit
purpose out of Sophocles/'
He di«d March 5» 176 !» 'tiaving gone to bed as well a^
usual the night before^ only complaining a little of a pres^
sure on his stomach. Of his writings, the first be puMish<!d-
was '^ A prefatory Discourse to a Narrative of Mr. Joseph
Rawson's Case ;** who was excluded from communion with
the congregational ^church at Nottingbai^, for asserting the
unity and supremacy of God the Father. In 1740, ^ Tb0
Scripture doctrine of Original Sin," in which thai ^doetrilie^
is denied. This has gone through three editbns. In 1745^
*^ A Paraphrase on the Romans-/' republished by bishop
Watson in bis <^ Tracts/' and recommended by Dr: Ben^
tham in his ^^Reflections on the study of Divinity;" and
the same year, ^^ A Scripture Catechism with Pix>t)fs." Iti'
1750, ^^A Collection of Tunes in various Airs/ /with *:
Scheme for supporting the spirit and practioe of Psalmody^
in oongriegations;" In 1751, '^ The Imporlmtice ^ Cbil»'
dren \ <ix^ Motives to the good Education of Cblldseii:'^ In^
1753, " The Scripture Doctrine of Atonement." In 1754,
bis great work^ the labour of his whole life, ^^ An^Aebr^w
English Concordance," in 2 vols, folio, whtoh' wiilKretnain
a lasting monument of his indefatigable industry'ai>d^criei^'
cal «kili« The same year, ^^ The Lord's SupfRer.explaini&d'
upon Scripture principles." In 1755, ^*T4ia Covenant 4)f
Graoe in defence of infant bapttsaa." Itv 1757, ^< A Obiai;gi0'
delivered at the ordination o£^Mr« Smiiifafon.!' i .la ii^dfi,-
*<tA Sermon," preached at- the openingof idie new^<d}a)8lel>'
iR^Norwicb^i la i.759, ^' An Examioatipaof \^k>> UotoheKinW'
Scbeitie oiMoratity." His last pecGormailcttv Bi>i?6Ay/^i^''
^^ km^xxk of Mol»lPhiio5ophy;'^1rin0h'ibe,tklel«>upi1fcn(>
thotus«e jof his^wo ^pupils, andjaai intruduc^ay to^rfi^Wol^-'
laMdnVHeligion' of Nature^" < -, :? o: f-^ •- flfii?:ai>.
.Sx4^ hi^jfirstaetitiitigat. Wardngtonos talJor,7bb spbim'
alLhisjJtfistiffe) hours- ift ceviewia^ lue ^ft(!MiiHlneknicB$^.'Qo|>4i :
latir^vjifuisage&in aaalpfaabeticai'oqddr^^aad'Xtinreotiitg theorr
English translation. He had made a considerable advance
\n this ^sefof ^work, when d>ath sdt*df WM:'* D^.T^ylor
- f-
T AY LOR. 179
tomposed^ and fairly iratiseribed, a nofnber o£ tUsooursctf
on oaorai^ • crilical, and practicai subjects, sufficient to
make four volumes in dvo, wbidi be designed for the press,
and intended to be published after his death : aiKt accord -^
ingiyhis ^^Sebeoieof Scripture. Divinity'' was afterwards
published by his son* .Dr. Taylor deviated very early from
theortbodoG^ systeiA, at first adopting the sentroients of
Dr.* Clarke on the subject of the Trinity, but became at last
a.Sboidian^ which Dr. Clarice waii not Gilbert Wakefield
givesia. aiaguiar character of Dr.Tayfat: " The reader,'*
sl^ya Wakefield, ^^ who is acquainted with the writings of
tbis.v^ry I^aroed^ lifa^ral, and rational divine, cannot fail
to be iiK^pressed wittieentiments^ bighiy favourable to the
genil^ness and forbearance of their author : for even tbd
meekness of Cbristianrty itself is exhibited in his prefaces
aad ocoa^pnal addresses, to the reader. But he was, iir
reality, al very peevish ahd angry disputant in conversation^
atidjtJidtatorial even to intolerance. So imperfect a judg-
ment piay be formed of the mildness or asperity of any
author from tbe. correspondent quality of his writings*.'*
But an authority^ equally valid with that of Mr. Wakefield,
praises Dn Taylor's ^^ agreeable deportment in society, free
frein pedatitry and superciliousness^ and marked by ktnd^
ness and a&foiHty ;" yet Mr. Wakefield's character of him x
is a curious document^ as affording a perfect cont?rast to his
own.^ .
.TAYLOR (JoilN),.^a learned critic and philologist, wa^
boru at Sbrew^ury, and baptised at St: Alkmund's choreh
June 2ii, 1704. His father followed the humble occu]:»M;ion
of a barber, an^' his son was designed for the same business;
bkt a strong passion for letters, which early displayed it^
s^i, being providentially fostered by the generous patron-
age. 06 ft) neighbouring gentkman, enabled young Taylof
t(lt£jl;a far higher station in society than that to whictSi he
iii^si.efitiiled by his birth.. The steps which led to this
happy ch&Dgfe iB hiasitaaupn are worthy ofnoticei Tay«
Iofvitk|3jfailier,'beingiaccustomed to attend £dwaM Owen,
oflQMdover, 'esq. in his capacity of a barber, that gen^^
ileman used to inquire occsisionally into th& state* of bis
fainitj^ fiir.what ^ade he designed* bis son,- dtci* The^
iD^oirieaneictrfiEdled to produce a lamentation firem t1ieold'<
inanj f^^this>«itD^«rdx&position of Jiis son Jadev ^^wfaoonj*'*
,, } Harvroi^d's Foiwri) fteraiQ^.for J?r. Xaylpx.-^Wakf field'* >IeWQi:^s. .^ . , . ^
If 2
180 TAYLOR.
said be, ^f I cannot get to dress a wig or shave a beardi so
perpetually is be poring overbooks/' Sach coroplaints^
often repeated, at length awakened the attention of Mr.
Owen, who determined to send bina to the university,
chiefly at his own expence< St. John's in Cambridge,
which has an intimate connection with the free-school of
Shrewsbury, naturally presented itself as the place of his
academical education; and Mr. Taylor was doubtless * as-
sisted by one of the exhibitions founded in the college for
the youth of that school. Under this patronage he pursued
his studies in the university*, and regularly took bis de-
grees, that of B. A. in 1727, andofM. A. in 1731, and in
the preceding year was chosen fellow. Thus employed in
his favourite occupations, the periods of his return into his
native country were the only times which threw a transient
cloud over the happy tenor of his life. On such occasions
be was expected to visit his patron, and to partake of the
noisy scenes of riotous jollity exhibited in the hospitable
mansion of a country gentleman of those days. The gpra-
titude of young Taylor taught him the propriety of making
these sacrifices of his own comfort ; but it could not pre-
vent him from sometimes whispering his complaints into
the ears of his intimate friends. A difference of political
opinion afforded a more serious ground of difference* A
great majority of the gentry of Shropshire vva» at that pe-
riod strenuous in their good wishes for the abdicated family*
Though educated at Cambridge, Taylor retained his at-
tachment to toryism, but did not adopt all its excesses ; and
he at length forfeited the favour of his patron, without the
hc^es of reconciliation, by refusing to drink a Jacobite
toast on his bare knees, as was then the custom. This re-
fusal effectually precluded him from all hopes of sharing in
the great ecclesiastical patronage at that time enjoyed by
the Condover family, and inclined him, perhaps, to aban-
don the clerical profession for the practice of a -civilian.
But.however painful to his feelings this qnarrel with jbis
benefactor might prove, he had the consolation, to reBect
that it could not now dieprive him of the prospec^t of an e^sy
^KMnpeteoce. His character asr a scholar was established in
• the uhiversity ; he was become.- a fellow and tiutor of his
college; and on the 30th of Jan. 1730, he was appointed , i
"i^ I« the Gent. Mag. 1719, p. 250, ^' in»d« by a prettjr oiode«t lad one '
is a copy of Latin vcr^ei od the deatli Taylor, a junior $%pbii" |
(»f a Mr«£ylet> ale^low of'St.Joho's,
TAYLOR.
181
to deliver the Latin oration then annually pronounced in
St, 'Mary's before the university on that solemn anniversary;
and at the following comn^encement he viras selected to
speak the music speech, both of which were printed. This
last performance, of which but two instances occur in
the last century, viz. 1714 and 1730, was supposed to
require an equal share of learning and genius: for, besides
la short compliment in Latin to the heads of the university,
the org,tor was expected to produce a humourous copy of
£nglish verses on the fashionable topics of the day, for the
entertainn^iant of the female part of his audience ; and in
the execution of this office (derived like the Terras filius of
Oxford, from the coarse festivities of a grosser age) some-^
times indulged a licentiousness which surprises one on per-
usal. The music speech of Mr. Taylor is sufficiently free ;
and, though it does some credit to his poetical talents, is
not very civil to his contemporaries of Oxford, (whom he
openly 4^xes with retaining their fellowships and wives at
the expence of their oaths) or to the members of Trinity
college, in his own university, whom he ironically repre-
sents as the only members of Cambridge wh\> could wipe off
the stigma of impoliteness imputed to them by the sister
university. This speech was printed by his young friend
^nd fellow collegian Mr. Bovvyer, and the publication con-*
eludes, with an ,ode designed to have been set to music.
These were not the only effusions of Mr. Taylor^s muse,
for in the Gent. Mag. l779, p. 365, are some verses by him
on the marriage of Lady Margaret Harley to the duke of
Portlaivd, and others reprinted by Mr. Nichols.
In March 1732, he was appointed librarian, which office
he held but a short time, being in 1734 appointed registrar
'of the university. From this time Cambridge became his
principal residence, but he was in London in 1739, at
which time his celebrated edition of *^ Lysias'' appieared^.
* On this subject Mr, Clarke writes
thus to Mr. Bowyet : ^* T am glad Mr.
Taylor is got into your press : it will
make his Lysias more correct. I hope
yott will not let hita prim too great
a number of copies, It will encourage
a young editor, to have his first at-
tempt rise upon his hands. I fancy
yon have got him in the press for life,
if ha has any tolerable success there;
he is too busy a man to be idle." It
was published under the titia Of <* Ly-
shb Orationes & Fragmenta, Gitec^ ke
h%imh. Ad fldem Oodd. Manoacrip-
torum receosuit, Notts criticis, Intor-
pretatione nora, cseteroque apparata
necessaritt dooavit Joannas Taylor^
A. M. Coll. O. Joan. CanUb. Soe,
Academiac olim a Bibliothects. hodio
a Commentariis/ Accedont €1. Jen
Marklandi, Col. D. Pet. Soc. Conjee-*
tnrae. Londini, ex Officioi^ Qnlielmi
Bowyer, in ssdibos olim Carmeiitacis^
1739." Of Uiiti arvr^i which u no«r
1S2. TAYLOR.
This edition, which evinces his intimate knowledge of the
Greek language and of Attic law, is executed, as to the ex->
ternal enDbellishments of type and paper, in a manner which
reflects great credit on the press of Mr. Bowyer, from which
it proceeded. Mr. Taylor's subsequent publications issujed
from the university press of Cambridge. In 1740 he took
his degree of LL. D. The subject which he chose for his
act, is curious, and worthy of our author. A. Geilius had
related, on ihe authority of the ancient jurists, that by the
laws of die ten tables the body of the insolvent debtor was
cut in pieces and distributed among his creditors. JDr.
Taylor undertook to set this in a new light, and to shew
that it was the property and not person of the debtor, that
was liable to this division; and if he did not succeed in
producing complete conviction, his treatise was at (east
calculated to increase the opinion already entertained of
his erudition and ingenuity* It was published in 1742,
under the title of '* Commentarius ad legem decemvira-r
lem de inope debitore in partes dissecaudo,'' with an ap«
pendix of curious papers. Although he was admitted of
Doctors Commons in this year 1742^ it does not appear ^hat
be practised as a civilian, but about this time tber^ was 9,
desigu to employ his talents in a civil station, as under^sevi
cretary of state to lord Granville.
, In the following year the learning and critical abilities
pf Dr. Taylor were again called forth. The late earl of
Sandwich, on his return from a voyage \o the Greek islands^
of which his own account has been published since his death,
and which shews him to have been a nobleman of consider*
*
able learning, brought with him a marble frpm Delc^. That
island, ^^ which lay in the very centra of the then trading
world,'* (to use the words of our learned cpuntrymin, Mr.
Clarke,) ^^ was soon seized by the Atheaia^s and applied to
the purposes of a commercial repository : and this subtle
become scarce, no more flian 500 co- were ad^eHii»t; M jitit jptubHiiied,
pte$ were pridtfd on demy paper, 75 '' i^roponldi ^rpfiDtiDg'by;fu|)fQrip«
frnro^al paper, and *25 on /H fine writ- tioo, f new an4 correct edition of Do-
ing royal. The doctor always enter- mosthenes and JE^chines, by' Joha
taioed a fond hope of reprinting it, like Taylor, A. M. fellow of St. Jobo/s col-
bia-Deniostheiie«» with an equal quan* lege, and registrar of thj^.uoifefAity of
tity of note* to both p^g%%, U was in Cambridge.**— N. B, Ou or before the
part republished at Cambridge, 1740, S4th day of December neict, 'lyjil b^
in 8tOy under the titl« of ** Lysiae Athe-» published, (and^ . deliverefl. t;o/,i sub^
^ aifiitis Oratiooes G|ra9c6 &I<atin^,.ex scribers if desired) ' Oratio contra Lep-
luterprelatione & cum brevibus Notis tiuem,' which begins the third Vuliliq)Q
Joaonis Taylori |u ustim stt^diofie #u- of the above*>ineuifO]ieUM:^rkJf . ^'
veutulis." At the end of this volume
TAYLOR. 183
... . ,
and entc^rprizing people, to encrease tb^ sacreduess and
inviolability of its character, celebrated a solemn festival
there once in every olympiad." The marble in question
contained a particulac of all the revenues and appointments
set apart for that purpose. From the known skill of Dr.
Taylor on all points of Grecian antiquity it was submitted
to his inspection, and was published by him in 1743, under
the title .of *'Marmor Sandvicense cum commentario et no-
tis ;*' and never probably was an ancient inscription more
ably or satisfactorily elucidated. In the same year he ^Iso
published the only remaining oration of Lycurgus, and one
of Demosthenes, in a small octavo volume, with an inscrip-
tion to his friend Mr. Charles Yorke.
This volume i$ printed on the same type with, an.d was
intended as a specimen of, his projected edition of all the
works of that great orator; a task which ^* either the course
of bis studies, or the general consent of the public, had,"
he says, "imposed upon him." While he was engaged in
this laborious undertaking he received an accession of dig-
nity and emolument ; being in the beginning of 174-4 ap-.
pointed by the bishop of Lincoln, Dr, John Thomas, to the
office of chancellor of that extensive diocese, in the room
of Mr. Reynolds. For his introduction to- thiis prelate he
was indebted to the kindness of his great patron lord Gran-
yille, as we learn from the dedication of the third volume
of his Demosthenes, which came out in the spring of 1748,
the publicatioi) of the first volume being postponed, that
^ the fife of the great orator and the other prolegomena might
appear \yith more correctness.
.In April 1751, Dr. Taylor succeeded the rev. Christo-
/ pber Anstey, D. D. in the rectory of Lawford in Essex, a
living belonging to St. John's college, and the only paro-
'* <?hial -cure he ever enjoyed ; and in Jan. 1753, he became
j archdeacon of Buckingham. After he took orders he wa^
'' esteemed a very eminent and successful preacher; but he
' <h^ i^Mf^ two occasional sermons in print. When the late
^'ni^m[uisof Bath and his brother were sent to St. John's,
,%)^fiej? were placed under the care of our author by bis pa-
■' iron. lord Granville^ maternal grandfather of these two young
• no^li^men. This charge led to his work on the " Elem^ts
.1 o^l[JivU Law," 1755, in 4to,! and which was forhned from
[ the papers drawn up by him to instruct bis noble pupils in
{ the origin of Natural law, the rudiments of civil life, and of
social <iutie». If the work, as published, partalces soipe-
184
TAYLOR.
whBt too much of the desultory character of 6ucb loose pa-v
pers; if its reasoning is oqcasionally confased, aod ir^ dit
gressions soonetimes irrelevant, it is impossible to deny it
the praise of vast reading and extensive information oa vo-r
lious subjects of pqlite learning and recondite antiquity* It
quickly came to a sepond edition, aod has also been pub-*
lished in an abridged form, It did not however escape
without some severe animadversions*
The learned world at Cambridge was at that tiqi^.divided
into two pi^rties : the polite scholars and the pbilologi$ts.
The former^ at the head of which were Gray, Mason, ^c*
superciliously confined all merit to their own circle, and.
looked down with Yasttdious contempt on the rest of tbei
world. It is needless to observe th^it Dr. Taylor belonge4
to the latter class* Dr. Hurd, a member of the former, ^
writer of celebrity, and eminent for his attachment to War-
burton, of whose ^^schooP' he was a distinguished disciple,
in a most unjustifiable pamphlet, published the same year,
1755, and directed against the amiable and modest Jortin ^j
steps out pf his way to express his contempt of Taylor,
whi(^h was but the prelude to a more severe attack froni
Warburtoq himself. Our author f in his Elements had ex**
pressed his opinion ths^t the persecutions which the fir^(
Christians experienced from the Roman emperors prOf>
ceeded not from any peculiar disapprobation of their te-
nets, but from a jealousy entertained of their nocturnal ast
semblies. In expressing this opinion, Taylor did not men*
tion, and perhaps did not even think of Warburton ; but as
the latter in his Divine Legation had derived these persecur
tions from another source, the absurdities of Pagan religion
and the iniquities of Pagan politics \ the holding, and much '
more the publishing, of a contrary notion by any contem-
porary was too great an offence for that haughty dogmatist
to pass with impunity. His prefaces and notes were, a$
was wittily observed of him, the established places of exe-
cution for the punishment of dll who did not implicitly
* The offence of Jortin was similar
to that of Taylor. He had dared tp
dissent from Warbarton's strange, and
now exploded hypothesis on the de-
scent of lEneBS in tlie 6th JEnetd.
f The real offence said to have been
given by Taylor was an opinion which
|ke h94 t^foifB opt in company dero-
gatory to tlie chaficter of ArYarbutton
as a scholar : this reached the ears ot
the other, who with a frankness peco-
liar to himseif, interrogated oar critic
on \he subject. Dr. Taylor is report*
ed to have replied that he did not re-
collect ever saying that l!>r. Warburton
was no scholar, but that indQ6d he had
^ways ikpught so.
/
TAYLOR, 18S
adopt bis sentiments, and having occasion soon after (in
1758) to pubikh a new edition of that celebrated \vork| he
seized that opportunity to chastise Taybr, with all the
vhruience, wit^ and tngenuity of distortion, which he could
command.
An attack so insolent and unprovoked could not injure
ibe established character of Dr. Taylor, or ruffle bis tem^
per, and he wisely abstained from taking any notice of it.
There appeared however in 1758 a pamphlet, entitled
^^ Impartial Remarks upon the preface of Dr. Warburton,
in which he has taken uncommon liberties with the cha*
racter of Dr. Taylor;" but it is said to be a poor perform-
ance, the only information which it contains being the
anecdote in the preceding note as to the real origin'^ the
dispute. Taylor seems at this time to have been better
employed than in controversy, as the second volume of bit
** Demosthenes" appeared in May 1757, and in the fol-
lowing July he was made a canon residentiary of St. Pauro.
For this appointment, which was the summit of his prefer-
ment, he was indebted to his steady and active patron lord
Granville, who was now a member of administration. In
consequence of this dignity, he resigned the office of regis-
trar, in 1758, and quitted Cambridge to reside in London*
|iere he still proceeded to collect and arrange the mate«
rials for the first volume of his Demosthenes*, but the ex-
pectations of the learned were frustrated by his death, which
took place on the 14th day of April, 1766, at his house in
Amen Corner, Paternoster Row. He was buried in the
vault under St. Paul's, under the litat^y desk, where is an
epitaph.
Dr/ Taylor used to spend part of his summers in bis na-
tive county, taking for that purpose a ready-furnished
house, in which he might enjoy the society of bis friendtf.
For several years he rented the curate's house at Edge^
mond, his equipage in the mean time standing at livery in
the neighbouring town of Newport.
As Dr. Taylor had been for many years in the receipt of
an ample^ and even splendid income, it might have been
expected that he should die in affluent circumstances. But
this was by no means the case. He Uved in a handsome
«tyle» and expended a large sum of money in books. His
* The two volamcis of Demoithenet title pages, and conTerted tb# thtitt
arenowiold as the first and second, volame into the first.
The booksellers have sspplied »tw
188 TAYLOR.
library ftt the time of bis death was large an4 vftliiable*
This, with die residue of bis fortuae, for the sppport of
an exhibition at St. John's, be bequbealhed to the school
where be had received his education; reserving; boiv^v^r^
to his friend and physician Dr. Askew all his M$§* * Mi
»i3ic*h of his printed books as eontained bis insHrgioal ^ooo-
taiions. 1'he u»e which Askew made of this bequest has
been severely censured. The latter clause was enforced
with the utmost rigour, so as to include a vast number of
books, which the testator intended to form part of .bis do-
nation to the schools ; and Dr. Askew is thought to haveb^n
still more reprehensible in putting into Reiska's hatnls the
indigested and unfinished mass of papers belonging) to
Taylor's proposed first vol ume, who printed them JMstas
\fe had received them, and then attacked the critical sJiill
of t'jeir author.
. In private life, Dr. .Taylor's character was. Extremely
amiable: his temper remarkably social, and his talents
fitted to adorn and gladden society. The eveo,tenour.of
bis employments furnished him with an uninterrupted «fipw
of spirits. Though be was so studiously devoted to letters,
I — though as an intimate friend and fello^^•'Collegian of his
informs us, ** if you called on him in college. after dinft^r,^
you were «ure to find him sitting at an oid oval w^^^ut
xable,- covered with books, — ^yet when you beg^ to.Jins^e
apologies for disturbing a person so well etAploy/?4> ^be
imme^diately told you to advance, and called out,. /^ Jo^n,
John, bring pipes, and glasses,'* and iostantly ^pp^ai'^d^^as
cheerful and gopd-bumoured as if he had not h?e^:M.all
eiigaged or interrupted. Suppose now you h$^d il^i4i:$s^s
long a« yqu would, and been eniert^ained by bifl). ^iM^st
agreeabfy, you took your leave and got balf-wiyj./ij^ojffp.^be
^taifis, but recollecting somewhat tlut y:ou ba^.tlp. s^,fto
bioi, yott.goiii again ;^ the bottles and glasses jvi^re^^pde,
ibe books had expanded themselves so as to re^oQ^up^^^e
whole tabic, and he was just as much bturied ,in.:i^e)9a(Tas
wi)ea ypo 'first came in.'' > » ^A
' He iored a game at cards, and we are told t^^i^e
. i ' '- ' ' . •'-■'■■;*
* Tho^e oo pbilolo^^ical subjects him, oF modern customs derived from
vere sold to tKe university of Cam- Grecian and Roman ant^uiiyr^deitne
>d%<S' Ml ^Dr.' Askf^v^i deatfau Be- smgulji^r ing^aces o^ nki^}pifjiie\^\ist4
sides these, our author had many pa- there adduced. Various particulars
?t^r$ 4)11 /^^t>j^t»,Al^f English anUjiiQity; respecting his .MSSj. are in Mr. ^i-
n his Civil Uw, p. ^7, be mention* chols's " AnecdotesJ^' ' ^
* plentiful collection whidi he had by ' ' '" ^^' '^ ^""' ^'^ ""•
T A Y L O R. 187
l^tajred welL fie ^^^ ako an excellent relator of a .story;
>of which he had' a lapge and entertaining collection ; but
like most • ^torj'^'teliers was somewhat too apt to repeat
^jtbetil> 'His friend, the facetious atid good-bumoured Henry
-i^uBbard of E^ifiannely with whom he greatly associated,
"^vonid sometitneif, in the evenings which they used to past
-alolie together, use the freedom of jocosely remonstrating
^ ^tti himti^oH the subject, and when the Doctor began one
^ of his' anecdotes, 'woulrf cry oat, *'Ah, dear Dociior, pray
" <io not let US have that story any more, I have be0rd it S9
'^ <^feen ;'*• to which Taylor often humouroasiy replied,
7<< (3om<^ Harry, let me tell it this once more," and would
' then gb on ^itb hit narration. Many other curious anec*^
^ dotes, otf Dr. Tay>or, with much of his correspondence,
may- be seen \\\ Mr. Niclvok^s third volume along with the
Jives of many of his learned contemporaries.'
V * TAYLOR (Silas), an able English antiquary, who is. in-r
traduced by Anthony Wood with an alias DoMViLLfi or
-D'OMviLLE, we know not why, was the son of Sylvanus
' Taylor, one of the commissioners for ejecting those of the
clergy, who were called ** scandalous and insufficient mi*
lii^lers,^' and one of the pretended high court of justice
fop the trial' of Charles I, Silas wa« born at Hariey near
M<idi#enlock in Shropshire, July 16, lf»24, and after
**otfje 'ecfecation at Shrewsbury and Westminster-schools,
'^'becat^e a- commoner of New-Inn^hall, Oxford, in 1641.
'-He had given proof of talents fit to compose a. distinguished
^^scbolar, both fn the classics and matbeoifiiftica, -when bis
faAer- tcfok him from the university, and made him join
the parliamentary army, in which he bore a captaAin's con)-
' ^^ission. When the war was over^ his father procured him
tb be made a sequestrator of the royalists in Herefordshire,
btit althbugb he enriched himself » comideraWjr in this
• oflfce, afnd had a moiety of the bialjop's palace at Here*
'ford* settled on him,' be conducted himself jwith snob kind*
^pe^af and moderation as to be beloved of. the Jtim^'spdrty:
At the restoration, he of course lost ali he had gaiocdas
' the'^ager^t'of usurpation, but his mild behaviour in that
ungracious office was not forgot, ,and by the interest of
.fi^om^ .w.hqm he had obliged, he was appointecj commissary,
pf amnnunition, &c. at Dunkirk, and about 166/5 was made
^ 1 NicMsV Bowyer.— History of vShrewsbiiry, 1810," 12mo, « ^ery *«n «rifc.
itn article, wbicti we have generaliy fotlo^ea xtk^ prtcettng^ a<Jc«int '
188 T A r L O R.
1
keeper of the king's stores and storehouses for shippings
&c. at Harwich, The profits of this situation were proba^
biy not great, for he was much in debt at the time of* his
death, w^hich occasioned his valuable collections and MSS.
to be seized by his creditors, and dispersed as of no value.
He died Nov« 4, 1678, and was buried iii the chancel of
the church of Harwich.
He appears to have been an early inquirer into the an-
tiquities of his countr}', and while in power ransacked the
libraries of the cathedrs^ls of Hereford and Worcester for
valuable MSS., among which was the^original grant of king
Edgar, whence the kings of England derive their sove-
reignty of the seas. This was printed in Selden's " IVUre
clausum.*' He left large materials for a history of Here«-
fordsbire, which Dr. Rawlinson understood to have been
deposited in lord O:xford'$ library ; but in the Harleian
catalogue we find only part of bis history of Herefordshire^
at the end ,of MS. 6766, and extracts f^om Doomsday,
No. 6856. Mr. Dale, who published a *^ History gf Har-
wich" from Taylor's papers, in 1730, speaks of these col-
lections as being lately^ if not noWi in the hands of sir Ed-
ward Harley of Brompton-Brian, grandfather of the first
carl of Oxford. The only work Taylor published, wj^s the
'^ History of Gavelkind, with the etymology thereof; conr
taining also an assertion, that our English laws are, for the
most part, those that were used by the ancient Brytains^
notwithstanding the several conquests of the- Romans, Sax-
ons, Danes, and Norn^ans. With some observations and
remarks upon many especial occurrences of British and
English history. To which is added, a short history of
William the conqueror, written in Latin by an anonymous
author in the time of Henry I." Lond. 1663, 4to. In this
work he carries both the name and custom of Gavelkin4
further back than was done by his predecessor on the same
fsubject, Somner. In all material points he confirms the
opinion of Somner, who answers bis objections in marr
ginal notes on a copy of bis book, which, with a correct
copy of his own, is in Canterbury library. Tayloir's work
we should suppose oi great rarity, as no copy occurs in
Mr. Cough's collection given to Oxford, or in that sold in
London. Wood says, that Taylor wrote mauy pamphlets
before the riestoration, but as they were without his name,
he did not think proper to acknowledge them. . He speak$
ajso of Taylor's abilities not only in tbe theory^ but pirac-'
Taylor; i8§
lice of music, and as a composer of anthems, and the editor
of " Court Ayres, &c.'* 1655, 8vo, printed by John PJay*
ford. His name, however, seems to have escaped the at«
tention of our musical historians. '
TAYLOR (Thomas), one, of the tnost eminent and
learned of the puritan divines, was bom at Richmond in
Yorkshire, in 1576, and was educated at Christ's-coilege,
Cambridge, of which he became a fellow, and acquired
great fame for his literary accomplishments. He was
chosen Hebrew lecturer of bis college. At what time he
took holy orders is .not mentioned, but he appears to have
incurred censure for non-conformity in one or two instan- ,
ces. On leaving the university, he settled first at Watford
in Hertfordshire, then at Reading in Beckshire, and after*
wards, in 1625, he obtained the living of St Mary Alder-
inanbury, London, which he retained for the remainder of
his life. Id bis early days he had preached at Paul's cross
before queen Elizabeth, and afterwards before king James,*
and was every where admired and followed for the plain-
ness, perspicuity, and soundness of his doctrines, and the
great zeal and earnestness with which he laboured in the*
pastoral office for the space of thirty years. While he par-^
took of the zeal, common to all his brethren, against
popery, he was also an avowed enemy to Arminianism and
Antinomianism. He died in the beginning of 1632, in the
fifty*fifth year of his age, and was interred in St. Mary'tf
church. Leigh, Fuller, Wood, and all his contemporarie*
unite in giving him a high character for learning, piety,
and usefulness. He was likewise a voluminous writer ; hif
works, most of them printed separately, were collected iit
3 vols. fol. 165*9. They consist of commentaries, which
were generally the substance of what he had preached on
particular parts of scripture; and single sermons, or trea-
tises. He and Dr. Thomas Beard of Huntingdon, were
joint compilers of that singular and once very popular coU
lection of stories, entitled ^* The Theatre of God'^s Judg-*
ments," 1648, &c. fol.*
TEDESCHL See TUDESCHL
TEISSIER (Anthony), a learned and laborious French
writer, was born at Montpelliet Jan. 28, 1632. He stddietl
at Lunel, Orange, and other places, and having acquired
'^ Ath. Ox. tqI. n.**«GoHg;fa*ff Topography.
« Life prefixed to his Works.— Clark V Uvea at Uieeiid of bit Martyrolofy.-r.
9\in»rH Worthies.— AUi. Ox, to). I.
ISO T E I S S IE R.
a knowledge of Greek, Hebrew, and theolo^^ he went to
Paris, where be fortnecl an acquaintance wiib some emi**
sent men of the day, Pelisson, Conrart, Meimgef and
others, and on his return received the degree oC doctoi* of
laws at Bourges. He then went to Nismes, ami practised
at the bar, became a counsettor of the city, and a member
of the Protestant consistory, and a member also of th^
tiewly-founded academy. In 1685, on the revocation of
the edict of Nantz, he found it necessary to retire to Swit*
^erland, and finally to Berlin, where the elector of Bran-
denburgh gave htm^ the title of counsellor of embassy, and .
historiographer, with an annual pension of 300 crowns^
which was afterwards increased. He died at Berlin, Sept.::
7, 17] 5, in the eighty-fourth year of his age. He piib-^
lisbed sevetal translations, from the works of St. Cbry-^
sostom; the lives of Caiviaand Beza, from the Latin of
Gakacius Carraccioli, and of Francis Spira ; the eloges of
eminent men, from Tbuanus, of which there have been four
editions, tlie best that of Leyden, 1715, 4 vols. ISaio;:
the epistle of St. Clement to the Corinthiaos, from the
Greek ; a treatise on martyrdom, from the Latin of Heideg*
ger, &c. &c. This most useful work is entitled *' Gate*'
logos auctorum qui librorum catalogos, indices, bibliothew
Caa^ viromm iiteratorum elogia, vitas, aut oratibnes ftme*-
bres scriptis consignarunt," Geneva, 1686, 4to, with a.
fuppleioent, in 170)5.. This is a greatly improved editien .
of Labbe's ^* Bibliotbeca Bibliotbecarom.'* * *
TELESi US (Bernard), a modern philosopher, vms bon>^ .
at Naples in 1.508, and received the first part of his edu-M
cation .at Milan, where he acquired a perfect knowledge
of the Latin and Greek languages. After futssing twd^ !
years at Rome, where he made great proficiency in j^oiitO' *x
learntfkg, he refmoved to Padua, and appliedf^^ritb inden" ^
fati^able assiduity tx) the study of mathematics and pbHo^'J
sophy. He very judiciously employed mathematical learo-r^
ing.iia explaining and establishing tbeJawsofpbysics^ and %
was particularly successful in investigating traUiSf beforer: ^
unknown in the doctrine of optics. Accustomed to ma^beh ,''
mauoal accuracy, he grew disflati»fie{bMfHb the admject^i'A
explanation :of natural aptpearano^^gucetiby, Afisftotile^ 4$uiro«
ex|2fessed great surprise that thia^ pbiJoso^bisefshoiri^ baW(/^
been, for so many ages, followed in oiaiQutnerQiafi! erfOfadt
* NicerOD, v©l. V. — Moren, , f. .• *
TELES rUiS. isi
by: sxrifKiiiy learned itien^ by wfaoie nations^ and almost by
the whole- human racse. He pursued his: researehes widi
great ingenuity a5 well as freedotjiy and wrote two books
** Ort 'Natiire," iu which he attempted to overturn thepby-
sieal doctrine of the Peripatetic school, and to explain the^
phenottiena of the material world upon new principles;
When this- treatise was first published at Rome, it obtained
great .aiiid unexpected applause, and Telesius was prevailed
uponHby tbe importunity of his friends at Naples, to open
a aclidol of philosophy in that city. The Telesian school
soon became famous, not only for the number of its pupiU,
but for the' abilities of hs professors, who distinguitihefi
themselves by their bold opposition to the doctrines of
Ari^tle^ and by the judicious manner in which they dis-
tributed their labours, in order to enlarge the bouttdanen
of natural knowledge. The founder of the school was highly
esteemed by all who were desirous of ^studying nature*
rather than dialectics; aud he. was patrohi^edby several
great nieu, particularly by Ferdinand duke of Nuceri. But
his popularity soon awakened the jealousy and envy of the
monks, who leaded him and his schoql with oahtmny, for
no joihet oHence than that he ventured to call in question*
the aotbority of Aristotle. The vexationsr which he suf-
fered from this quarter brought on a bilious disorder, whicb^
in 1588, terminated in his death.
Although, during the life of Telesius, his innovations
were patiently borne, both in Rome and Naples, after his •
death bis wrjA;iAgs were proscribed iri the Index Eicpurga-
torijUs^of'the inquisition. Notwithstanding whichi his phi- -
loso^by corytinued to have many a<>mirers^ and his works>^
were republished at Venice in 1590, by his friend An()o<
nios Persitis, who also: wrote a compendium of his philosoMt
pby in tbeveirnaaaiar tongue. Besides^his prinuipal work(>
De Natura Reram, «** On the Nature -of Things," he wriite
on the airy tbe^sea^ comets, the milky way, the ria^ubow,
cotoiiirsy resfpiraei^M^ sleep, and otlier subjects. Lord Bav
couiokai^ given a brief explanation of the philosophy; fd
TetesfQS; ' •• *'*'.;•, ■,,'.... ^.
The physical systetui, wbieh Tetesius attempted to 'sub^
jkitute m the room of tte sabtleties ami fictions of tha^ S«a^
gyttM} wasibunrdfed upoti ^he Parmetiidean doetiiile,< timt
the^fitue principlei iimature, by means of whieta aU tiaturBl^
phenomena are produced, are cold and heat. The sum of
his theory is this : m&tter, which is in itself incapable of
192 T E L £ S t U S.
action, and Admits neither of increase nor dimination, i^
acted upon by two contrary incorporeal principles, beat
and cold. From the perpetual opposition of these, arises
the several forma in nature ; the prevalence of cold in the
lower regions producing the earth and terrestrial bodies ;
and that of beat in the superior, the heavens and celestial
bodies. All the changes of natural bodies are owing to
this conflict ; and according to the degree in which each
principle prevails, are the different degrees of density^
resistance, opacity, moisture, dryness, &c. which are found
in different substances. In the heavens heat has its fixed
residence, without any opposition from the contrary prin^
ciple : and within the earth, and in the abyss of the sea,
cold remains undisturbed, heat not being able to penetrate
thither. At the borders of each of these regions, that con-*
test between the opposite principles begins, which is car^
ried on through all the intermediate space. All animal and
vegetable life is from God. This system, which Telesiua
evidently borrowed from Parmenides, is but a baseless fa-
brie raised upon a fanciful conversion of mere attributes
and properties into substantial principles, and did not long
survive its author, who would have deserved credit for the
boldness of bis attack upon the principles of Aristotle, bad
be avoided constructing a new system of tiatural philosophy,
liable to the same objection which he had brought against
that of Aristotle, '
TELL (William), one of the heroes of Swiss liberty, in
the beginning of the fourteenth century, a tnan of pro-^
perty, and of good, though not distinguished family, was
an inhabitant of the village of Burgeln in the country of
*Uri. In 1307 he was one of the persons engaged in the
eoospiracy against the Austrian governmentr The bailiff,
or governor, Herman Gesler, either 6rom a' suspioious dis-'
position, or having received some intimation of an impend^
ing insurrection, resolved to ascertain who would most pa*
tiently submit to bis dominion. For this purpose he is said
to have raised a hat upon a pole^ as an emblem of liberty,
and commanded Tell, among others, to pay obeisance to
it. << The youth Tell," says Mailer^ << a friend to freedom,
disdained to honour in a servile masiaer, and on an arbitrary
command, eVen its emblem." Then it was that, according
to the current story, Tell was conunaoded by Gtifer t#
I Brocker. — ^Tirabofehu—Nioeroo^ Tol. "XX^
\
TELL. l»i
sboot an a^rrow at an apple placed on the bead of his own
son ; andy though reluctant, compelled to do it, by the
menace of immediate death, .both to him aiid the infant if
be should refuse. Tell cleft the apple without hurting the
child ; . but could not refrain from informing the tyrant that;
bad his aim. proved less fortunate, he bad another arrow in
reserve, . wbicb be should have directed to the heart of bis
oppressor. . By this manifestation of bis courage and sen-
timents, be induced thebailiflP to confine him ; who, after-
wards,, mistrusting the friends and relations of Tell, re-
solved to carry him. opt of tb^ country of Uri, across the
lake of Lucern ; thoiagh contrary to the acknowledged pri-
vileges of bis countrymen. On the lake, as they were
crossing, a violent storm arose ; aud Gesler, who knew
Tell to be very $kilful in the management of a boat, or-*
dered bis fetters to.be taken off, and the helm committed
to bim. Taking advantage of this circumstance. Tell
steered the boat close to a rock, leaped upon a -flat part of
it, scrambled up the precipice, and escaped. • Gesler also
escaped the danger of the water, but, landing near Kus-
nacht, fell by an arrow from the bow of Tell, whose skill
be thus proved a second time, to his cost. Gesler tfauk
perished by the indignation of a private man, without any
participation of the peoplci and before the day appointed
for their insurrection. Tell retired to Staoffacher, in the
canton of Schwitz^ and on the new yearns day ensuing, all
the Austrian governors- were seized and sent out of the
country. . In- 1354, forty-seven years after this event, TeH
is supposed to have lost hi»life in an inundation at Burgeln.
A ichapel has been erected by bis countryman on the
spot where hp resided, and another on the rock where he
landed : but, from the simplicity o\^ the people, and of the
times ip which be lived, no particular honours or emolu-
ments were assigned to his progeny, who appear to have
lived in obscurity. Tbe last male of bis race, of wboin we
have any .aocount, was John Martin Toll, * of Attinghausen,
who died in 1684« His desoent in the fbmale line became
extinct in .1720.^ Grasser^ a Swiss wr.hiei*,' long ago re-
marked the resemblance between tbe incident of the apple,
as commonly related of Tell, and that * told of Tocco; a
Dane, by Saxo Grammaiicus ; and from this coincidence,
some bave sup\)osed tbe latter*, at least, to be fictitious ;
this, however, does not tfmount to a proof. It is possible,
Vol. XXIX. O
494 T E L L I E R.
though perhaps not ^probable, that it maj have happened
twice.*
TELLIER (FRAM901S Michel le), marquis de Louvois,
-by which title he is generally known, was bom at Parb,
January 18, 1641. He was the son of Michel le Tellier,
secretary of state, and afterwards chancellor of France, and
keeper of the seals. The great credit and power of the
father gave an early introduction to the son into the offices
of state, and he was only twenty-three when the reversion
of the place of war-minister was assigned to him. His
vigilance, activity, and application, immediately marked
him as a man of superior talents for business ; lind two
jfears afterwards, in 1666, he succeeded his father as se-
cretary of state. In 1668 he was appointed post*master««
general, chancellor of the royal orders, and grand vicar of
the orders of 8t Lazarus and Mount Carmel ; in all which
places he fully justified the first conception of bis talents.
By his advice, and under his care, was built the royal hos-
pital of invalids ; and several academies were founded for
the education of young men of good families in the military
line. After the death of Colbert, in 1683, Louvois was
appointed superintendant of buildings, arts, and manufac-
tures. Amidst this variety of occupations, to which his
genius proved itself fully equal, he shone most particularly
in the direction of military affairs. He established maga-
zines, and introduced a discipline which was felt with ad-
vantage in every department of the army. He several
times acted in person as grand master of the ordnance, and
in that branch of duty signalized his judgment and energy
no less than in every other. The force of his genius, and
the success of his most arduous undertakings, gained him
an extreme ascendant over the mind of Louis XIV. but he
' abused his power, and treated his sovereign with a haughti-
ness which created disgust and hatred in all who saw it.
One day, on returning from a council, where he had been
very ill received by the king, he expired in his own apart-
ment, the victim of ambition, grief, and vexation. This
1 happened when he was no more than fifty-one, on the 16 th
of July, 1691.
; .Louvois, with all his talents, was not regretted either by
the king or the courtiers. His harsh disposition, and very
. haughty manners, bad irritated every one against him« He
\ Mailer's Hiit of Switzerluicl, toU I. p. 611.
T S L L I S B. I9h
{B«yHals<x be Reproached for the crueltief exeifeiied in the
Palatinate, and for other sanguinary proceeding He
wished not to be outdone in any severities.. *^1( the enemy
bums one Til Uge within your government,'^- said he, in a
letter to the marshal de Bouflers^ <' do you burn ten Jn
his.'* Yet, notwittistanding every exception which may
Justly be made to his chairacter, has talents were of more
advantage than his faults were of injury to his country. In
no one of his successors was found the same spirit of detail^
united with complete grandeur of views ; the same promp-
titude of execution in defiance of all obstacles ; the same
.firmness of discipline, or the same profound secrecy in de-
sign. Yet he did not support ill fortune with the same
firmness as. his master. When the siege of Coni was raised,
he ca Tied the news to Louis XIV. with tears in bis eyes.
<^ You are easily depressed," said the king ; *^ it is not
difficult to perceive that you are too much accustomed to
success. I, who have seen the Spanish troops within the
walls of Paris, am not so easily cast down.'' His sudden
death is mentioned by madame de Sevign6, in her letters,
in her own characteristic style. ^* He is dead, then ; — this
great minister, this man of so high consideration ; whose
Moi (as M. Nicole says) was of such extent ; who was the
centre of so many affairs, . How much business, how many,
designs, uqw many secrets, how many interests to de-
,veIope! How many wars commenced, how many fine
strokes of chess- to make and to manage ! — ^Oh, give me
but a little time ; — ^I would fain give check to the duke
of Savoy, check-mate to the prince of Orange.— ^No, no ;
not a moment Can we reason on this strange event i No,
.truly ; we must retire into our closets, and there reflect
upon it !"
A book entitled ^^ Testament politique du marquis de
Louvois," was published in his name, 1695, in 12mo, but
the author of it was Courtils, and no just judgment of the
marquis can be deduced from such a rhapsody. He left
prodigious wealth, a great part of which he owed to bis
-wife, Anne de Souvri, marchioness of Courtenvaux, the
richest heiress then in the kingdom, ^
TELLIER (Michael), a celebrated Jesuit, was bora
December 16, 1643, near Vire in Lower Normandy, and
after teaching the belles lettres and philosophy with credit,
1 Diet. Hist
02
196 T E L L I E R.
rose grftdually to the highest offices in iTis society, was ap«
pointed confessor to Loais XIV. on the death of father de
la Chaise, 1709, and chosen an honorary member of the
academy of inscriptions and belles lettres. He procured
the constitution Unigenitus, engaged warmly in the dis-
putes which arose concerning that bull, and after the king's
death, in 1715, was banished to Amiens, and then to la
Fleche, where be died, September 2, 1719, aged seventy-
six. His works are, ^^ Defense des nouveaux Chretiens et
des Missionnaires de la Chine, du Japon, et des Indes,**
12mo. This book made much noise. ^^ Observations sur
la nouvelle Defense de la Version Fran^oise du Nouveau
Testament imprim6 a Mons/' &c. Rouen, 1684, 8vo. The
latter is afi apology for M. Mallet's writings. Father Tel-
Iter was author of several other works^ particularly the
Delphin Quintus Curtius, which is esteemed. He did not
belong to the same family with Teliier, mentioned in the
preceding article. ^
TEMPESTA (Antonio), a Florentine painter, was born
at Florence in 1555, and was a disciple of John Strada, or
Stradanus. He proved in many respects superior to bis
master, and especially in, the fertility of his genius, and th^
vast number and variety of bis figures, tie painted chiefly
landscapes, animals, and battles. He invented with ease,
and executed with vigour ; but not always with delicacy
of colouring. He died in 1630, at the age of seventy«five.
He sometimes engraved, but bis prints are not prize4 in
proportion to his paintings. *
TEMPESTA (Peter), otherwise called Molyn, and
Pi£TRO MuLiER, another artist of note, was born at Haer-
Jem in 1637, and according to some authors, was the dis-
ciple pf Snyders, whose manner be at first adopted, and
painted buntings of different animals, as large as life, with
singular force and success. He afterwards changed both
his style and subjects, and delighted to paint ten^ests^
storms at sea, and shipwrecks, which he executed ad-^
mirably, and therefore got the name, by which he is gene-
rally known, of .Tempesta. After travelling through Hol-
land he went to Rome, and having changed his religion
from protestantism to popery, became greatly caressed as
aaartist, and received the title of cavaliere. After passing
HOiQe years at Rome he visited Genoa, where he was like-
1 Moreri.-*-Dict. Hist. < Pilkingcon.— Strutt.
T E M P E S T A. 197
wise highly honoured, and fully employed, but appears to
have lost all sense of principle or shame ; for, in order to
marry a Genoese lady, be caused bis wife, whom be bad
left at Rome, to be murdered. This atrocious affair being
discovered, be was sentenced to be banged, but by the
intervention of some of the nobility, who admired his ta-
lents, his sentence would probably have been changed to
perpetual ^imprisonment. From this, however, he con-
triv'ed to escape, after being confined sixteen years, and
died in 1701, in the sixty-fourth year of bis age. It was
from this crime that he obtained the name of Pietro Mix-
LIER, or De MuLiERiBUS. His pictures are very rare, and
held in great estimation, and those be painted in prison
are thought to be of very superior merit. He executed
also, by the graver only, several very neat prints, in a
style greatly resembling that of Vander Velde. Tbey con-
sist chiefly of candle»light pieces, and dark subjects. ^
TEMPLE (Sir William), a very eminent statesman and
writer, was the son of sir William Temple, of Sheen, in
Surrey, master of the rolls and privy-counsellor in Ireland,
in the reign of Charles II. by a sister of the learned Dn
Henry Hammond. His grandfather, sir William Temple^
the founder of the family, was the ^younger sonof the
Temples, of Temple-ball, in Leicestershire. He was fel-
low of King^s college, in Cambridge, afterwards mastet o£
the free-school at Lincoln, then secretary successively to
sir Philip Sidney, to William Davison, esq. one of queeti
Elizabeth's secretaries, and to the celebrated earl of Essex,
whom he served while he was lord-deputy of Ireland. la
1609, upon the importunate solicitation of Dr. James Usher^
he accepted the provostship of Trinity college, in Dublin ;
after which he was knighted, and made one of the masters
in chancery of Ireland. He died about 1626, aged se-
venty-two, after having given proof of his abilities and
learning^ by several publications in Latin.
The subject of the present memoir was born in London
ip 1628, and first sent to school at Pensburst in Kent,
under the care of bis uncle Dr. Hammond, then minister
of that parish. At the age of ten he was removed to a
school at Bishop Stortford, in Hertfordshire, kept by Mr.
Leigh, where he was taught Greek and Latin. At the age
of fifteen he returned and remained at home for about
two years, from some doubts, during these turbulent times,
i PilkiogtoD.— Stirutt.
198 T I MP L E.
M to the proprtetfy of tending him to any oaiiFeraitjr. Tbesv
having been remoTed, be wm about, two years after en*
tered of Emanuel college, Cambridge, under the tuttiou
ef the learned Cadvrortb. His fiitber intending him for
political life, seems not to have tbougbt a long residence
here necessary ; and therefore about 1M7, or 1648, sent
him on bis traTels, While on bis way to France he visited
ibe Isle of Wight, where bis majesty Charles L was then a
prisoner; and there formed an attachment, to Dorothy, se^
coifed daughter of sir Peter Osborn, of Obicksand, in IBed-
fordsbire, whom he afterwards married.
His travels extended to France, Holtaad, Flanders, a^
Germany ; during wbteh be acquired a facility in speaking
and reading those modern languages, which tbew formed
a necessary accomplishment in a statesman. In 1654, on
his return, he married the above«mentioned Mrs. Osborn,
and passed his time for some years with bis father and fa-:
mily in Ireland, improving himself in the study of history
and philosophy, and cautiously avoiding any employment
during the usurpation. At the restoration, in 1660, bewaa
chosen a member of the convention in Ireland, and first •
distinguished himself by opposing the polUbill, a very un-
popalar ministerial measure; which be did with so much
independence of spirit, as to furnish a ptiesage of his future
character. In the succeeding parliament, in 1 66 1 , he was
chosen, with bis father, for the county of Csrlow, where
he distinguished himself by voting and speakingx indif*
ferently, as he approved or disapproved their measures,
without joining any party. In 1662 he was cbosei^ one of
the commissioners to be sent from that parliament to the
king, and took this opportunity of waiting on tbe lord
lieutenant, tbe duke of Ormond, then at Lonikm, and seems
at the same time to have now formed tbe design of quitting
Ireland altogether, and residing in England. It was ne-
cessary, huwever,^ to return to Ireland, where on a second/
interview with tbe 4nke of Ormond, then at Dublin, the
duke made extraordinary professions of respect for him,
complaining, *with polite irony, that he was- the only man
in Ireland who had never asked him any thing : and when
he found him bent on going to England, insisted on giving
him letters of recommendation to Ciarendoni ^e lord
chancellor, and to Arlington, secretary of state*
This recommendation was eiFectual with both these
statesmen^ as well as with the king^ although be was not
TEMPLE. ^wd
immediately employed. Sir Willtan^ Temple was never
forgetful t)f this obligation : be constantly kept up a cof'^
respondence with the duke of Ormond, and afterwards
eealousiy defended him against tbe attempt of tiie earl
of Essex to displace btm from the government of Ireland.
In the mean time, during his interviews with lord A rling-*
toD, who seems to have had his promotion at hearty he
itook occasion ta hint to bis lordship, that if his majesty
thought him worthy of any employment abroad, be shoi^ld
be happy to accept it ; but begged leave to object to the
northern climates, to which be bad a great aversion. Lord
^Arlington expressed bis regret at this, because the place
of envoy at Sweden was the only one then vacant. In
1665, however, about tbe commencement of tbe first Dutch
war, lord Arlington commuhicated to bim that his majesjty
wanted to send a person abroad upon an affair of great im*
portance, and advised htm to accept the offer, whether in
all respects agreeable or not, as it would prove an intro-
duction to bis majesty's service. This business was a se-
cret commission to the bishop of Munster, for the purpose
of concluding a treaty between the king, and bim, by which
the bishop should be obliged, upon receiving a certain sum
of money, to join bis majesty immediately in the war with
Holland. ' Sir William made no scruple to accept this co^i-
mission, which be executed with speed and success, and in
the^most private manner, without any train or official cha-
racter. In July he began his journey to Coesvelt, and
not long after it was known publicly, that be had in a very
few days conoluded and signed the treaty there, in which
> his perfect kooyvledge in Latin, which he had retained, lyas
of no little advantage to him, the bishop conversing in ^po
other, language,, > After signing tbe treaty, he went to Bras-
-seb, saw the ^firat) f)ayment made, and received the news
that the bishop was* in the field, by whicb this negotiation
began fir^t^to be discovered ; but. no pcfrson suspected the
part be bad in- it; (and he continued privately at Brussels
till it wais whispered to the marquis Castel-Rodrigo the
governor, that he came upon some particular errand (which
be was then at liberty to own]. Tbe governor immediately
/aent to desire bis acquaintance, and tnat he might see him
in private, to whicb be easily consented. Soon after a
commission was sent bim to be resident at Brussels, a situ-
< ation which be bad long cobtemplated with pleasure, and
bis commission was accompanied with a baronet's patent.
000 T E M P L E.
Sir William now sent for his family (April 1666); but,
before their arrival, was again ordered to Monster, to pre-
vent the bishop's concluding peace with the Dutch, which
be threatened to do, in consequence of some remissness in*
the payments from England, and actually signed it at Cleve
the very night sir William Temple arrived at Munster. On
ibis he returned to Brussels ; and before be bad been there
a year» peace with. the Dutch was concluded at Breda.
Two months after this event, his sister, who resided with
him at Brussels, having an inclination to see Holland, be
went thither with her incognito, and while at the Hague^
became acquainted with the celebrated Pensicnary De
Witt.
In the spring of 1667, a new war broke out between
France and Spain, which rendering Brussels a place of in-
security, as it might fall into the hands of the French, he
seQt his family to Eugland, but remained himself until the
end of the year, when the king ordered him to return pri-
vately to England, and in his way to go secretly, to the
Hague, and concert with the states the means of saving
the Netherlands. Sir William^ whom, Hume says, philo-
liophy had taught to despise the world, without rendering
him unfit for it, was frank, open, sincere, superior to the
little tricks of vulgar politicians ; and meeting in De Witt
with a man of the same generous and enlarged sentiments,
be immediately opened his master's intentions, and pressed
a speedy conclusion. A treaty was from the first nego-
tiated between these two statesmen, with the same cordi-
ality as if it were a private transaction between intimate
companions. Deeming the interests of their country the
same, they gave full ^cope to that sympathy of character
which disposed them to an entire reliance on each otber^s
professions and engagements. The issue was the famosa
triple alliance between England, Sweden, and Holland;
which being ratified Feb. 15, 1668, sir Willianpi Temple
bad orders to return to Brussels, and protpote the treaty
of peace between France and- Spain, then carrying oaa|
, Aix-la-Cbapelle, He was accordingly sent thither in April,
as his majesty's ambassador-extraordinary and mediator,
and brought the affair to a happy conclusion. Soon after,
he was sent ambassador-extraordinary to the States-Gene-
ral, with instructions to confirm the triple alliance, and so-«
Kcit the emperor and German princes, by their ministers,
to enter intoit.^ Being the iirst English ambassador that
TEMPLE. « 501
had been there since king James's time, be was. received
«nd distinguished by every mark of regard and esteem
they could express for his character and person ; and, by
the good opinion he had gained, was able to bring the
States into such measures, as, M. de Witt said, he was sure
•was not in the power of any other man to do* He lived in
confidence with that great minister, and in constant and
familiar conversation with the prince of Orange, then eight-
leen years old. Yet, although he had a diflScuk part to
act, h^ compassed the chief design of his embassy, in
engaging the emperor and Spain in the measures that were
:then desired ; but by this time the measures of his own
court took a new turn ; and though he had observed a dis- ,
position before, to complain of the Dutch upon trifling oc-
casions, yet he suspected nothing till lord Arlington^ in
September 1669, hurried him over, by telling him, as soon
as ;he received his letter he should put his foot into the
stirrup. When he came to his lordship, whom he always
saw the first, and with great eagerness desired to know the
important affair that required his sudden recall, he found
that his lordship had not one word to say to him ; and,
after making him wait a great while, only asked him seve-
ral indifferent questions about his journey ; and next day
he was received as coldly by the king. . The secret, how*-'
jever, soon came out ; and sir William Temple was pressed
to return to the Hague, and make way for a war with Hol-
land, which, less than two years before, he had been so
much applauded for preventing by a strict alliance: but
he excused himself from having any share in it, which so
much provoked the lord treasurer Clifford, that he refused
to pay him an arrear of two thousand pounds, due from his
embassy. All this passed without any particular unkind-
ness from the king; but lord Arlington's usage, so unlike
iQ the friendship be had professed, was resented by sir
William Temple with much spirit. He now retired to his
bouse at Sheen, and employed this interval of leisure in
writing his '^ Observations on the United Provinces," and
pne part of his *^ Miscellanies/'
In 1673, the king, becoming weary of the second Dutch
war, at^d convinced of its unpopularity, sent for sir Wil-
liam Temple, and wished him to go to Holland, with the
offer of the king's, mediation between Frahce and the con*
liederates then at war, which was not long after accepted; .
and in Jime 1674, lord Berkley, sir William Temple, and
SOS TEMPLE.
tir Lioline Jenkins, were declared ambassadcnrf utA medUU
fttorsy and Nimeguen appointed, by general consent, as the
place of treaty. During sir William's -stay at the Ha^ne,
the prince of Orange, who was fond of speaking English,
and of English habits, constantly dined and supped onoe
or twice a week at his house. Sir William insensibly ao-
qoired his Highness's confidence, and had a considerable
hand in his marriage with the princess- Mary, of which be
has said so much in his ** Memoirs.*' One instance of. his
employing his influence with the prince, he used to reckon
amongst the good fortunes of his life. Five Englishmen
happened to be taken and brought to the Hague wliUst he
was there, and in the prince's absence, who were immedi*
ately tried, and condemned by a councU of war, for de-
serting their colours : some of his servants had the cari-
osity to visit their unfortunate countrymen, and came
home with a deplorable story, that, by what they had
heard, it seemed to be a mistake ; and that they were all
like to die innocent ; but, however, that it was without re-
medy, that their graves were digging, and they were to
be shot next morning. Sir William Temple left nothing
vnattempted to prevent their sudden execution; andsent
to the officers to threaten them, that he would complain
first to the prince, and then to the king, who, he was sure,
would demand reparation, if so many of his subjects suf-
fered unjustly : but nothing would move them, till he made
it his last request to reprieve them one day^ during which
the prince happened to come within reach of returning an
answer to a message he sent, and they were released. The
first thing* they did was to go and look at their graves ; and
the next, to come and thank sir William Temple upon their
knees.
In July 1676, he removed his family to Nimeguen, where
he* passed that year without making any progress in the
treaty, which, owing to various circumstaooes,^ was then at
a stand; and, the year after, his ison was sent over with
letters from the lord treasurer, to order him to return and
succeed Mr. Coventry in his place of secretary of states
which the latter made some difficulty of resigning, unless
he had leave to name his successor, which the king re*
fused. Sir William Temple, who was not ambitious of thie
change at this time, requested his' majesty would defer it
until all parties were agreed, and the treaty he was then
concerned in concluded* This business^ howev er^ required
TEMPLE. ^M
kts (iresence in England, and be did not retarn to Nime«
gnen that year. About the same time the prince of Orange
came over and married the lady Mary, which seems to have
occasioned a coolness between sir William Temple and lord
Arlington, the latter being offended at sir William's inti*
macy with the lord treasurer Osbom, who was related to
lady Temple, they two being the only persons intrusted
iwith the affair of the marriage.
Iq the mean time, in 1678, the king, finding that affairs
were not likely to come to any conclusion with France, sent
for sir William Temple to the council, and told him, that
he intended he should go to Holland, in order to form a
treaty of alliance with the States ; and that the purpose of
k should be, like the triple league, to force both France
and Spain to accept of the terms proposed. Temple was
sorry to find this act of vigour qualified by such a regard
to France, and by such an appearance of indifference and
neutrality between the parties. He told the kmg, that the
yesolution agreed on, was to begin the war in conjunction
with all the confederates, in case of no direct and immei«
diate answer from France ; that this measure would satisfy
the -prince, the allies, and the people of England ; advan^"
tages which could not be expected from such an alliance
with Holland alone ; that France would be disobliged, and
Spain likewise; ^nor would the Dutch be satisfied with such
a faint imitation of the triple league, a measure concerted
when they were equally at league with both parties. For
these reasons sir William Temple declined the employ-
ment; and Lawrence Hyde, second son of the chancellor
Clarendon, was sent in bis place ; and although the mea-
sure was notpaliitable to the prince, the States concluded
the treaty in the terms proposed by the king. Just after-
wardii we find the king a little out of humour with sir Wil-
liam Temple; and when the parliament would not^pass
the suppUes without some security against the prevaiesce
of the popish party, the king thought proper to reproach
Temple with his popular notions, 'a^ he termed them ; and
asked him how he thought the House of Commons could
be trusted in carryingon the war, should it he entered on,
when in the very commencement they made such declara-
tions i Sir William, however, was not daunted by tUs re-
proach ; and when the king, thwarted by his parliamtet^
began to lend an ear to the proposals of the king of Fraace,
who offered him great sums of money> if be wouidi consent
£04 TEMPLE.
to France's making an advantageous peace with the allies^
sir William^ though pressed by his majesty, refused to have
any concern in so dishonourable a negociation. He in-
forms us that the king said, there was one article proposed,
which so incensed him, that as long as he lived, he should
never forget it What it was, sir William does not men*
tion ; but dean Swift, who was the editor of his works, in-
forms us, that the French, before they would agree to any
payment, required as a preliminary, that king Charles
should engage ^never to keep above 8000 regular troops in
Great Briuin !
Sir William appears frequently to have retired from
court disgusted with the fluctuating counsels which pre-
vailed there, but was ever ready to lend his aid to measures
which bore the appearance of public advantage : and in
July 1678, upon the discovery of the French design not to
evacuate the Spanish towns agreed on by the treaty to be
delivered up, the king commanded him to go upon a third
embassy to the States, with whom he concluded a treaty,
by which England engaged, upon the refusal of the French
to evacuate the towns in forty days, to declare immediate
war with France : but, before half that time was run out,
one Du Cros was sent from our court into Holland, upon
an errand that again embarrassed the relative state of af-
fairs; and such sudden and capricious changes in our
councils, which sir William Temple had seen too often to
be astonished at, increased his growing distaste to all pub-
lic employment.
In 1679 he went back to Nimeguen, where the French
delayed signing the treaty to the last hour; and after he
had concluded it, he returned to the Hague, from whence
he was soon . sent for to enter upon the secretary's place,
which Mr. Coventry was at last resolved to part with ; and
my lord Sunderland, who was newly come into the other,
pressed him with much earnestness to accept. He very
unwillingly obeyed his majesty's commands to come over,
as he had long at heart a visit he had promised to make
the great duke, as soon as his embassy was ended ; having
begun a particular acquaintance with him in England, and
kept up a correspondence ever since. Besides, having so ill
succeeded in the designs (which no man ever more steadily
piirsued in the course of his employments) of doing his
country the best service, and advancing its honour and
greatness to the height of which he thought it capable, he.
TEMPLE. 203
resolved t6 ask leaVe of the king to retire. At this time^
indeed) no person could engage in public aflPairs witb a
worse prospect ; the Popish plot being newly broke out,
and the parliament violent in the persecution of it, aU
though it is now generally allowed to baVe been an absurd
imposture. On these accounts, although the king, who,
after the removal of the lord treasurer Danby, whom the
parliament sent to the Tower, had no one with whom he
could discourse witb freedom on public affair^, sir Williatn,
alarmed at the universal discontents and^ jealousies which
prevailed, was determined to make. his retreat, as soon as
possible, from a scene which threatened such confusions*
Meanwhile, as he could not refuse the confidence with
which his master honoured him, he represented to the
king, that, as the jealousies of the nation were extreme, it
was necessary to cure them, by some new remedy, and to
restore that mutual confidence, so requisite for the safety
both of the king and people ;^ that to refuse every thing to
tl^ parliament in their present disposition, or to yield
every thing, was equally dangerous to the constitution, as
well as to public tranquillity ; that if the king would intro-
duce into his councils such men as .enjoyed the confideu^*e
of his people, fewer concessions would probably be re-
quired ; or if unreasonable demands were made, the king,
under the sanction of such counsellors, might be enabled,
witb the greater safety, to refusie tbem;> and. that the heads
of the popular party, being gratified with the king's favour,
would probably abate of that violence by which they ea<-
deavoured at present to pay court to the mpltitude.
Tbe king assented to these reasons ; and, in concert
with Temple, laid the plan of a new privy-council, without
whose advice he declared himself determined for the future
to take no measure of importance. This council was to
consist of thirty persons, and was never to exceed that
nunober. Fifteen of the chief officers of the crown were
to be continued^ who, it was supposed, would adhere to the
king, and, in case of any extremity, oppose the exorbitances,
of faction. The other half of the council was to be com-*
posed, either of men of character, detached from the court,
or of those who possessed chi^f credit in both Houses.
The experiment seemed at first to give some satisfactida
to the people ; but as Sbaftesbury was made president of
the council, contrary to the advice of sir William Temple,
the plan upon the whole was of little avail. Temple often
20$ TEMPLE.
joiiied tbem, though he kept himself detached from poUiie
business. When tiie bill was proposed for putting restric**
tions on the> duke of York, as successor to the throne,
fibaftesbury thought them insufficient, and was for a total
exclusion ; but sir William Temple thought them so rigo-
rous as even to subvert the constitution ; and that shackles,
put upon a Popish successor, would not afterwards be
easily cast off by a Protestant.
. In 1680, when the council was again changed, sir Wil-
liam gradually withdrew himself, for reasons which he has
assigned in the third part of his Memoirs ; but soon after
the king sent for him again, and proposed his going am-
bassador into Spain, and giving credit to an alliance pre-
tended to be made with that crown, against the meeting
ot the parliament ; but when his equipage was almost
ready, the king changed his mind, and told him, he would
have him defer his journey till the end of the session of
parliament, of which he was chosen a member for the uni«
▼ersity of Cambridge, and in which the factions ran so
high, that he saw it impossible to bring them to any tern*
per. The duke of York was sent into Scotland : that
would not satisfy them, nor any thing but a bill of exclu-
aion, against which he always declared himself, being a
legal man, and said, his endeavours should ever be to unite
the royal family, but that he would never enter into any
counsels to divide them. This famous bill, after long ooo-
tests, was thrown out, and the parliament dissolved ; and
it was upon his majesty^s taking this resolution without the
advice of his priyy-oouncil, contrary to what he had pro-
mised, that sir William Temple spoke so boldly there, aild
was so ill-used for taking that liberty, by some of those
friends who had been most earnest in promoting the last
change. Upon this he grew quite tired with public busi-
ness, refused the offer he had of serving again forthe uni-
versity in the next parliament, that was soon after called
and met at Oxford, and was even uneasy with the name of
a privy •counsellor, but this he soon got rid of ; for the
duke beine returned, and all the councils changed, lord
Sunderland's, Essex^s, and sir William Templets names
were by the king's order all struck out of the council-book
together. On this occasion he. informed his majesty that
he would live the rest of his life as good a subject as any
in bis kingdom, but never more meddle with public affairs*.
The king assured him that he was not at aU angry^ and
TEMPLE. floy
«ver after received his^visits, when he came lata the neigh-
bourhood of Sheen, with respect : nor was less attention
shewn to sir, William by king James, wb^ used to address
his conversation to bito the moment be s^w him enter the
room of the palace at Richmond*
After this retirement, which occurred in 1685, sir WiW
liam Temple continued a year at Sheen, and, having par«
chased a small seat called Moor-^Park, near Farnbam in
Surrey, which he preferred for its retirement, and the
healthy and pleasant situation, and being much afflicted
.with the gout, and broken with age and infirmities, be re-
fMslved to pass the remainder of his life there ; and in No«
vember 1686, in bis way thither, waited on king Janes^
jthen at Windsor, and begged bis favour. and protection to
one that would always live a good subject, but, whatever
happened, never enter again, upon any public employment;
and desired his majesty never to give credit to whatever he
might hear to the contrary. The king, who used to say
sir William Templets character was always to be believed,
promised him what he desired, made him some reproaches
for not coming Into his service, which he said was his own
fault, and kept his word as faithfully to sir William Tem*
pie, as he did to his m^esty during the turn of aSiairs that
soon after followed by the prince of Orange's coming over,
which is said to have been so great a secret to bin), that he
was not only wholly unacquainted with it> but one of the
last men in England that believed it.
At the time of this revolution in 1688, Moor Park gpow*
ing unsafe by lying in the way of both armies, he went
back to the house he had given up to his son at SbeeOt
whom he would not permit to go and meet the prince of
Orange at bis landing, as this might appear a breach . of
his engagement, never to join in any measure. that seemed
to divide the royal family. After king Jamei^'s abdication,
and the prince's arrival at Windsor, however, sir William
Temple went to wait upon his highness, along with bis son.
On this occasion the prince pressed him to enter into bis
service, and to be secretary of state ; said, it. was in kind*
jiess to him that be had not been acquainted with his de-
sign ; came to him two or three times at Sheen^ and seve*
ral of his friends made him very uneasy, in urging how
much the prince (who was bis friend), bis country, and bis
religion, must suffer by his obstinate refusal to engage in
their defeaee;' adding, that his conduct would give the
2eg TEMPLE.
world an onfavoorable opinion of this great urtdertaking;
and make tbeoi mistrust spme bad design at the bottom^
which a man of his truth and honour did not care to be
concerned in. Sir William, however, continued unshaken
in his resolutions, although very sensible of the trouble and
uneasiness the prince and all his friends expressed ; and
was the more anxious to return to his retirement at Moor
Park, about the end of 1689, that he might be less exposed
ta similar solicitations.
From that time he employed himself wholly in the cares
and amusements of a country life, and saw little company,
but had the honour of being often consulted by king WiU
liam in some of his secret and important affairs, and of a
visit froQ^ him in his way from Winchester, and used to
wait upon his majesty at Richmond and Windsor, where-
he was always very graciously received with that easiness
and familiarity, and particular confidence, that had begun
in Holland so many years before. . . •
Sir William Temple died towards the end of 1700, in his '
seventy-second year, at Moor Park ; where, according to
express directions in his will, his heart was buried in a stU "-
yer box, under the sun-dial in his garden. This sun«dial/
we are told, was opposite to the window whence he used
to contemplate and admire the works of nature with his sis-i-
ter, the ingenious lady Giffard * ; who, as she shared and
eased the fatigues of his voyages and travels during hia
public employments, was the chief delight and cotafort ef
his retiren[>ent in old age, as he had the misfortune to lose
his lady in 1694. As to his person, bis stature was above
the middle size : he was well-set and well-shaped ; his hair
chesnut brown, bis face oval, his forehead large, a <!|irick
pieroing eye, and a sedate and pMlosophical look. ' Those
who have endeavoured to set sir William's <^haracter in^ the
best light, have allowed him to have had some tincfure of
vanity and spleen^ Bishop Burnet has painted him most
unfavourably, allowing him to possess a true judgment in
all affairs, and very good principles with' relation to" govern*
ment, but in nothing else. The bishop adds, that <* he
seemed to think, that things were as they are from all eter-
nity ; at least, he thought religion was fk only for the mob.
He was a great admirer of the sect of Confucius in Cbina>
who were atheists themselves, but left religion to the rab«
« Lady Giffard died io I'^S, at the tgc of 84.^
»^'* ••*
T £ M P L B. sDt
Ue. He was a corrupter of all that came near him : and
he delivered himself 'up wholly to study, ease, and plea«-
sure." Burnet's dislike to sir William Temple seems^
therefore, to hare ^ arisen from a very sufficient cause;
from bis holding and propagating irreligious principles ; but
this, others have not only doubted, but peremptorily de-
nied, and have cited. his beautiful letter to lady Essex, .as a
proof of his piety. Burnet, however, we perceive, allows
him to have been a great statesman ; and, in the very next
words to those just cited, refers his reader for ** an account
of our affairs beyond sea, to his letters ; in which," says
Burnet, *^ they are very truly and fully set forth.*'
Sir William Temple was not only a very able statesman
and negotiator, but also a polite and elegant writer. As
maiiy of his works have been published, at different times,
as amount to two volumes in folio; which have also been
printed more than once in octavo. His '* Observations
upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands," were
published in one volume, 8vo, in 1672. His '^Miscella-
nea," consisting of ten tractsupon different subjects, were
originally published in two volumes, 8vo. One of these
trscts is upon ancient and modern learning ; and what he
advanced there, as it in some measure gave occasion to, so
it involved him in, the controversy, which was soon after
agitated here in England, concerning the superiority of
the ancients and the moderns. His ** Memoirs" also, of
what bad passed in his public employments, especially those
abroad, uiake a very interesting part of bis works. They .
were wriiteo in three parts ; the first of which began with
faiii jourrtey to Munster, contained chiefly his negotiations
of the triple alliance, and ended with his first retirement
from public busiiiess, in 1671, a little before the second
Dutch war. He began the second part with the approaches
of the peace between England and Holland, in 1673, and
concluded it with his being recalled from Holland in Fe-
bruary 1^78-9, after the c<jnclu$i6n of that of Ntmeguen.
The third part contains what passed from this peace to sir
William's retirement. The second part of these '' Me-
moirs" was published in his life* time, and, it is believed,
with bis< consetis ; though it is pretended that cbey were
written only for the use 6f his son, and isent into the world
without his knowledge. The third part was published by
Swift, in 1709, many years after his death. The first
Vol. XXIX. P
210 TEMPLE.
jpart was never pi^blishe^ at all ; apd Swift, in the preCace
to the third, tells us, that *' Sir William often assured
him he had burnt. those Memoirs; and for that reason was
content his letters during bis embassies at the Hague ao^
AiK-la-Chapelle (he ii>jgbt have added Munster) should
be printed aft^r his death, to supply that loss. What, it
was," continues Swift,, " that moved sir William Temple
to burA those first Memoirs, may, perhaps, be conjectured
from some passages in the second part formerly printed,
luione place the author has thes^ words : * My lord At^r
Ijpgton, who made so great a figure in the former part of
tbf^se Memoirs, was now grown but of all <:redit/ &c. la
other parts he tells us, ' That that lord was of the ministrj
which broke the triple-^nlliance, advised the Dutch war ana
French alliance ; and, in sbqrt, was. at th^ bottom of .aU
those ruinous measures which the court, of England was
Uien taking; so that, as I have been -told from a good
hai^d, and as it seems very probable, he ,could not think
that lord a person fit to be celebrated for his ,parc in. for^
fir^ding that famous league, while he was secretary Jq^
j^tate, who had made such counterpaccs to destroy it."' ^ i
In 1693, sir William published an answer to a scurrilous
pamphlet, entitled " A Letter from Mr. du Cros to the lprc[
— — ." This Du Cros bore very impatiently the chjaractei;
which sir William had given him in the second part qf hts
M Memoirs," and wrote the above letter to abuse him for
it* In 1695, he pubUshed << Ad Introduction to the Hjstgry
of. j^ngland :*' in which some few mistakes have been dis-
covered, .as his speaking of William, the, Conqueror abolisk,-
ing the' trial of camp-fight, or duel, who, oh the contrafy^^
introduced it. Not long after his death, pr. Swift, theo
domestic chaplain to the earl of Berkley, who Uved mapy
years as an amanuensis, iu . sir William Temple's family,
pujblished two volumes of his V Letters," containing an acr
coji^pt of the most important transactions that passed in
Christendom, from 1667 tp 1672; and, in 1703^, a third
Yptyme^ containing ^^Letter^ tp king Charles II. the prince
of Orange, the chief ministers of state, and other persons,'*
in octavo. The editor informs us, that these papers were
the last of this or any kind, about which be hi^d received
bis p^artioular commands; and that they ijvere corrected by
hiift)self, and transcribed i,n bi^ lijertime. The lyhol^e .of
bis w9rks were . handsojo^ely reprinted ip A vols. 8vq^. ia
•
TEMPLE. > 211
- Sir William Temple had one son, John Temple, esq^ a
fnan of great abilities and accompUsbmentSy and who, »oon
after the Revolution, was appomted secretary at war by
king William ;' but be had scarce been a week in that of-
fice, when he drowned himself at London-bridge. Thi$
extraordn.ary affiiir happened the I4th of April, 1689;
when Mr. Temple, having spent the whole morning ar his
office, took a boat about noon, as if he designed to go to
Greenwich ; when he had got a little way, he ordered the
waterman to set him ashore, and then finisliing some dis-
patches which he had forgot, proceeded. Before he thre^
himself out, he dropped in the boat a shilling forthe water-
wsan, and a note to this effect :
** My folly ill undertaking whsft I was not able to per-
form, has done the king and kingdom a great deal of pre^
jadice. I wish him all happiness, and abler servants than
JaHN Temple.'*
It was thought, at first, that he meant by this, his inca-
pacity for the secretaryship at war, which he had asked the
king leave to resign the day before ; but the fact was,^ that
he had been melancholy for some months before, and the
great prejudice to the king% affairs, mentioned in his note^
could not be occasione/i by mistakes committed in a place
in which he had yet done little or nothing. Another cause
of bis melancholy is assigned, which carries nK>re probabi-
lity. General Richard Hamilton being upon suspicion
confined in the Tower, Mn Temple visited him sometimes
u]pOn the score of a former acquaintance: when discourse
ing upon the present juncture of affairs, and how to pre-
fent the effusion of blood in Ireland, the general said,
**That the best way was, to send thither a person in whom
Tyrconnel could trust ; and he did not doubt, if such a
person gave hnn a true accoant of things in England, he
woiild readily submit/^ Mr. Temple communicated this
overture to the king, who approving of it, and looking upon
general Hamilron to be the properest person fdr such a
service, asked Mr. Temple whether he cfould be trusted^
Temple readily engaged his word for him, and Hamilton
was sent to Ireland ; but, instead of discharging his com-
mission and persuading Tyrconnel to submit, he encou-
raged him as much as possible to stand out, and offered
him his assistance, which Tyrconnel gladly accepted. Mr.
Temple contracted an extreme inela^choly upori R^miU
ton's desertion ; although the king assured him he was coiik
P 2
214 T E M P L E M A N.
oret with proper encoumgement from the public, it was
bif intention to bare extemied the work to twelve vokuBes,
with an additional, one of index, and that he waa prepared
to publish two such volumes every year. Histransl8tii>n of
*^ Nofden's Travels" appeared in the beginning of 1757 ;
aYid in that year he was editor of *- Select Cases and Con**
sultations in Physic, by Dr. Woodward," 8vo. On the
astablishment of the British Museum in 1753, he was ap-
pointed to the ofiice of keeper of the reading-room, wbick
he resigned on being chosen, in 1760,* seetetary to €h<$
then newly instituted Society of Arts, Manufactures, an4
Commerce. In 1762 be was elected a corresponding mem^
ber of the Royal Academy of Science of Parts, and aisi^ of
the CEconomical Society at Berne. Very early in life I>r;
Templeman was afflicted with severe paroxysms of an
asthma, which eluded the force of all that either bi«r owil
skill, or that of the most eminent physicians then livings
could suggest to him ; and it continued to harass ^hitk^ till
his death, which happened September 2S, 1769. 'He wtt
esteemed a man of great learning, particularly with reaped
tb languages; spoke French with great fluency^ and left
the character of a humane, generous, and poUte member
t>f society.
. It may not be improper to distinguish Dr. Tempienan
from Mr. Thomas Templeman, the author of ^< Eogva^ed
Tables, containing calculations of the number Of scjtiatre
feet and people in the several kingdoms «^ the World f^
who was a .writing-master in the town of St. Edmund'a
Bury,' where he died May 2, 1729. Both are^often con-
founded, and the latter often appears In quotations with
the doctor's degree of the former. '
' TENCIN (Claddine, Alexandrine, Gtreotsi,' de), a
lady of considerable talents, tobk the habit of a religious
St the monastery of Montfl«uri, near Grenoblei Becoming
tired of that mode of life, she went to' Paris, where she
lived in the world, and solicited a bull from the pope to
authorize this unusual proceeding. With cardinal Lam-
bertini, afterwards Benedict XIV. she was on good terms^
and he gave her no molestation. Her bouse at> Pavts' was
the general meeting' of all who had wit, or wished to have
mke credit of it. The gaiety of her society was« however,
disturbed by some unfortunate adventures ; particularly by
*
* Nichols's Bowyer.
T E .N C I N.
2l#.
tbe» death of La ^Fre^aye, a counsellor of sl^ate^ who ws^^
killed in jier.apart^aient. Mademoiselle TeDcin waa prpsci-.
€bted as coni^erned in the murder, and was confined 6fSit
in the Chatelety and afterwards in the Bastille; but was, at.
length discharged as innocent. She died at Paris in 1749,
being then a good deal advanced in years. She appeared
as an author in several instances, and produced, 1. ^^ JLe.
Siege de Calais," a romance, of considerable delicacy and
g^ius, thoughjiQt without faults. 2. '^ Memoires de Com-
mingesy" i2mo, another novel which has had its admirers*
^ nephew of M..de Tenoin, M. Pont-de-veste, had some
share, in both. these productions. 3. ^^ Les Malheurs de
yAjDour," a novel, ^ia which some, have supposed that she
describes a part of her own history, 4. *^ Anecdotes oC
Sdward Il.'Va posthumous work, published in 1776. All
berwprks wece published at Paris in 17S6, in seven small
yoiumes^ ]2mo.'
T£NI£RS (David), a< Flemish painter, was born ^t
Antwerp, in 1582, and received the first rudiments of his
afjbXram the famous Rubens, who considered him, atlength,
i«s;;his most deserving scholar. On leaving Rubens, he
iifigan io be muck employed ; and, in a little time, was in
a condition to take a journey to Italy. At Rome he fixed
iMmself with Adam Elsheimer, who was then in great vogue ;
bi* whose manner he became a. thorough master, without
«ieglecting at. the same time the study of other great
H^asteri, and endeavouring to penetrate into the deepest
.mysteries oftheir practice. An abode of tea years in Italy
eiiobled.bim to become one of the first in bis style of paint-
ing; aoda happy union in the schools of Rubens and £1*
sheimer formed in him a manner as agreeable as divertiug.
When Teoiers retiJMrhed to his own country, he entirely
employed Irimself in painting small pictures, filled with
figures of persons drinking, chemists, fairs, and merry-
makings, with a number of country meo aad women. He
.spread so much taste and truth through his pictures, that
£bw painters have ever. produced a juster effect. The de-
maad for them was universal ; and even his master Ruben&
thought them an ornament, to bis cabinet,; which wfis^
^'higfa.a compliment as could belaid tbem. Teoi^r^. drew
Jbia own cbiiracier. in Ua pictures^ and in all hi)> ^bjfiiRts
crvery thing tends to joy and pleasun?. ^fi^ wasj ^)^f ^^ em-
I Diet. HJitj-^hesterfi^ld't Mistellanies.
ii«
t E N I E R 8.
ptoy«d in eopjring after aatiire, Whatooefer preflenled iuelf;
and be accustomed bU two sons to follow bit example, ^ui
to paint nothing but from tbat in&llible models by wbiob
iDeans they botb became excellent painters. Tbeseara
the only disciples we know of this David Tenters, styled
the elder, who died at Antwerp in 1649, aged sijffty-eeven. *
TENIERS (David), son of the precedingy was born at
Antwerp in 1610, and was nick<>named <' The Ape oi
Painting;** for there was no manner of painttog tbat be
could not imitate so exactly, as to deceive even the nicest
jadges. He improved greatly on the talents and merit oC
bis father, and his reputation introduced him to the fairour
of the great. The archduke Leopold William made bmk)
gentleman of his bedchamber; 'and all the pictures of bis)
gallery were copied by Teniers, and engraved by bis di<iC
rection* Teniers took a voyage to England,' to buy several:
pictures of the great Italian masters for count Fuenaain
degna, who, on his return, heaped favours on hi m^ Dfon
John of Austria, and the king of Spain, set so great. al
value on his pictures, that they built a gallery on ^uirpose^
for them. Prince William of Orange iKmoured bim withe
his friendship ; Rubens esteemed his works, and assisittfA
him with his advice. In his tbirty^fifth year be was io hia
zenith of perfection* His principal talent was landscape, ^
adorned with small figures. He painted men. drinking and:
smoking, chemists, and their laboratories, country fairr,\
and the like : bis small figures are superior to 4)ia large
ones. The distinction between the works of the £siber
and theaon is, fhatih the son's you discover a finieir ceticb.
and a fresher pencil, and a greater choice, of attiiades, and
a better disposition of figures. Tbe father retained some* :
thing of the tone of Italy in his colouring, wbicb was;
stronger than the son's, but his pictures bave less barmonjr^
and union; besides, the son used to put at tbe bottom of *
bis pictures, *< David Teniers, junior.'' He died at Aiit*
werp in 1 694, aged eighty*four. Sir Jostuia Reynolds says, :
that the works of this artist are worthy tbe elosest attention
of a painter who desires to excel in. the opecfaanical know-' '
ledge of bis art^ His manner of touching, or wbat we caU \
bandling, has perhaps never been equalled : there is in hia z
pictures tbat exact mixture of softness and sbatpaess, wbiclK .
is difEii;iiU to execute. . -\ : : r.
T E N 1 E B a; iif
Hfa wither AlRiiflAJf was « good painter ; 4^l]fi1; if nol
superior, to bis iuiber and brother in- the expression of bis
(Dbaractersy and knowledge of the chiaro-scuro, though in-
ferior in the sprigbtUness of his touchi and the lightness of
bis pencil. '
TENISON (THOMAff), a learned and worthy prelate^
tiM^ son of the rev. John Tenison, B. D. by Mary, daughter
6§ Tboinas Dowson of Cottenbam inr Cambridgeshire, wi^
born at that place Sept; 29, 1636. His father was reotoe
of Af uncksley in Norfolk, whence be was ejected for bit
adberewee to Charles I. At the restoration, according to
Dr. Kenned, be became rector of Bracon-Ash, and died
there in V671, bat Mr. Masters apprehends that he was rec«
tor of Toperoft in Norfolk in 1646, and by Le Neve wia
find ibat in 1712, hie son, the subject of the present ar-*
tiele, at the exp^ftce of 340/. rebuilt the chancel of Top«*
oeoft church, where bis father and mother, are buried.
" Young Tenison was first educated at the free-school «t
Norwich, whieh was then in great reputation, under Mr.
Loyering , the master. From this school, at the age of
seventeen, be was admitted a scholar upon archbishop
Barker's foundation, of BeneH college, Cambridge, where
be look bis degree of A. B. in Lent term, 1656-7 ; and thef
stw^y of diniriiy being at that time interrupted, at least as
to its ordinary process, he began to study medicine, but
on the eve of the restoration he procured himself to be pri-
vately ordained at Richmond in Surrey, by Dr. Duppa,
bisbop of Salisbury. In 1660,^ the year following, he pro-»
ceeded M. A. and being by virtue of a pre-election, ad-*
mitted felbw of bis college, March 24, 1662, be became
tutor, and in J 665 was chosen one of the university
preachers, and about the sanae time was presented by the
dealt and chapter of Ely to the cUr^ of St. Andrew the^reat
in Cambridge.
Ht had not long held this last situation before t<be plague
broke out and dispersed the members of the college, and
probably soone ofitbe inhabitants of his parish, but Mr. Te-
nison remained' fa^cQllege, with only two scholars, and a
few servants, dering the whole of the calaoiity, and con-
scientiously perfohned bis parochial duties, without neg*
lettcing sooh'^ipracautions as the faculty at that time pre-
scribed. His parishioners were so sensibly struok with this
1 Argenville, y^l 2II.-->Pilkin^n.«-3ir J. Reynoldv** Works.
«
/
SIS r E N I S O N.
efibrt o( piety and courage, as to prevent him with- a band-
some piece of plate when be left tbem in 1667. * In pensem^
brance of their kindness, he gave them, a short time before
bis death, the sum of 50/. towards repairing their church.
In this last mentioned year, 1667, be proceeded B. D»
He bad for some time served bis futher's cure at Bracon«
asbe, and quitted St. Andrew's in Cambridge on being pre-
sented to the rectory of Holywell and Nedingwoitb in Hun-
tipigdonshire, by Edward, earl of Manchester. This noble^
liian had before that time placed his son Thomas under bis
tuition in the college, and afterwards appointed Inm hiit
chaplain, in which relation he was likewise continued by
bis successor,' earl Robert. About the same time be mar«
ried Anne, daughter of Dr. Richard Love, some time mllst-^
ter of .Bene't college. In 1670 his first publication ap«9
peared, under the title of '* Th6 creed of Mr. Hobbea eis^
amined, in a feigned conference between him and. a sin-v
dent in divinity," 8Vo* This, which is said to have beeaii
{Published to obviate an absurd calumny, that .be^iwas a fa>*
vourer of Hobbes, affords a very excellent refutation! c»l
that autbor^s principles. v-'v
' In 1674, the parishioners of St. Peter's Manscrofti^ in
Norwich, chose him their upper minister, with a.salary^of
100/. a year. In 1 678 he published his .^^Diseourse of Iife^
]atry/' and the year following, some irapubbshed.remaio^of
lord Bacon, under the title *^ Baconiana," witb^a ptefMH
giving an excellent analysis of his lordship's works. la I48Q
he took his degree of D. D. and in Ootoberof <the«ame yiiat^
was presented by Charles II. being then one of bis m»h
jesty's chaplains, to tbe vicarage of St. Martians ^i<n the
Fields. Here he cotitinued the measures wliiebDri Lloyd
his predecessor had adopted to cheek tbe gsevn^tb of 4>opery,
abd became the founder of our parochial cb^rity-aGboola.
He also founded a library. Dr. Kennethsays that in this
office, Dr. Tenison did as much good as pferbaps it was.
possible for one man to do, and the writer -<of bis life assttres
us that there were not above two persons in bis parishwbo
turned Roman catholics while be was vicar. Indeed tbia
large and important cure extending to Whitehall, and .the
whole court, rendered an unusual portion of xrourage. aa4
perseverance necessary in watching the pcoeeedings of the
popish party, who bad too many friends in the highest sta*
tion. Dr. Tenison, however, undautu^i^lily:, to6R SfeSsliiife
in the controversy which their conduct procfuced, and wils
T E N I S O N: 219
sooti fnatked as arixantagonistjiot to be despised. In 16^1
be preached and pubiisiied ** A Sermon of Discretion in
giving alms," wMich being attacked by Andrew Pulton, who
was at the head of the Jesuits in the Savoy, Dr. T^iison
wrote a defence of it. In June 1684 an attempt was made
to entrap him into an obscure house, on pretence of his
receiving there some information respecting the murder of
sir Edmondbury Godfrey ; but by the precaution he took,
this des'rgh, whatever it might be, was defeated. In this
year h<f published "The difference between the protestiant
and the Socinian methods,'' in answer to a book written by
a ^api^t entitled *♦ The Protestant's plea for a Socinian.'*
In f^emean titne, in 1683, be had rivalled that party in
their grace of charity, by distributing upwards of 300/. for
the relief of his poor parishioners during the hard frost.
He also now completed tbe designs before mentioned, of
endowing a charity-school, and setting up a public library,
both which still exist.
^ In I6S5, he attended the unfortunate duke of Monmoutb,
l^y bid glee's desire, both. before, and at the time of bis
execution ; and Burnet tells us that he spoke to his grace
with a freedom becoming his station, both as to the duke's
|nibtic conduct and private life, yet with such prudence
and circumspection, as to give no offence.- In 1687, Dr^
TetMsbn held^a^'Conference with Andrew Pulton, his oppo-
nent'before Uientioned, respecting the pr^testant religion,
il^taii of which be afterwards published under the title of
**iA true account of a Conference held about Religion at
hamiMky tSept. 29, 1687, between Andrew Pulton*, Je&juit,
iiltd 'IThomas -Tenison, D. D. as also that which led to it,
and ibltd^^ after it," Lond. 1687.- Soon aftier Dr. Teni-
^on fmblished the following tracts, arising from this con*-
ib^Moe, or connected with the popish controversy in ge-
neral: ** A Gaide in matters of Faith, with respect espe*-
dially to the Romish practice of such a one as is ibfallible ;"
^ Mr. Pulton considered in his sincerity, reasonings, and
sititfaorities ; or, a just answer to what he has hitherto pub-
lished in his true and full account of a conference, &c. his
i^marks, and in them his pretended confutation of what he
calls Dr. T.'s (Dr. Tillotson's) Rule of Faith ;"« Six Con-
ferences concerning the Eucharist, wherein is shewed, that
ft
-« : ■ • • ■
, *^ Dodd, 10 his Ciiarch,Hi)S,torf, meDtioQt ibis Andrew Pulton sligbily, and
•« dfstini^uishedoikly for his cottfertioce with Dr. Tenlson. See Dodd, vol. III.
120 T E N 1 S O N.
the doctrine of Traiisubstantiation overthrows the proofs of
the Christian religion/' frotn the Flrench of La Placette ;
*<The Difference between the Church of England and the
Church of Rome ; in answer to a book written by a Ro-
manist, entitled The Agreement between them ;" and *^ An
Examination of Bellarmine*s tenth note of holine;»s of life.**
About this time Dr. Tenison preached a sermon at the
funeral of the famous Nell Gwynn, one of Charles II.'s
mistresses, whom he represented as a penitent. This drew
upon him some censure ; and perhaps the measure was not
a very prudent one, even supposing the fact of her peni-
tence to be as be represented. His enemies, however,
could hot have many just objections to what he said, as
they were reduced to the meanness of publishing a false
copy of the sermon, against which Dr. Tenison advertised.
In 1680^ a considerable sum of money, we are not told by
whom, was deposited in bis hands, jointly with Dr. Simon
Patrick, to be laid out in works of charity, according to
their discretion; and after distributing some part of it ac-
cordingly in charitable uses, they settled the remainder as
a kind of fund for augmenting the insufficient maintenance
of poor vicars. This they managed themselves for some
years, dividing the sum of 100/. among twenty vicars, half
of the diocese of Canterbury, the other of Ely, at the equal
rate of 5L to each vicar; but in 1697 they assigned over
the whole stock, amounting to 2400/. to sir Nathan Wright,
lord keeper of the great seal, and other trustees, ft^r the.
^ame purposes.
Resuming his pen against popery. Dr. Tenison now pub-
lished five more treatises or tracts on the subject, entitled
**The Introduction to Popery not founded in Scripture;"
** An answer to a letter of the Roman catholic soldier;''
** Speculum Ecclesiasticum ; or an ecclesia^itical prospec-
tive glass considered in its faUe reasonings and quotations ;**
"The incurable Scepticism of the Church of Rome," trans-
lated from Placette; and <*The Protestant and Popish way
gf interpreting Scripture, impartially compared, in answer
to Pax vobis, &c." alt in 4to, and published in 1688 or
1689. We are told that, notwithstanding his zeal in this
cause, he was so much respected at court, thdt James IL
was induced, out of regard to him, to take off the suspension
which that infatuated monarch had laid upon Dr. John Sharp
(See SHAttP, vol. XXVII. p. 400) ; "but there is more reason
to think that this, on the king^s part, was an attempt at
T E N I S O N. £21
•oaciliation^ when he found ho^ unpopular that and bk
other measures in favour pf popery were.
In the succeeding reign, Dr. Tegison is said to have acr
quired favour at court, on account o£ his moderation towards
the dissenters. He was one of those who dwelt fondly oft
the hopes of a comprehension, as it was called, to be effect*
ed partly by a review of the Liturgy. Immediately after
the revolution, he was promoted to be archdeacon of Lou*
•don, and was appointed one of the commissioners to pre-
pare matters towards reconciling the dissenters for the con-
vocation. He even wrote a defence of it, entitled ^^ A Dis-
course on the Ecclesiastical commission, proving it agree-
able to the word of God, useful to the convocation, &c.**
168i), 4to, but he soon found the main object to be un-
attainable, neither party being satisfied with the proposed
alterations in the liturgy* It was this endeavour to conci-
liate the dissenters which is said to' have induced queen
Mary to solicit that he might have the bishopric of Lincoln,
to which be was accordingly nominated Nov. 25, 1691, and
consecrated at Lambeth, Jan. 10 following. The writer of
his life, in Bvo, tells us that the earl of Jersey, then master
pf the horse to her majesty, endeavoured as much as pos-
sible to prejudice Dr. Tenison in her majesty's opinion, in.
order to gain her interest for his friend Dr. John Scott, rec-
tor of St* Giles's in the fields ; and represented to her ma-
jesty, who was speaking of Dr. Tenison in terms of respect,
that he had preached a funeral sermon, in which he had
spoken favourably of Mrs. Eleanor Gwyn, one of king
Charles lid's mistresses. *^ What then ?" said the queen,
^/ I have beard as much. This is a sign, that that poor
unfortunate woman died penitent; for if I can read a man's
heart throt^gh his looks, had she not made a truly pious
and Christian end, the doctor could never have been in-
duced to speak well of her.*'
He bad ho^ been seated in this see above two years,
^hetijt upon the death of Dr. Marsh, he was offered the
archbishopric of Dublin; but be made it the condition of
bis . acceptance, that the impropriations belonging to the
estates itben forfeited to the crown, should be all restored
to the respective parish churches. The king thought this
yery reasonal^le, but the difficulties were found so grea|
t^at i^ never could b^ carded into execution ^ and Instead
f^ft being translated into Ireland, bishop Tenison was raised
i^ I694^.fippp the de^th of Dr. Tillolson, to thp see ol
ISS T £ N I S O N.
Canterbury. Dr. Kentiet observes, that upon the death dt
archbishop Tillptson, ** it was the solicitous care of the
Court to fill up the see of Canterbury. The first pei:son
that seemed to be offered to the eye of the world, was Dr.
StillingBeet, bishop of Worcester; but his great abilities
had raised some envy and some jealousy of him : and, in-
deed, his body would not have borne the fatigues of such a
station. Even the bishop of Bristol, Dr. John Hall, mas*
ter of Pembroke college, Oxford, was recommended by a
great party of men, who had an opinion of his great piety
and moderation. But the person most esteemed by their
majesties, and most universally approved by the ministry,
and the clergy, and the people, was Dr.Tenison, bishop of
Lincoln, who had been exemplary in every station of his
life, had restored a neglected large diocese to some disci*-
pline and good order, and had before, in the office of a
parochial minister, done as much good as, perhaps, was
possible for any one man to do. It was with gre-at impor*
tunity, and after rejecting better offers, that he was pre-
'vailed with to take the bishopric of Lincoln ; aird it was
with greater reluctancy, that he now received their majesties'
desire and command for his translation to Canterbury.
Burnet speaks much to the same purpose, although his
opinion of Dr. Tenison seems never to have been very
high ; and adds, that at this time ** he had many friends,
and no enemies."
* Soon after his promotion to the archbishopric, queen*
Mary was seized with the small pox, which proved fiactal,'
and at her desire archbishop Tenison attended her during
her illness, was present at her death, and preached a fune*
ral sermon, which is said to have given some offence, and
was severelycensured in a letter to his grace by Dr. Ken^
the deprived bishop of Bath and Wells, who maintained
that the archbishop was guilty of neglect of duty in not
having represented to her majesty when on her death-bed
" the gr«^at guilt she lay under by her conduct at the re*
volution.-* Of this letter, Dr.Tenison took no notice, for
which few will now blame him. A ** Defence of his Ser-
irtort" wail afterwards published by his friend Dr. John
Withams. But if Dr. Tenison failed in bringing the queen
to repentance for ** the revolution,'* he is said to have pro-
duced some good effects on the king's disposition.* W*hen
the queen died, William was deeply affected, and impressed
With ^rf sefious notions, which, we are told, Dr.Tenison
' TEN ISDN. 229
■
^ncourag^d^ * aud .in one ioslnnce (the king^s iliieit. om^
nectioo with iaiiyVilliers) urged the beinousness o£ that
crime with suqh power, that, if we may believe Whi«totS^
bis majesty promised nev^ tO; seetbat lady more. Tbe
archbishop is also said to have been instrumental in healing
some differences in the royal family, especially respecting
tbe settlement of the princess Anne of Denmark. .
1 The several injunctions and circular letters to his clergy
for preserving .the order and discipline of the church, and
for healing tbe animosities that arose in bis time respect?-
ing the doctrioe. of tbe Trinity, are such as have been
thought to reflect honour on his high station. It was in
his timej too, that tbe disputes occurred respecting the
distiuct powers of tbe two^houses of convocation, which
proved ultimately tbe ruin of that assembly, so that, as has
been justly remarked, while every other church and every
sect, has its synods, or other assemblies of tbe kind, the
church of England has no longer any thing preserved but
the mere forqa.of meeting and breaking up.
^ In 16^6> be gave a signal proof of his zeal for the re-i
vplivtion in tbe ^ase of sir John Fenwick's attainder. Oil
this occasion,, when the celebrated Mr. Nelson requested
bis vote against that bill, the equity of which was much
disputed, the aixbhisbop said, ^^ My good friend, give me
leave to tell you, .that I know not what spirit this man, noi>
I, am of. i wish for his, nor no man's blood : but bow can
I do my dut^ to Cod and the king, should I declare a man
innocent (for my. not being on. the side of the bill will conw
vince the world that I think him so) when I am satisfied in my
conscience,, not only from Goodman's evidence, but all the
convincing testimonies in the worlds that he is guilty. Laws '
ex post facto jn^y indeed carry tbe face of rigour with them;
but, if ever, a law was necessary, this is.V . :.
In 1700| bis grfice obtaiued a commission, authorizing,
liimy jointly .with the archbishop of York,, and four othec
prelates,. vi^. Bprnet.of Salisbury, Lloyd of Worces^r, Pa-<>
trick. pf £ly, and Moor .of Norwich, to cecoooimend to Jhi».
majesty,, proper persons for all the eccle&iasudal pr^feiK*
ment^ inj his. gift, above (be. value of 20/. pen an».<in the;
book.of first fruits and tenths. He, continued in the/stmer
favo.qr at court until the death of king William, whomhcw
cpQ^antly attended. in his illness, aod preivailed, with hioii.
t^ put tbe ia^t hand. to a bill for tbe beti^r security of tbe^
pi^ote^tant ^ucce^sion* In conaequenoe of hi* s^a«ioj>, be
tSi T E N I S O N.
had the boROiir of crowning queen An net ^^^ ^ iMit en*
joj much favour at her court. During the first three yean
of her reign he steadily opposed the bill to prevent occa^
•ional conformity. At the same time he was not neglectful
of what concerned the welfare of the established churcbyi
and engaged Dr. White Kennet, afterwards bishop of Peter«
boruugh, to write ** The case of Impropriations^ &c." in,
consequence of the queen's halving given the first fruitt
for augmenting the maintenance of the poorer clergy. Iq
1705^ he wrote a letter to the princess Sophia, acquaint*
ing her with his own zeal in particular, and that of ber»
friends, for the security of the Hanover succesttion, to
which he received au answer, in which her highness gave
some intimation of her desire to come *to England at that
juncture. Tbis letter of hers was published some time
after, together with one from sir Rowland Gwynn to the .
earl of Stamford, upon the same subject of the princess'f
coming over ; which last being voted by both houses to be
a scandalous libel, tending to create misunderitandinga be*
tween her majesty and the princess Sophia, the publisher^
Charles Gitdon, was fined 100/. by the court of queen's
bench. But notwithstanding that our archbishop'* aeal in
this matter could not.be very agreeable to her mi^ty,
who was always averse to the notion of a visit firom the
electress, yet in April 1706 he was nominated first com*
jnissioner in the treaty of union between England and
Scotland. The same year, he concurred with the majo-
rity of the lords in their resolution against those who iu*
sinuated that '^ the church was in danger,"
On the death of queen Anne he was appointed one of the
three officers of s^ate in whose bands were lodged, by au«
thority of parliament, one of those instruments empower--
ing her successor, if abroad at the time of her demise, to
appoint auch regents as be should think proper, to continue
the administration in his name till his arrival. He had
afterwards the honour of crowning George I. and of being
admitted to a private conference \«ith him. This was, how-
ever, bis last attendance on that prince, as his infirmities,
and particularly frequent attacks of the gout, rendered it
necessary for him to live as retired as possible at his palace
at Lambeth, where he died Dec. I*!*, 1715, in the seventy*
ninth year of bis age. He was interred privately in the
chancel of the church of Lambeth, and in the same vauh
with his wife,^ who died the Receding year, leaving him
T E N I S o N.. aas
I
.without issue. By hi$ will he bexju^atbed very large sums
to charitable purposes, and proved a liberal benefactor to
.Bene't college, Cambridge, the library of St, Paul's ca«
ihedral^ the society for the propagation of the gospel,
queen Anne's bounty, Bromley Ci^Hege^ &c. The residue
of his fortune, which was very considerable, he ord^r^d to
be equally divided among the children of bis kinsmen, Dr.
Edward Tenison (afterwardsbishopofOssory), Mr. Richard
Tubby, and Mr. George Fage.
■' The author of the ** Memoirs of his Life*' says, he was a
]kelate ^^ who, through the whole course of his life, always
practised that integrity and resolution ha first set out with;
Xior was he influenced by the changes of the age he lived
in-, CO act contrary to the pure and peaceab^ti spirit of Ui^
gospel, of which he was so bright an ornament." , He add%
that he was *^ an exact pattern of that exemplary piety,
charity, steadfastness, and good conduct requisite in a go*
vernor of the church." Dr. Richardson, in bis e(i|ition of
Godwin's Lives of the Bishops, at first brought a serious
charge against Dn Tenison for neglecting the fairest opt
portunity of introducing the ecclesiastical polity of the
church of England into the kingdom of Prussis^ ; but h^
w«s afterwards so fully convinced of the injustice of tbi#
jcfiafge, a^ to alter the page of his wprk in which it wa$
brought forward, and lay the blame upon those to whom
it more ptoperly belonged. Swift appears to have spokeu
wi Ai' great di^espect of archbishop Teoison, for which no
better reaa(on can be given than his prejudices against the
whigS| to which p$rty Tenison was supposed to belong ;
^iid is s'aiii to have furnished some hinjts for Steele's me«
morttble ** Crisis," for which the latter was expelled the
House of Commons. The archbishop, however, had ad <^
milkers in many of bis contemporaries^ especially Dr. Garth, '
who has introduced him in the 2nd canto of the Dispen-:
sary, with a handsome compliment, in the form of a com^
pbiint from E'^ivy : ■ '
.1
^' Within this isle for ever must I find
Disasters to distra^^t my restless liiind ?
Good Tenison *s celestial piety
/At last has raised him to the sacred see.**
The celebrated nonconformist Baxter likewise held bjm;
in admiration. Besides the works already mentioned, he
pobHflihed sonfe occasional sermons, anel'i^suppOi^ed to have,
be«n the au^bpr of a trafct entitled '< Grievances 9f tbe*^
Vol. XXIX. Q
S26 T E R B U R G H.
Cburcfa oF England, which are not in the power q( the g<^
pernors to remedy/* '
TERBURGH (Gbrard), a Dulch painter, was born in
I608^at Zwol^ nearOTeryssel. He learned ibe artof painting
ander his father, who had passed some years at Rome. He
travelled over the chief part of Europe, and was every
where much encouraged. His subjects were usually con^
▼ersations, persons employed in games, or in humorous
adventures. His colouring is lively, and bis pictures highly
finished. But he is not thought equal ^ther to Mieris or
Gerard Dow, in the same style. He died in 1681, at the
age of seventy «three. •
TERENTIANUS (Mauaus), was a Latin poet and gram^
marian, whose age is not ^cactly known, unless be Vas the
Posthumus Terentianus to whooi Longinus dedi^atlEsd * his
admirable treatise on the sublime, and wbdm^Martial ^e«»
}ehrates as prasfect of Syene, in Egypt. Both these.tfaifi^
are uncertain, hut both have been affirmed by Vossilis,
and others. Some have also ealled brm a'Canhaginfaa;
that he was a Moor, he himself tells us, and thence be ia
called Maurus. Certain it is, that he was earlier than St;
Augustin, who quotes him, De Civ« Dei, ri.. 2. He wrote
a most el^ant poem in various measures, ^^ De Uteris^ syl*>
labis, pedibus, et metris," addressed to his son Bissinnii^
and his son-in-law Novatemus, which gives a tridy pleasing
impression of his genius, and admirably exemplifies tbh
precepts it delivers. This poem is stUl estanlV' having
been found in a monastery at Bobbio, in the Milanese^ bj
G. Morula. It was first published by him at Milan, with
Ausonius, in 1497^ afterwards by Janus Parrhastu8,>and
Nic. Brissoius ; then by Jacobus Micyllus, at Francfort^
1584, in 8vo. It appeared also in the ** Gi*ammatici ve^
teres," of Putscbius, published at Hanau, in 1605^ 4 to;
*knd in the *^ Corpus omnium veterum' Poetarum Romanoi^
mm," Geneva, 1611, 2vols. 4to.^
TERENTIUS (PuB*.ius), or TERENCE, an aneient
dramatic writer among the Romans, was a native of Car<^
thage, and bora in the year of Rome 560. ^ He was brought
earlj to Rome, among other slaves, and fell into the bands
of a generous master, Terentius Lucanus, a Roman se*
aator, who was to taken with his uncommon parts, that be
, '^1 Memoirs of the L\h hb^ Tiol^i of, Svo, ao date.— Bio;. Brit.-*— MMls^'a
Hist, of C. C. C. C.
.^ Kilh&DfiMi^ » MorcrK-i^VottHiP.— >Sa»i Qaoiaact.
fEttriSTTlUS. 327
gaveliidi foster goad lectoeatioiiy mud afterwards bis liberty.
He received his name, as well as hi^ libert^^ from Teren-i'
tiur iiuoanus, as the oosufm ivasr; and thii?, by a singular
fatality, says inafdain Bacier/ urfaale he faas imaiortalized tlie
aiame of bis master, bebas not been abie to preserve his own.
ihs merit soosi recqmdiencled him to the acquaintance and
iamiliartty^of' the ehief Tiobility ; and such was his friend-
ship, with Scipio and LeeHus, that his rivals iand enemies
(ooko<K»isi0n from tbeoce to say that his plays were com-
posed b^y tbeae noblemen. Suetonius relates a story from
£)ortieiius Nepos,. whtbli may ^eem to confirm such a sur«
mise: it is, that on the 1st of March, which was the feast
<if-«tfieHoman ladies, Lselius being desired by his wife to
sup a little soouer than ordinary, he prayed her not to
distari) him; and that, coming very late to supper that
lught, h^^aid ke bad nerer composed any thing with more
{deasuneand siiccess ; when, bekig asked by the company
what it was, be lepeBZeA some verses out 4^f the third scene
ot'tbe loQftfa aet in the ^* Heaulpntimoromenos." Terence
takes tiertice of this report in his prniogiie to the ^^ Adeipbi;'-
and does ttot offer to refute it; but Snetonius says that he
forboreyin complaisance to his patrons, who might possibly
not be displdjtsed with it; and, indeed, in the prologue to
ihe *^ HeautoHtfrnorumenos,^' Terence desired the auditors
potf to credit the slanderous reports of bis brother writers.
it is very possible that Scipio and Ltelius might sometimes
amuse themselves with composing a scene or two for u
poet, with wboar they conversed, so familiarly ; but the
plays were certainty Terence's.
^ We have six of them remaining, and probably one or
(wp are lost^ for the ^'Andria" does not Seem to have been
has first4 The very prologue to this play intinrates the
contrary; and thecircumstuicejrelatedby Saetoriiias, about
Tenenc^^s readtiig^ his fira^ piece Co Csecilin^, proves the
** Andria^' not to have been it, « and: that Suetonius Jias mis^
tdken ihe:nai3t)e of the play ; 'for ^GefGiliicsLUied twb years
before the *^ Andria'^ was brought one the stage; CaBcitius
was th6 best poet of the age^ and near founridore nh»ti
Terenee oiiened fab fir^ play ; mndv'Tegardiiwiib'patdto
Im judgment, and ^ ^erefpre>the sediie .ofitfRed Kierent^tl
H» wait upon Ceeoihus.with bis play Jbidfofa be, woi|ld veni^
ture to receive it. The old gentleman, being at table,
biff the "young autlioir take k stool, a:nd begin, to read ..it
to him. .it. is<,jCii)flerved.bd^Suetonius, that Terence's dress
a 3
S2« T E R E N T I U 8.
was mean, so that his outside did not much recotemen^
him; but he bad not gone through the first scene when
Caecilius invited him to sit at table with him, deferring
to have the rest of the play read till after supper^ Thtis^
with the advantage of Ciecilius's recommendation, did Te*
rence*$ first play appear, when Terence cotild not be twen«
ty-five ; for the " Andria" was acted when he was but
twenty-seven. The ** Hecyra'' was acted the year follow-
ing ; the ** Self- tormentor, or Heautontimoramenos,*' two
years after that ; the <' Eunuch" two years aftei^ the *^ Seif^
tormentor ;'' the ^^ Phormio," the latter end of the same
year; and, the year afterwards, the ^'Addphi, or Bro-*
thers," was acted; that is, 160 B.C. when Terence was
tbirty-<three years of age.
After this, Terence went into Greece, where he stayed
about a year, in order, as it is thought, to collect some of
llen^nder^s plays. He fell sick on his return from thence^
and died at sea, according to some; at Stympbalts, a
town in Arcadia, according to others. From the above ac«
count, we cannot have lost above one or two of Terence's
plays ; for it is impossible to credit what Suetonius repona
fronr one Cbnsentius, an unknown author, namely, thai
Terence was returning with above an hnndred of Metian*--
der^s plays, which he had translated, but that he lost them
by shipwreck, and died of grief for the loss. Terence was
of a middle size, very slender, and of a dark (^omplto^on.
He keft a daughter behind him, who was afterwards mar*
ried to h Roman knight. He left also a house and gar-
den$ on the Appian way, near the Villa Martls, so that the
notion of his djnng poor is very improbable. If -fa'e'cotrid
be supposed to have reaped no advantages frdm the frieni}*-'
ship of Kcipio and Lselius, yet his plays must have brought
him in ^considerable sums« He received eight thtiQsand
sesterces for his '* Eunuch,'* which was acted twice in one
day; a piece iff good fortune which perhaps never hap-
pened to any! other plaj^, for plays with 'the Ronfaraui Werts
never designed to serve above two or thr^e times.- There
i$ no doubt that he was well paid 'for the rest ; fcfr it ap-
pears from the prologtie to the *< Hecyra,'* thtt the poets
used to be pind every time their play was acted. At this
pate, Terence must have made a handsome fortune before*
i)e died, for most of his plays Wereitcted more than once in
Sis^ife^itme. *
•.'. ' • •-•' ..
4
T E R E N T I U & 229
" It xirould Ims endless to mention the testimonies of thd^
ancients in his favour^ or the high commendations bestowed
upon him hj modern commentators and critics. Menander
was his model, and from him he borrowed many of his ma*
terials. He was not content with a servile imitation of
Menander, but always consuhed his own genius, and made
such alterations as seemed to him expedient. His enemies
bUined bi^ conduct in this; but in the prologue to the
^' Andria," be pleads guilty to the charge, and justifies
ti^hat he had done by very sufficient reasons. The come*
dies of Terence were in great repute an^ong the Romans ;
ihough Plautus, having more wit, more action, and more
vigour, was sometimes more popular upon the stage. Te*
pence's chief excellence consists in these three points,
beauty of characters, politeness of dialogue, and regularity
of scene. His characters are natural,^ exact, and finished
to 'the last degree ; and no writer, perhaps, ever came up
to him for propriety and decorum in this respect. .If he
bad laid the scene at Rome, and made his characters Ro*
man, instead of Grecian; or if there had' been a greater
variety in the general cast of his characters, the want of
both- which things have been objected to him ; his plays
might have been more agreeable, might have more affected
those for whose entertainment they were written ; yet in
what he attempted be has been perfectly successful. Tbe
elegance of his dialogue, and the purity of his diction, are
acknowledged by all : by Caesar, Cicero, Paterculus, and
Q.uintilian, among tbe ancients; and by all tbe moderns.
If Terence could not attain all the wit and, humour of
Menander, yet, he fairly equalled himii^ chasteness and
correctness of style.
The moderns have been no less united in their praise of
the style of Terence. Erasmus says, that " the purity, of
the Roman language cannot be learned frpm any ancient
author sq well as from Terence; and many have, given, it
as their opinion, that the Latin tongue cannot.be lost while
the comedies of Terence remain. This Roman, urbanity
and purity of diction shews Terence to hare been made a
slave very young, and his education to have been wholly
Roman, since otherwise bis style could never have been so
Jree from tbe tincture of his African origin* Regularity
of scene, or proper disposition and conduct of the dramsk,
is a third excellence of Terence. His scene, as Conjgreve^
who calls him the correctest writer in the world, has well
230 T E R E WT ru s;
observedy:a1wny8 proceeds in a regular contiddion^ tb%
persons going off and on for visible reasons, and to carry^
on the action of the pia^f, and, upon the whole, the faults
and imperfections are so few, that they scarcely deserve ta
be mentioned. Scaliger said, there were not three in the \
whole six plays : and the comica visj which ^Cssar wiMiea
for bim, would probably have suited our taste less than^
his pcesent delicate humour and wit. Madam Dacier baa
observed, that ^* it would be difficult to determine whi^hr
of nis six plays deserves the preference, since they hav^
each of them their peculiar excellencies. The ** Andrta**^
and "Adelphi," says she, "appear to excel in cbafacliers''
and manners; the "Eunuch*' and '♦Phofmio,'* In vigtr*
rous action and lively intrigue ; the " Heautontimortrme-
nos'* and " Hecyra/* id sentiment, passion, and tfimplieity.
of style.'* ^
The best editions of Terence are, the Elzevir, 16S^,
12.no; that " cum integris notis Donati, et selectis vari-
orutn, 1686," 8vo; thatof Westefhoviutf, in two'vt>lume8,
quarto, 1726; and of " Bentley,*' thci skihe year^ 4to;
the immaculate Edinburgh editioh of 175&;' l^md, aud the
edition of Zeunius, in two volumes^ Leipsld,- 1774, Bv6^'
with very copious hotefe and index. Madatki !>acier'ha^
given a most beautiful French version of this author ; vxiK
in English we have a translation in blank-verse, by €l6lman, *
which is justly esteerted. * ' ■' * ' . x ^»
TERKASSON (Andrew), the first o^a literary iairiily*
of considerable note in France, was th^ eldest bf tlte^ four'
sons of Peter Terrasson, a lawyer of LybRs; s^ndf became it'
priest of the oratory, preacher totheking^ and aJFtefr ward* ^
preacher to the court of Lorraiu; His pulpit servfces wei^-'
much applauded, and attended by the nlost crowded coiw-
gregationis; ' "His eicertions during Lent in the metropolitan*
church Mt ?aris threw him itito an iUness of which he died-
April 25, 1723. His " Sermons" were-printed ina^Sfe,
4 vftls.'l 2*0^0/ 'and reprinted in 1736/*^ l
TEHliASiJON (John), brother to the preceding, was '
born at Lj/btife in 1670, and educated at the house of the'
oratory at Pdris, which he quitted very soon. He after*
wairds ehtoretl into it again, and then left it finally, a proof
oPTinsteadiness,\at which his father wa» so angry, having
t 't . ^ .. • /
1 Crnsius's Lives of ttie Roman Poets.— Vosstut.— Fabric. Bibl. Lal.-^Saxii
Oaoaiast. • . ^ 0ict. Hilt. <
T E R R A S S O N, «l
ne^oWed ()Q>reed up all his sons to the church, that he re*
dMced bisa by bis will to a very moderate iucome ; whichj
hQw<;yery Joba bore without complaining. He. went to
Paris, .and obtaix>ed the apquaintance of the abbiS Bignon,
who became hij» projector and patron, and procured him a.
plac« in the academy of sciences in 1707. In 1721, be
Wias. elected d processor in the college royal. W^en the.
disputes about Hi^mer between LaMotteand madam Da-^.
cier were at tbeir height, he thought proper to enter the
lists, a;id wrote ^' Upe Dissertation contre Flliade,^^ in 2
"^s^ 19mOy. which did yery little* credit to his taste or
judgment. He bad, however, better success in his /^ Se-
thos/* which, as a learned and philosophical romance, has
considerable merit. It has been translated into English,
Another work of Terrassoo is ** A French Traoslation of,
Piodorus Siculus, with a preface and notes,'' which lias
been much commended.
.He died SepI;. 15, 1750, with the iieputation of having,
been one of the best practical philosophers of his age. Ac-
cording to D'Alembert, in bis ^^ History of the Members
of the French Academy," he was absent, simple, totaljjr.
ignorant of the worlds with much learning, and original,
wit .and humour. He suddenly became very rich, by the
Mississ^ppi-scheito^, in favour of which he wrote a pamphlet
of ^^ lleilejKions ;" but was neither affected by bis sudden
riches, nor by the sudden ruin which followed. He said
be, bad now got tid of many difficulties in which wealth had
ii^volved him,, and, lie; should enjoy the comfort and con^,
venience of, living on a little. At the latter end of his life
he totally lost his memory, and when any question was asked .
him, ha^saida. '^ Inquire of Mrs. Luquet, my housekeeper;'^ -
and eveii jwb^n-the, priest, who confessed him in bis last.-
illness, interiro^^d him concerning the sins which he had*
cfimmitted,, be pould get no other answer from, him than
« A^k Mrs. Lnquet.V »
TERRA SSON (Gash'arb), brojther of the two preceding,,
waa.bor^ October .5, 16.80^. at Lyons. At the age of eight-
een, he was^ent by his father to the bouse of the oratoiy .;
at PariS]^ where be immediately devoted himself tei the stu^y
of scripture and- the fatbem, and taiiffbt afterwardit in dif-..
ferent houses of bis oi^fier, cbie0y at Troyes, where he spo^ce .
a funeral oration for the dauphin, son of Louis XIV. in the
iDict. Btft.
a« T E R R A S S O N.
FrftttGiscan church. , Notwithstanding fcb^ toQc^as wfaich-
attended. this hrst essay of his talents for the pulp|it^ he did
not continue to preach, but only delivered exhortations in tiie
seminaries fiut after his brother's deaths heiAg solicited
to biipply several j.ulpits where the deceased had engaged
himself, be soon acquired a degree of reputation superior
to that which Andrew Terrasson bad enjoyed, l)e preached
at Paris during 6ve years, and, among other ocpasipi>^» a:
whole Lent in tbe metropolitan church, to a very num^rouji
congregation. • Various circumstances^ particularly hia^t*
tacbnient to the Jansenists, obliged him afterwards to quit
both the congregation of the oratory and the pulpit at thf
same time ; but M. de Caylus, bishop of Auxerre^ mad^
him curate of Treigny in 1735. Persecution, however, stilli
following him, he was sent to the Bastille, which he quitted
ill 1744, to be confined with the Minimes at Argent^uik
At length, when his weakened faculties ipade him con^i*
^ered as usi^less to bis party, be was set at liberty, and
died at Paris in tbe bosoin of his family, Jan* 2, 1752,
leaving ^^Sermons^'* 4 vols. 12mo, and an anoriympu^bo^itk
entitled, *' Lettres ftnr la Justice Chr^tiennep*' which has
been censured by the Sorbonne. '
TERRAB80N (Matthew), an. eminent advptcate to the
parliament of Paris, was born August 13., 1669, and i^ras
related to the same family as the preceding, H^ was adt
mitted advocate at Parts in 1691, where his merit and
abilities soon proeared him many clients, and having made
the written law hh peculiar study, he be^amc^ is it were,
the oracle of the Lyonnois, and all the provinces wlier0
tbe law is fotfdwed. He assisted in th^ >< Journal de 8a*
vans'* during five years^ and was several years ceaaori-
royal of books of law and literature. - He diedvSe^ceinbef
30, 1734, at Paris, aged sixty-six. He left a collection ^
his own discourses, pleadings, memoirs, and consultation^
under the title of <^ CEuvres de Matthieu Terrasson,'' &q.
4to. This collection, which v(rasf much .'valued, w^ pub,«
lished by his only son> Anthony Ti^rrisson,' advocate ^ th^
parliament of Paris, and author ^f ^'L'HIstolre de la W
risprudence Romatne/' pritoied at Paris> 1750, fol ^ There
i» an edition of the wark^ of Henrys in 4 vols. ffil. with
notes by Maubew Terrabsou) priut^d by Br«toe»iief til
t >
t Diet. UfU .,,,,.,, ; » JXf-t. J^iit^Morerl.
T E R t R E. in
TChTHE i(FftAKcis JOACltiM Duport liu), a French
irriter of more industry than genius^ was born at St. Malo's,
ih 1715; He entered for a time into the society of the
Jesuits, where he tanght the learned languages. Return-
ing into the world^ he was employed with Messrs! Freron
and de la Pdrte, in some periodical publications. He was
also a member of the literary and military society of Be-^
mn^on, and of the academy at Angers. He died April 17,
I75d, at the age of forty-four. Besides his periodical
writings, he made himself known by several publications:
f. " An Abridgment of the History of England,** 3 vols.
t2mo, which has the advantages of a chronological abridg-
ment, without its dryness. The narration is faithful, sim-
ple, and clear ; the style rather cold, but in general, pure,
amd of a good taste; and the portraits dra\vn with accu-
rtlty t yet the abridgment of the abb6 Millot is generally
[Preferred, as containing more original matter. '2. " His-
tbire des Conjurations et des Conspirations celebres,^* l6
volis. l^mtr; an unequal compilation, but containing some
ifiterestihg matters. S, The two last volumes of the ** Bifai-
libthec)ue amusanre.*' 4. ** L* Almanach des Beaut-Arts,**
afterwards known by the thle of *« La France liieraire.**
He pubtfsheda very itnperfect sketch of it in 1752; but
ithafs since been extended to several vols. 8vo.' 5. **Me-
ift^ireii du Marquis db Choupes,** 1753, 1 2mo. He had
al!to a hand' In the " History of Spain,'* published by M.
Desoriiiailic.
* His son MARG^tyfiRitE-Louis-FttANdis Dijport. Duter-
TRB, "Was one of the moderate revolutionists in 1789, and
strflTei^d under the guillotine in 1793^ when moderation
became a crime.*
TERTREtJorii^ Racist r>u), a French Ddmirtican, wais
born at Calais ih Id 10. Re quitted his studies to go intd
the ttinfy and visited the various countries in a Dutch sbi[5,
but returning to France entered the Domintttin order at
Parb in 1«3S. Five years after this he was^iint' as a miS-r
aionary to the America^ islands, where he laboured zea-
iohsly^ but returned to his native country in 1658, and
died at Paris 1(587, having first revised his general his^
tory of the islands of St. Christopher, &c. and published
it mncb more complete under the title of ** Histoire g6-
ni^rale des Antilles habitues par les Francois/^ 1667,
*' Diet. Pitt.— Biog. Kloif. in Du?oiif .
S34 T E R T U D L i A.N.
167 i, 4 t?ok» 4tv It motk ivbicb was loog cootidered m of
auchoricy. ' . . ) f
TERTULLIAN (dviKTUS Septimaw Fl.OiiftN8), th^
fir»t Latin writer of ihe primilive church whos^.writiogt
are comedown to.us^ was. an Africaiii and born at Car'*:-
thage in the seoond oenturj. His father was. a oenutrien in
the .troops which served und^r the proconsul of Africa^
TertuUian was at first an heathen, and aiinan# as be hini<»
self owns in various parts of hia work% of loose maaaers;
but afterwards embraced the Christian religion,, tlioagbu^
is not known when, or upon what occasion> * He flour^eil
chiefty utider the reigns of the emperor Severua and Canii-
callai from about the year 194 to 216; aodiC; u.probaUetbaa'
h^ lived several yeari^ since Jerome iiientions.a're|^ont^ffail»< .
having attained to a decrepit old age./. There tStnb|iasi^«
sage in his writings whence it can be cono}u^ed.lhat>b#.
was a priest; but Jerome affirms it so positiveljr^<.tbat ib
cannot be doubted. He had great abilities and lenroio^
which he employed vigoroasiy ia the cause of. Ohristiamay^v
and against heathens and heretics; but .towailds .th«r.Mter
part of his. life tquiued the cborch to follow the .JMbantanisis^'
which is the reasou why bis name has not ifaeen ;tfaiiSmiited..
to us with the title of saints The caiiae^of bia«eparalMui:
is not. certainly Known. Baronius has altcibaied it to jea«<<
lottsy, because Victor was preferred befeore bias -to nhe isee
of Rome; Pamelius hkHs at bis disappoioftment,; beoause
be could not get the bishopric of Carthage ;. aaid JeuN>oM)
says, that the envy which the Bomad desgyhomhiaSr'Md
the outrageous manner with . which they treatetd bitn,<eRH^
asperated him against lihe. church, and proYoked.bioi. tar
quit it. What perhaps had as much weight aS any c^itheadi.
reasons was the extraordinary austerily^whiob^tfieseetiof
Montanus affected^ which suited bis oionaaticttimofm^aflL:
Whatever the caose^ he not only joined them, hut wrote in*
tl^ir defence, and' treated the church from which he de«>
parted, with unbecoming contempt*. . ErMr, however^ says '
a modero ecclesiastical historian^ is very inoonstaot; for<
TertuUian afterwards left the Montanis^ or nearly^ so, and i
formed a ^ect of his own, called Tertulliaoisia, whocoo^^
tinned in Africa till Augustine^s time, by wfaosei laboun j
tbeir existence^ as a distinct body^ «a^ brooght.^o a. close.
The character of Terlullian is very strongly delittie^ted by^^
■ OjC^ Hist.— Biog, ViMF> in DuTitnTWt
TEH T O L r IAN. 235
liioi^ff ia bfe dvm ^firings; if there 4)ad*be6ric»nf thFng
peculiarly Christian, which he bad learned from the Mon-^
latiiists, his works cdast httve shown it ; but the only change
dilcoverabie is, that^he increased in his austerities. He ap«
pears to have been married, and lived ail his hfe, without
separating^ rfrcgn bis wife upon bis coonnenciHg priest^ if^
indeed, he did not marry her after. The time of hia death
i8:no vd)er# mentioned.
^ JVf any hiitorians have spoken highly of the abilities and
learning of this father, particularly Eusebius, who says that
b&was one df the ablest Latin writers, and particularly in<>
sitta 4lpon bis being thoroughly conversant in the Roman
laiws ;'^ which may incline us to think that^ like his scholar,
Cyprian, be^as bred to the bar. Cyprtan used every day
thread part €^ his works, and; when he called for the book^
sard, ^Gi^e me my master,*' as Jerome r^^lates. Lacta^ntina
allows him ta have been skilled in all ktnds of learnings yet
censur0»hima»an harsh, inelegant, and abstruse writer. Je-
ranie,iiihisOatalogueof ecclesiastical writers><:aHBhimaiiiait
oi^qnitk aftd^sbarp wit -, and says, in his epistle ta Magnos^
time noautihbrhad more learning and subtlety ; but in other
pdacei fa0 Tepi^eUetids his errors and defects; and, in bis^
apoldgy against Knffinus^ ^'commends bis witv bat- oon-
dtmins/ bis^iyere^iiei." Vicentius Lirinensis givesi this cha-
racter'df him: '^^Tertullian was,*' says he, ^< among the
LoEtiii^, what Odgen was among the Greeks ; that is to say,
the &%% a'nd most considerable man they bad. For who
ismore leartfed than he i who more versed botfa m eccle*-
siasti^al^nSd pfofane knowledge? ^ Has^bO' not comprised
in his vast^eapaoiotts mind all the philosophy of the sages,
tbe maxims of the. different sects, with their histoiries, and:
vjbatever pei^tained to tfaon ? Did he ever attack any
tbtfkg wbich he has not almost always either pierced by the
vivacity of hi&wit) or overthrown by tbe force and we^ht
of his reasonings f And who can sufHoiently extd the
beiuitiea of bis . discourse, which i^ so w;eil gjiarded and:
linked together b^C a continual chain of argum^ntsi^tbat he
even forces the consent of those whcAn be cannot peisuadei?
His words are so many sentences; his aiiswers almost so^*
many victories." • . .^ . • i
Of the moderns, Malebrancbe says^ ^''T^t«Uii8^^ was^^
man of profoand learning; but he had more memoi^ithah''
judgment, greater penetration and extent of imagination
than of understsCndihg. There is no doubt that he was a
visionary^ and had all the qualities I have attributed to
iU T E R T U L L I A N.
Visionaries. The respect be had for the Tisions of Monta*
nusy and for his prophetesses^ is an incontestable proof of
the weakness of his jadgment. His fire, bis transports, bis
enthusiasms upon the most trifling subjects, plainly indi-
cate a distempered imagination. What irregular motions
'ire there in his hyperboles and figures ! How many
pompous and magnificent arguments^ that owe all their •
force to their sensible lustre, and persuade many merely
by giddying and dazzling the mind.*' He then gives er* '
amples out of his book *^ De Pallio;** and concludes with
saying, that ''if justness of thought, with clearness and ele-*
gance of expression, should always appear in whatever a
man writes, since the end of writing is to manifest the
truth, it is impossible to excuse this author ; who, by the
testimony of even Salmasius, the greatest critic of our
times, has laid out all his endeavours to become obsciare ;
and has succeeded so well in what be aimed at, that this
commentator was. almost ready to swear, no man ever un<«
derstood him perfectly."
Balzac thus expresses bis sentiments of Tertullian in a
' letter to his editor, Rigaltius : '' I expect,^' says be, *' the
Tertuliian you are publishing, that he may learn me iktU
patience, for which he gives such admirable instructions.
He is an author to whom your preface would have recon-
ciled me, if I had an aversion for him ; and if the barsh-^
ness of his expressions^ and the vices of bis age, had dis-
suaded ine from reading him : but I have had an' esteem
for him a long time ; and as bard and crabbed as be is,
yet he is not at all unpleasant to me. I have found itt
bis writihgs that black light, which is mentioned in one
of the ancient poets ; and 1 look upon his obsourlty with
tbe same pleasure as that of ebony which is very bright
and neatly wrought. This has always been my opinion ;
for as the beauties of Africa are no less amiable, though
they are not like ours, and as Sophonisba has eclipsed
several Italian ladies, so the wits of that country are not
less pleasing with this foreign sort of eloquence ; and i
shall prefer him to a great many aflfected imitators of Ci-*
Cero. And though we should grant to nice critics thatbi^
style is of iron, yet they must likewise own to us, that
out of this iron be has forged most excellent weapons:
that he has defended the honour and innocence of Chris-
tianity ; that he has ^uite routed the Valentinians, and
^trucK Marcion to the very heart." Ouf learned coun-
ryman, Dn Cave, has likewise shewn himself, still more
T E R T U I. L I A N. 23?
thaoBalzac^ an advocate for Tertullian^s style ; and, with
$ubaiission to Lactantius, who (as we have seen above) cen-
sured it us harsh, inelegant, and obscure, afBrnns, that ^^ it
has a certain majesty peculiar to itself, a sublime aoil
noble eloquence seasoned abundantly with wit and satire^
which, at the same time that it exercises the sagacity of
a reader, highly enteiftains and pleases him." The style/
however, of Tertullian, is a matter of less consequence
than those other merits which give him a rank among th^
fathers : but in this respect it seems difficult which of th^
|wo were predominant, his virtues or his defects. He .was
endued with a great genius, but seemed deficient in point
of judgment. His piety was warm and vigorous, but at
the same time melancholy and austere, and his credulity
and superstition, learned as he was, were such as could
only have been expected from the darkest ignorance. Hq
placed religion too much in austere observances ; and in
this respect, the littleness of his views appears conspicuous
in the very first tract in the volume of his works, *^ Da
Pailio," the purport of which is to recommend a vutgac
and r^istic kind of garment for Christians in the place of
the Roman toga; but a more remarkable instance is giv^
of bis absurd scrupulosity about such trifles, in which ho
wttrmly approves the conduct of a Christian soldier who
refused to wear a crowrr of laurel which bis commander had
given him with the rest of the regiment, and was punished
for bis disobedience. Upon the whole, although bis woikti
throw some light on the state of Christianity in bis time^
they contain very little matter of useful instruction.
The principal editors of this father, who have giveit
editions of his works in one collected body, are Rhenanus,
Pameliu9, and Rigaltius, Rhenanus first published them
at Basil in 1521, from two manuscripts which he had pro*
eured from two abbeys in Germany. As this editor was
well versed in all parts of learning, and especially in eccle-
siastical antiquity, so none have laboured more success-
fully than he in the explication of Tertullian ^ and RigaU
tius has observed, with reason, that he wanted nothing to
hitve*made his work complete, but more manuscripts: and.
though^ says Du Pin, his notes have been censured by the
Spanitsh inquisition, and put at Rome into the Index ex--
purgaCorius, yet tliis should not diminish the esteem we,
onght to have for him. Rhenanus^s edition had beeu
printed a great number -of times, when Parnfelius porblished
S38 T E R T U L L I A N.
^^rtutlkti witb f«ew comotentaries^ dt AfHXvlsrp^Mn lOT^^;
«od although t bis editor has been blatiWd ' fdr 4%iNS<6^f^
40O o^ach to tbihgs foreign to bis points; yet bis tiote^ ^
use&l and ieftrned. His edition, as widt' ^s'R'beiiahiiF^
has been printed often^ in varioug {>biees. 'Aft^ri:lkedtef^'tb^
learned Rigaltias produced hh ^ition in ;l^^,'>^bich'T»
£ar preferable to either of the former ; for; bavirfjg sdfn^
0)ai3ti<»cripts, and other advantages which the foriMi^r edUdrs ^
ivantedy be has given a inore correct text. He hi^ ^e
accompanied it with notes, in which he has explaineddif^
licak passages, cleared some ancient custoifiYS, a^vd^df^*
cussed many curious points of learning. The greatest d&i
jection to this editor has been made by the Roman teath<^
Jios, who say that be has occasionally made obserration^
not favourable to the presem practice of the ohorch :'• bnt^
says Du Pin, *^ whatever exceptions tnay be niade ^ hhi
divinity, his remarhs relating to grammar, orittoi^n), and "
the explication of difficult passages, are e^celleht:- • ^M
new edition of Tertullian was begun at Halle, by ^e^l^,^
in 1770, and six parta published in small Svo^ahd. thte ^tne
was reprinted mth a view to be continued by Ob#rthbr^' fi^
17 80-^^1, ^vofs. Svo, but neither the offe i^r lfa^4dth>6\^
bave j>een completed. Detached pieciiss of ^itylltSrntlS^iff
been edited byvery learned critics, ^alinasilid b<e^tdiretf
a. very vQluminou^ comment upon biil^ inMll^ piee^*A^€)e
PalliD/^ the best edition of which is that ^ Li^yd'eny^^O^^
in 8Vo ; but some <sq under- rate it a^totbii^Ii thd^il^'^^nh^
cipal value is a fine print of Salmasim, plaM4 btp'^Sl^ I96P
ginning of it His ^< ApoIogetiQua,'*- as it lla« i^^^tf'lGiSt^l^
xead, so it has been ^be oftenest pobKsbod of 4lt^^l|i^ f&^^
tber's works^ This apology for Cbristta^lliy ^sitid^it^'^^
f^ssofs was wricren abotit the year SOOf ih th^ begitffiM^
of the persecution under the emperor Sev^ki^. ^« {t^ i^ <^6mf>
luonly believed that he ^oteit at Rome, atvd ftddr^ii8<ed^f#
to the senate : but it is more probable that i^wftii ^(itnp^^^^
inAfriica, as, ihdeed^ be does not address bimc^f toUt^
senaae^ but to the procomsul of Africa, and th^ g^^rfi^^i^
of the.pro^iiices*^^ 'The best edition of it is that hyHH^^^
camp^ Htiieyded, 1718, Svo.^ ■ '■'' -^"^s
TE&I^. (ihfiTRo)/ jiti Italian painter and^ ^gr«f^^
was b^RBjac lAsedA in li6tl. It is thought^ ttoilti#b^gftA^,
hi»stodaeaiin;his n^th^ cityi but be 4«^aifpjUti#lit'id §^€l^
1 DopiD.— CaTe.— TillemQflt^^^Mostieim and Milaer's C|i. Hist»
T E S T A» Q$9
Bone, where he became a diseiple of Dominichiao. He
was to attached to the pursuit of bis profession, that while,
he was eopyirig the antiques at Rome be forgot to provide
fpv his omi subsistence. He was relieved from great wreteli-
edtiess by the compassioo of Sandran, who recooioiended
him effectually ta prince Giustiniani, aud other patrons.
He was uofortunately drowned in the Tiber, at tbe age of
tbirty^nine, in 1&50, endeavouring to recover his faat^ which
liatd be^n biown into tbe river.
* The style of Pietro Testa as a designer, Mr. Fuselt pro*
noonees unequal ; ** he generally tacked to antique torsos
ignoble heads and extremities copied from vulgar models.
Of female beauty be seems to have been ignorant* Of his
compositions, generally perplexed an4 crowded, the best
known and most correct, is that of Achilles draggi^Dg Hec-
tor from the walls of Troy to tbe Grecian fleet. He de*-
lighted in allegoric subjects, which are mines of picturesque
effects and attitudes, but in their meaning as obscure as
the oeeasiens to- which they allude. Of expression ' he
knew only the extremes, grimace^ or loathsomeness and
horror (* but tbe charge of having been a bad colofufist^ ia
fooadedion igborances bis tone is geaid, faarikionious, and
warm^-as his pencil outrrowy and dree ; supported: by pow«
erfu) imasses.of ohiaroscuro and transparent shades." *
TEXKII^A (Jk^sph Peter), a learned Portuguese Do«.
ntinioan^ Was> bern in I54S. He was prior of the content
at.$sptareui il7^ when king Sebastian undertook the Afri*^
caoi .e^xpeditisA in wbicb be perished. Cardinal Henry,
wi^ipucceeded) bim> dying eoon after, Texeira joined she
friends oliAni^hoi^, who had been proclaioied king by the
people, and. constantly adhered to him. He aceompamed
this prinee into France, 1581, to solicit belp against Pbitifir
n^who disputed the crown with bim. Though Anthony V
ildmon^r^ be 'was honoured wiih tiie title of preacher aud^
OQuoseUor to Henry III; and after tbe d«ath of- that ttio«
n^ircb, atiaabed himself to Henry IV;. with wkon» hebe*^
oaoie agreat&Tourite. He died about 1620. Te3pera%^
worki clearly discoverhis hatred of the Spaniards, fndhts
aversion to Philip II. who took Portugal from prince An^
tbonyt It h asserted^ that as he was preaching one. day ton
the love of OAir neighbour, he said, <^ We are obliged to
love all joieo of whatever religion, sect^ of nation^ eveu^
I PDkUiftM,
•^ >
^40 T E X E I R A.
. Castiliani.*' His ppliticali historical, and (btelogici^l vvril-
ings ara very nuoierous. ^* De PortugaUi» ortu/* Pari*,
I582»4to,70paget|5carce. Atreati&e ^^OnibeOnBanunV'
1398, 1 20)0 ; ** Adventurei of Don Sebastiao/' 8vo•^
TKXTOR. SpeTlXIER.
I'UALES, a celebrated Gr^k pbiloaopher^ and the fint^
of the seven wise men of Greece, was born at Miletus aboift
640 years B» C* After acquiring the usual learning of hi»
own country, he travelled into Egypt and several parts of
Asia, to learn asironomy, geooietry, mystical divinity, na«
tural knowledge, or philosophy, &c. In Egypt he mefe
for some time great favour from the king, Amasis ; bul be
lost it again by the freedom of bis remarks on the eonduct
' of kings, which, it is said^ occasioned hit return to his owb
country, where he communicated the knowledge be hii4
acquired to many disciples, among the principal of. whpm
, were Anaximander, Anaximenes, and Pythagoras, and wm»
the author of the Ionian sect of philosophers. He always^
however, lived very retired, and refused the proffered fa^
▼ours of many great men% He was often visited by Solon;
and it is said he took great pleasure in the conversatioA of
.Thrasybulus, whose excellent wit made him forget that he
was Tyrant of Miletus.
Laertius, and several other writers, agree that he waa
the father of the Greek philosophy ; being the first that
made any researches into natural knowledge^- an;|l mathef
matics. His doctrine was, that water was tbf principle of
which all the bodies in the universe are composed ; tbttt
the world was the work of God ; and that God sees th%
most secret thoughts in the heart of man. He said, that
in order to live well, we ought to abstain from what we find
fault with in others ; that bodily felicity consists in health ;
and that of th^ mind in knowledge. That the moat ancient
of beings is God, because he is uncreated ; that nothing is
more beautiful than the world, because it is the work of
God ; nothing more extensive than space, quicker than
spirit, stronger than necessity, wiser than time. He used
to observe, that we ought never to say that to any oii#
which may b^ turned to ovuc pr^udioe ; and that we should
)ive with our friends as with persons that may become out
enemies. , . • ;
• lu geometry, it has been said, be was a Gonsiderabte
1 Gea. Diet.— X:bAuiep^.f«»]liMiMi> Vii. V.
T H A L E S. 241
ttiYentor, as virell as an improver; particularly in triatigles.
'And all the writers agree that he was the first, even in
Egypt, who look the height of the pyramids by the shadow.
His knowledge and improvements in astronomy were
very considerable. He divided the celestial sphere into
five circles -or tonesy the arctic and antarctic circles, the
two tropical circles, and the equator. He observed the
api^arent diameter of the $iu>9 which he made equal to half
a degree; and formed the constellation of the Little Bear.
He observed the nature and course of eclipses, and calcu-
IkXed them exactly ; one in particular, memorably recorded
by Herodotus, as it happened on a day of battle between
the Medes and Lydians, which, Laertius says, he had fore^
told to the lonians. And the same author informs us that
h^ divided the year into 36 i days. Plutarch riot only con-
firms his general knowledge of eclipses, but that his doc^
trifle was, that an eclipse of the sun is occasioned by the
intervention of the moon, and that an eclipse of the moon
is caofsed'by the intervention of the earth.
fiis morals were as just as his mathematics well grounded,
and his judi^ment in civil affairs equal to either. He was
Very averse to tyranny, and esteemed monarchy little better
in any shape. — Diogenes Laertius relates, that walking to
contemplate the stars, he fell into a ditch ;^ on which a
go^ old woman, that attended him, exclaimed, ^* HotV
canst thou know what is doing in the heavens, when thou
seest hot what is at thy feet ?" — He went to visit Croesus,
who- was marching a powerful army into Cappadocia, and
enabled him to pass the river Halys without making a
bridge. ' Thales died soon after, at abpve ninety years of
a^e, it is said, at the Olympic games, where, oppressed
with heat, thirst, and a bad of years,- he, in public view,
flun^c' intt) the afms of his friends.
Concernin«*hi» writings, it remains doubtful whether he
left any behind him ; at least none have come down to us.
Augustine mentions some b(>oks of natural philosophy ^
Simphcins, ^ome written on nautrc astrology ; Laerttusj
two 'treatises on the tropics and equinoxes; -and Suidasr, a
treatise on meteor^, written in verse. *
THP^MLSTIUS, an ancient Greek orator and philoso*'
pher, whose eloquence procured him the name of Eu*
' Diog. Laertias.—- HqUod^s Diet.— Fenelon's Lives of the Philosophers.-*-^
Stanley. — Brucker. % ^ ..,*. . .
Vol. XXIX. R
M2 T B E MI S Tl U S.'
phrades, was of Papblagonia, and flourished in the fotliPtil
century. His fiither, Eugenius, was a man of noble birtb,
and educated bis son under bfs own care. After teacfahig
pbilosopbj twenty years at Constantrioopte, and acquir-
ing a great reputation, he went to Homey where the
emperor offered any cofiditions if be would fix himself ill
that city ; but he returned soon, and settled at Constan-^
tinople, where he married, and had children. Themistios
was a peripatetic, and tells us in one of his orations that he
bad chosen Aristotle for the arbiter of bis opinions, and
the guide of his life ; yet he was not so bigotted to tbiA
master, but that he was well versed in Plato, and was par-
ticularly studious of the diction and manner of this pbild'^
soplier, as appears from his works. He bad a great opinioii .
of the necessity of sacriBcing to the graces ; and be sayA
in another oration, ** I often converse with the divine Pla^
to, I live with Aristotle, and I am very unwiUiAgly sepa-
rated from Homer."
He had great interest with several succeeding emperors.
Constantius elected him into the senate in the year 355,
ordered a brazen statue to be erected to him in 361, and
pronounced bis philosophy *^ the ornament of his reign.**
Julian made him prefect of Constantinople in the year 362^
and wrote letters to him, some of which are still extant^
Jovian, Valens, Valentinian, and Gratian, shewed bim many
marks of esteem and affection, and beard him with plea^*
sure haranguing upon the most important subjects. Valen§
in particular, who v^as inclined to favour the Arians, suf-^
fered himself to be diverted byThemistius from per^cuting
the orthodox ; who represented to him the little reason
there was to be surprised at a diversity of opinions among
the Christians, when that was nothing in comparison of the
differences among the heathens ; and that such differenceH
ought never to terminate in sanguinary measures ; and by
such arj^uments be is said to have procured universal tolera^
tion. Though himself a confirmed heathen, he maintained
correspondences and friendship with Christians, and par«
licularly with Gregory of Nazianzen, who, in a letter to
him, still extant, calls him ^* the king of language and
composition.*' Lastly, the emperor Theodosius made him
again, prefect of Constantinople in the year 534; and^'
fidien be was going into the west, placed his son Area*
dius with him as a pupil. He lived to a great age; but
the precise time of his death is not recorded. He has
T H E M 1 ST t U ST. i4%
I
BQHiediiies been oonfounded with another Themistitis, who
was much younger than he, a deacon of Alexandria, and
the founder of a sect aoipng Christians*
Morp than thirty orations of Themistius are still extant^
eight of which were published at Venice in 1534, foUo, but
the best edition of the whole is that, with a Latin version
by Petavius, and notea by father Hardouin, at Paris, 1684,
in folio. He wrote also commentaries upon several parts
of Aristotle's works ; which were published in Greek at
Venice, in 1534, folio; Latin versions were afterwards
made by Hermolaus Barbarus, and others.*
THEMI8TO0LES, the great preserver of Athens at
tbe Ume of the Persian invasion, owed no part of his cele*
brity or influence to the accident of bia birth. He was born
libout 530 B. C. his father being Neocles, an Athenian of
no^illustrious family, and his mother an obscure woman, a
Thracian by birth (according to the best authorities), and
not of the best character. His disposition was naturally
wbement, yet prudent ; and .Plutarch says that be was pro*
noiunced very early by his preceptor, to be a person wh6
would bring either great gpod or great evil to bis country.
Some. of the ancients have »aid that be was dissolute in bit
youth, and for that reason disinherited ; but this is posi*
tively denied by Plutarch. His ardent but honourable am-*
bition was soon discovered ; and contributed to put him on
bad terms with Aristidies^ and some other leading men. He
pushed hinn»elf forward in public business, and^ seeing that
it was necessary for Athens to become a maritime power,
persuadied the people to declare war against iEgina, and
to build an huiidred triremes. In these ships he es^ercised
the peoplOf and thus .gave them those means of defence
and aggrandizemtent which they afterwards employed wikh
so much success. Yet it happened that he bad no oppor-
tunity of distinguishing his military talents in his youth,
being forty years ^of age at. the time of the battle of Mara-
thon; after whicb be was frequently heard to say /< that
the trophies of MUtiades disturbed his rest." As^a judge,
be wa^ strict and severe ; in which oflSce, being asked by
Simooides to make some stretch of power in his behalf, he
replied, '* Neither would you be a good poet if you trans*
gressed the laws of numbers, nor should 1 be a good judge,
if I should hold the request of any pne more sacred tbaa
' Fabticii Bibl. Grec— Brucker.-^Saxii Onoaast.
a 2 -
I
«
341 TBEMISTOCL K S.
the laws." Themistocles bad so much credit with the peo*
pie, as to get bis rival Aristides bauisbed by ostracism* In
the Persian war, it was he who first interpreted the wooden
walls mentioned by the oracle, to mean the Athenian ships :
by his contrivance the fleet of Xerxes was induced to figh^
in a most disadvantageous situation off Salamis, where it
8u({iered a total defeat. For his whole conduct in this
action he gained the highest honours, both at home and in
Sparta. This was in 480^ ten years after the battle of
Marathqo.
The power of Themistocles in Athens was confirmed for
a, time by this great exploit, and be earnestly pressed the
rebuilding of the city, and the construction of new and'
more complete fortifications. The latter step gave alarm
to the jealousy of Sparta ; but Themistocles, employing all
h^s prudence to deceive the Lacedaemonians, and even
going to Sparta in person as an ambassador, contrived to
gain so much time, that the walls were nearly completed
before the oegociation was settled. Wiih equal vigilance,
patri.otism> and sagacity, he superintended the improve*
ment; of the Atheniian port named Piraeus. After these,-
and other services to bis country, Themistocles met with
the return almost itivariable in democratic goverotpents,
ingratitude* He was accused of aggrandizing his own
power and wealth in a naval expedition, was finally impli*
cated in the accusations, proved against Pausaniasin Sparta,
and banished. He sought first the patronage of Admetus,
king of the Moloasi, ,and afterwards that of the king of
Persia, by whom he was magnificently supported to bis
death, which happened about 465 years before our aera.
His bones, in pursuance. of bis dying request, were carried
ir>to Attica, and privately buried there. The blemishes in
the character and conduct, attributed to this great man,
cannot, perhaps, with strict historical fidelity, be com-
pletely denied; yet much allowance must be made for that
party spirit, by which political worth so frequently :suf-
fered in Greece. In abilities, and in his actions, be waa
certainly one of the greatest men whom that country ever
produced. " The mind of Themistocles,'* says the great
historian Thucydides, " seems to have displayed the ut-
most force of , human nature; for the evident superiority
of his capacity to that of all other men was truly wonderfuL
His penetration was sucb^ that from the scantiest informa-
tion, and with the most instantaneous thought, he formed
T H E M I S T O C L E S. 24J
the most accurate jndgment of the past, and giaiii16d thS
clearest insight into the future. He had a discernment
that could develope the advantageous and the pernicious
in measures proposed, however involv^jd in perplexity and
obscurity ; and he had, no less remarkably, the faculty of
explaining things clearly to others, than that of judging
clearly himself. Such, in short, were the powers of his
genius, and the readiness of his judgment, that hd
was, beyond all nrten, capable of directing all things, ott
every occasion." He died, according to Plutarch, in his
sixty-fifth year; leaving a large progeny, to whom the
bounty of the Persian monarch was con^ifiued. Many of
them were, however, restored to their country. It is vefry
commonly said, and Plutarch favours the notion, that he
died by poison voluntarily taken : but Thucydides does not
seem to credit the opinion^ but rather to consider his death
as natural.*
THEOBALD (Lewis), a miscellaneous writer and cri-
tic, was born at Sittingbourn in Kent, in which place his
father was ah eminent attorney. His grammatical learning
he received at Isleworth in Middlesex, and afterwards ap-
plied himself to the law; but, finding that pursuit tedioUs
and irksome, he quitted it for the profession of poetry.
According: to the editors of the " Biog. Dramatica,'* hii
first alppearance in this profession was not mudh to his
credit. One Henry Mestayer, a watchmaker, had written
a play, which he submitted to the correction of Theobald,
who formed it into a tragedy, and procured it to be acted
and printed as his own. This compelled the watchmaker
to publish his own performance in 1716, with a dedication
to Theobald. The editors of the Biog. Dram, who appear
to have examined both pieces, observe that Theobald,
althqtigh unmercifully ridiculed by Pope, never appeared
so despicable as throughout this transaction. " We had
seen him before only in the light of a puny critic:
" But here the fell attorney prowls for prey."
Theobald engaged in a paper called " The Censor," pub-
lished in Mist's " Weekly Journal ;" and, by delivering
bis opinion with too little reserve concerning some eminent
wits, exposed himself to their resentment. Upon the pub-
lication of Pope's Homer, he praised it in the most extra-
vagant terms ; but afterwards thought proper to retract his
» Mitford's Greece. -^Plutarch.— Thucydides.
S4« THEOBALD.
opinion, and mbnsed the very performance he had before.
afTected to admire. Pope at first made Theobald the heror
of his ** Dunciad ;*' but afterwards thought proper to dis*
robe him of that dignity, and bestow it upon another. In
1726, Theobald published a piece in Svo, called '* Shake*
ap^ar Restored :*' of thi», it is said, he was so v6tn as to'
aver, in one of Mist^s "Journals,'* "that to expose any'
errors in it was impracticable ;*' and, in another, '^ thaJr
whatever care might for the future be taken, either by^
Mr. Pope, or any other assistants, he would give above five
bundi'ed emendations, that would escape them all." Pur-^
ing two whole years, while Pope was preparing his editicVh,
he published advertisements, requesting assistanee, and
promising satisfaction to any who would contribute to its
greater perfection. But this restorer. Who was at thai time
soliciting favours of him by letters, wholly concealed that
be had any such design till iafter its publication ; whidh he
owned in the •' Daily Journal of Nov. 26, 1728.*' Theo-
bald was not* only thus obnoxious to the resentment of
Pope, but we find him waging war with Mr. Dennis, who
treated him with more roughness, though with less satire.
Theobald, in "The Censor,'* N* 33, calls Dennis by the
iiame of Furius. Dennis, to resent this, in his remarks- on,
Pope*a Homer, thus mentions him : "There k a notorious
idiot, one Bight Whacum ; who, from an under-spur-lea«*
tber to the law, is become an understrapper to th^ play-^
bouse, who has lately burlesqued the Metamorphoses of:
Ovid, by a vile translation, &c. -This fellow is concenfied
in an impertinent paper called the Censor.'* Such wdsT
the langusige of Dennis, when inflamed by contradiction. '^
In 1720, Theobald introduced upon the 8t%e a tragedy
called " The Double Falshood ;*' the greatest part of which-
be asserted was Shakspeare's. Pope insinuated to the
town, that it was all, or certainly the greatest part, Mrritten,
not by Shakspeare, but Theobald himself; and quotes thia
line,
*' None but thyself can be thy parallel 5"
which he calls a marvellous line of Theobald, .'^ unless,^*
says he, "the play, called *The Double Falshood,^ be (as.
he would have it thought) Shakspeare's $ but, whether this
is his or not, he proves Shakspeare to have written as bad.**
The arguments which Theobald uses to prove the play to
be Sbakspeare's^ are indeed^ far from satisfactory, and it
f
TH E O B A L D* 8*^
^W8ft aftetwardgi Dr» Farmer's opinion that it jvas Shi^rliey's,.
li WAS) however, Ttndtcated by Theobald, who was attacked
agaiin in *< The Art of Sinking in Poetry.'* Tbeobald en^
diaavoured to prove false criticisins, want of uoderstandixig.
Sbakspeare's manner) ahd perverse cavilling in Pope: JiQ
justified himself and the great dramatic poet, and attempted,
t^ prove the tragedy in question to be in reality <Shak^T
speare's, aad apt i^nvrorthy of him* Tbeobald, besides bi$*
cijcUtion of Shakspeace's plays, in which he collated tbe,an<»;
cient copies, and corrected with great pains ai^d iogenuit]^
many faults, was ih^ author of several dramatic pieces. Nqtf
less than, twenty, printed or acted, are ^i^umeratedio.tber-
'* Biogratpbia Dramatica." He was. also concerned, in vari^f
ou^ translations, and at his death in Sept. \1^^\^ had m^di^
some progress in an edition of Beaumont and f l<^tcher. ; ..^
• As the name is not very common, it may b^ necessary tpl
mention a later writer, a John Theobald, who hafl tb^ ^e^ff
gree of a doctpr of physic, but doe$ not appe^i;(tQ ba^
been of. the London college of physicians* , Ue publisbedj
a little volume of poetry in 1753, called; "^MiisaPanegy'*^
rica,?' and died May 17, 1760. Ampngatmany ptjier p^^i^y^
formamcesy be produced a translation of Merope, trsinalat^^
ffomVoUiMre^ 1744, Svo.V -^ : ,t
. THECMIIRITUS, an ancient Greek p9el:, wa9^ a Si^ilian^
and born at Igyracuse, the son of Praxagoi^ and>Pbilina,f
He is said to>bave been the scholar of Pbiletas,. aad^ Asclet^
piades, .or SiCjeUdas : Philetas was an elegiac po/^t, of tb^
illand^of Cos, bad the honour to be preceptor tp Ptotep9y>
£biladelphus, and is> celebrated by QvJd and.Pxopertius,^^
^iceiidas wasaSamian, a writer of epigrams^: Theocrituf^
Ojientionsbptjlft these with honour in his seveirthldy Ilium.
As to the age in which be fionri^hedj it seems indisputably^
to be ascertained by two Idylliutas that remain : w^ is,ad^«
dressed to Hiero^Jcing of Syracuse^ and the other tp Ptpl/e-*
my Philadelphus, the Egyptian, mqnikrch. Hierp- t^ega^H
his reign, as Casaubon asserts in his observations on Poly**;
hius, in the second year. of the- 126th olympiad, or about
275 years before Christ; and Ptolemy in the fourth year
of the \%%A olympiad. Though the exploits of >Hiero aria
redorded greatly to his advantage by Poly bins, in tbe .first-
bpdk Pf bis history ; though he had many virtues, had fre«-l
■7'' > • . ' • , «
> Cil).b«r'ft LiTes.<^Biog* Dram.-— D'IfiraeU'» Quarrels^ toI.. I,— Bowles's edi«^
tipo <||fPope.^ Johnson's Works. \
MS THEOCRITUS.
>
qnently sig'nalized bis courage and conduct, and distki-*
g.uished himself by several achievements in war; yet he
seems, at least in the early part of his reign, to have ex-
pressed no great affection tor learning or men of letters c
and tb!S is supposed to have given occasion to the 16ih
IJyUi'un, inscribed with the name ot Hiero; where rhe
poet asserts the dignity of his profession, complains that it
met witti neither favour nor protection, and in a very artful
manner touches upon some of the virtues of this prince,
and insinuates what an illustrious figure be would have
made in poetry, had he been as noble a patron, as be was
an argument for the Muses.
His not meeting with the encouragement be expected in
his own country, was in all probability the reason that in*
duced Theocritus to leave Syracuse for the more friendly
climate of Alexandria, where Ptolemy Philadelphus then
reigned in unrivalled splendour, the great encourager of
arts and sciences, and the patron of learned men. In his
voyage to Egypt he touched at Cos, an island in the Ar-<
chipelago not, far from Rhodes, where he was honourably
entertained by Pbrasidamus and Antigenes, who invited
him into the country to celebrate the festival of Ceres, as
appears by the seventh Idyllium. There is every reason
to imagine that he met with a more favourable reception at
Alexandria, than be had experienced at Syracuse, from
bia encomium on Ptolemy, contained in the 17th Idyllium;
where he rises above his pastoral style, and shows^ that be
could upon occasion (as Virrgil did afterwards) exalt bis
Sicilian JMuse to a subtimer strain, paulo^majora : he de-
rives the race of Ptolemy from Hercules, he enumerates
bis many cities, be describes his great power and immense
riches, but above all be commemorates his royal munifi-
cence to the sons of the Muses. Towards the conclusion
of the 14th Idyllium, there is a short, but very noble pane-
gyric on . Ptolemy : in the 1 5th Idyllium he celebrates
Berenice, the mother, and Arsinoe, the wife of Ptolemy.
Little else of this poet^s life can be gathered from his
works, except his friendship with Aratus, the famous au-
thor of the *^ Phsenomena ;" to whom he addresses his
sixth Idyllium, and whose amours be describies in the
seventh. It is mentioned by all bis biographers, that be
suffered s^n ignominious death, and they derive their in-
formation from a distich of Ovid in his Ibis.
- Utque Syracosio praestriot^ fiaiuce poets.
Sic animsB laqueo sit via clausa tuee.
•»»'
*. rt
TH E O C R I T U S. 249
* /
t
But it does not appear, that by the Syracusan poet, Ovid
means Theocritus ; more probably, as socne commentators
on the passage have supposed, Empedoctes, who was a
poet and philosopher of Sicily, is ttie person pointed at:
others think that Ovid by a s.nait mistake or slip of his me-
mory might confound Theocritus the rhetorician of Chios,
who was executed by order of kmg Antigonus^ with Tlieo^
critus the poet of Syracuse.
The compositions of this poet are disiinofuished amon|;;
the ancients by the name of ** Idyllia,'* in order to express
th6 smallness and variety of their natures ; they would now
be called " Miscellanies, or Poems on several Occasions.
The nine first and the eleventh are confessed to be true^
pastorals, and hence Theocritus has usually passed for
nothing more than a pastoral poet: yet he is manifestly
robbed of a great part of his fame, if his other poems have
not their proper laurels. For though the greiuer part of
his '^ Idyllia^' cannot be called the songs of shepherds, yet
they have certainly their respective merits. His pastorals
doubtless ought to be considered as the foundation of his
credit. He was the earliest known writer of pastorals, and
will be acknowledged to have Excelled all his imitators, as
much as originals usually do their copies. There are,
says Dr. Warton, *' few images and sentiments in the Ec-
logues of Virgil, but what are drawn from the Idylliums of
Theocritus : in whom there is a rural, romantie wildiiess
of thought, heightened by the Doric dialect ; with such
lively pictures of the passions, and of simple unadorned
nature, as are infinitely pleasing to lovers and judges of
true poetry. Theocritus is indeed the grpat store-house of
pastoral description ; and every succeeding painter of rural
beauty (except Thomson in his Seasons) hath copied his
images from him, without ever looking abroad upon the
face of nature thenns'elves." The same elegant critic, in
his dissertation on pastoral poetry, says, " If I might ven^
tore to speak of the merits of the several pastoral writers,
I would say, that in Theocritus we are charmed with a
certain sweetness, a romantic rusticity and wildness, height-
ened' by the Doric dialect, that are almost inimitable.
Several of his pieces indicate a genius of a higher class,
far superior to pastoral, and equal to the sublimest species
of poetry : such are particularly his Panegyric on Ptolemy,
the fight between Aniycus and Pollux, the Epithalamiuia
of Helen, the young Hercules, the grief of Hercules for
aSO T H £ O C R I T U S.
Hylas, the death of Pentheus, and the kiiliog 'of the Ne^.
mean Lion.^* At the same tiaie it mus^.be allowed that*.
Theocritus descends sometimes into g;ro8s and mean ideai^.
and makes his shepherds abusive and immodest, which isf*
sever the case with Virgil. • / , v
This poet was first published in fo)io at Milan in li^3^.
again by Aldus at Venice, in 1491, aiwd by {jienry.Ster
phens at Paris, in 1566, with other Greek pooip,./sod withr%
out a Latin version : a good edition also in Greeji pnly/wai;
printed at Oxford, by bishop Fell, .in 1676, 8vo.> Th^rOt
are, since, the editions of Martin, Lond. 1760, Svo^ tbA.
very splendid one of Thomas Warton, 1770» 2 vols. .4|o;
and of Vjklckenaer, Leydeu, 1773, 8vo. Dr. TbomaaJ&iW
wards also published a very correct and critical editi«n;o|>
^^ Selecta qusdam Theocriti Idyilia," 1779, 8va^ > •;.
THEODORE.ANTHONY L king of Corsica, baroiv
Niewhoff, grandee of Spain, bstron of England, peer of.
France, baron of the holy empire, prince of the Papal
throne: for thus he styled himself; ^^ a man whoseclaiqir
to royalty,** says lord Orford, ^^ was as indisputable, as
the most ancient titles to any monarchy can pretend to<
be;*' was born at Metz about 1696. The particulars of
his eventful history are thus related. In March 1736^*
whilst the Corsican mal-con tents were sitting in council,];
an English vessel from Tunis, with a passport from our
consul there, arrived at a port tlien in the possession of the
inal-conten^ts. A stranger on board this vessel, who ba4.
the appearance of a person of distinction, no sooner wefii-
on shore, but was received with singular honours by thet
principal persons, who saluted him with the titles of exceU
lency, and viceroy of Corsica. His attendants consisted^
of two officers, a secretary, a chaplain, a few domestics
amd Morocco slaves. He was conducted to the bisbop*r
palace; called himself lord Theodore; whilst tb^ chiefs^
knew more about him than they thought convenient to de«>.v
clare. From the vessel that brought him were debavkiedii
ten pieces of cannon, 4000 fire-locks, 3000 pair of sbpes^t
a great quantity of provisions, and coin to the.amo^Mofi
200,000 ducats. Two pieces of cannon were placed before^
his door, and he had 400 soldiers posted for*.his guards
He created officers, formed twenty- four companies of aol«3
> Votsius Poet. Grec^Fabric. Bibl. Grsc — Life prefixed to Fawkes's Traoc/^
THEODORE. «l
HetB, dfsttibiited among the mal-oonteots the arms knd
•boes he had brought with him, conferred knighthood on
one of the chiefs, appointed another bis treasurer, and pro«»
fe^sed the Roman Catholic religion. Various conjectures
were formed in different courts concerning him. The
^(dest son of the pretender, prince Ragotski, the dokje do
Ripperda, oomte de Bonneval, were each in their turns
supposed to be this stranger ; all Europe was puzzled ; but
tbe country of this stranger was soon discovered : he was,
in.fiaict, a Prussian, well known by the name of Theodore
Antony, baron of Niewhoff.
Tlieodore was a knight of the Teutonic order, had suc-
cessively been in the service of several German princes,
bad seen Holland, England, France, and Portugal ; gained
tbe confidence of the great at Lisbon, and passed there for
a'cbarg6 des aflaires from the emperor. This extraordinary
man, with an agreeable person, had resolution, strong
natural parts, and was capable of any enterprise. He wasi
about fifty years of age. Upon his first landing, the chiefs
of the Oorsicans publicly declared to the people, that it
was to him they were to be indebted for their liberties, and
that he was arrived in order to deliver the island from the
tyrannical oppressions of the Genoese. The general assem-
bly offered him « the crown, not as any sudden act into
which they had been surprised, but with all the precaution
that people could take to secure their freedom and happi<»
nesg under it. Theodore, however, contented himself whb
tbe title of governor-general* In this quality he assembled
the people, and administered an oath for preserving eternal
p^ace among themselves ; and severely did he exact obe«*
dience to this law.
He was again offered the title of king : he accepted it
the 15th of April, 1736, was crowned king of Corsica, and
received the oath of fidelity from his principal subjects,
And the ^cUroations of all the people. The Genoese,
iatarmed at these proceedings, publicly declared him and
bis adherents guilty of high treason; caused it 16 bere«>'
ported, that he governed in the most despotic 'manner,
even to tbe putting to death many principal inhabitants,
merely because they were Genoese ; than which nothing
could be more false, as appears from his manifesto, iu
answer to the edict. Theodore, however, having got toge*
tber 25,000 men, found himself master of a country wberu
Ih^ Genoese durst not appear: he carried Por^o VecchiO|
232 Theodore.
ind, May the Sd, blocked up the city of Bastia, but was
soon obliged to retire. He' then separated his force, was
' Buccessfttl in his conquests, and came again before Bastia,
.. which soon submitted to hirn» His court grevir brilliant^
and he conferred titles of nobility upon his principal cour-
tiers.
Towards July, murmurs were spread of great dissatisfac*
tions, arising from the want of Theodore's promised sue*
cours : on the other hand, a considerable armament sailed
from Barcelona, as was supposed in his favour. At the
same time France and England strictly forbade their sub«
jects in any way to assist the mal-contents. Sept. the 2d,
Theodore presided at a general assembly, and assured hid
subjects anew of the speedy arrival of the so much wanted
succours. Debates ran high ; and Theodore was given to
understand, that before the end of October he must resigrt
the sovereign authority, or make good his promise. : He
received in the mean time large sums, but nobody knew
whence they came: he armed some barques, and chased
those of the Genoese which lay near the island. He now
instituted the order of Deliverance, in memory of his de-
livering the country fronrj the dominion of the Genoese.
The monies he had received he caused to be new coined ;
and his affairs seemed to have a j)romising aspect : but
the scene presently changed. .
In the beginning of November, he assembled the chiefs ;
and declared, that he would not keep them longer in a
state of uncertainty, their fidelity and confidence demand-*
ing of him the utmost efforts in their favour; and that he
had determined to find out in person the succours he had
so long expected. The chiefs assured him of their deter-
mined adherence to his interests. He named the principal
among them to take the government in his absence, made
all the necessary provisions, and recommended to them
pnion in the strongest terms. The chiefs, to the number
of forty-seven, attended him with the utmost respect, on
the day of his departure, to the water-side, and even on
board his vessel ; where, after affectionately embracing
them, he took his leave, and they returned on shore, and
went immediately, to their respective posts which he had
assigned them ; a demonstrative proof this, that he was
not forced out of the island, did not quit it in disgust, or
leave it in a maoner inconsistent with his royal character.
THEODORE. 25S
Thus ended the reign of Theodore, who arrived in a few
<}ays disguised in the habit of an abbd at Livonia^ and
thence, after a short stay, conveyed himself nobody knew
v^bither. The next year, however, he appeared at Paris ;
wak ordered to depart the kingdom in forty*eight hours;
precipitately embarked at Rouen, and arri^^ed at Amster-
dam, attended by four Italian domestics; took up his quar-
ters at an inn ; and there two citizens arrested him, on a
olaim of 16^000 florins. But he soon obtained a protection,
and found some merchants, who engaged to furnish him with
a great quantity of ammunition for his faithful islanders. He
accordingly went on board a frigate of fifty-two guns^ and
150 men; but was soon afterwards seized at Naples in
the house of the Dutch consul, and sent prisoner to tbl»
fortress of Cueta. This unhappy king, whose courage had
raised htm to a throne, not by a succession of bloody acts,
but by the free choice of an oppressed nation, for many-
years struggled with fortune; and 'left no means untried,
which policy could attempt, to recover his crown. At
length he chose for his retirement this country, where he
ifiight enjoy that liberty, which he had so vainly endea-
voured to fix to his Corsicans : but his situation here, by
degrees, grew wretched ; and he was reduced ^o low, as to
be several years before his death, a prisoner for debt in the
King's-bench.
To the honour of some private persons, a charitable
contribution was set on foot for him, in 1753; and, in
1757, at the expence of the late lord Orford, a marble
monument was erected to his memory in the church-yard
of St. Anne's, Westminster, with the following inscription :
Near this place is interred
Theodore king of Corsica ;
who died in this parish Dec. 11,
■ 1756,
immediately after leaving
the King's-bench prison,
by the benefit of the Act of Insolvency :
In cbnsequence of which,
he registered his kingdom of Corsica «
for the use of his creditors.
The grave, great teacher, to a level brings
Heroes and beggars, galley slaves, and kings.
But Theodore this moral learn'd ere dead :
Fate pour*d its lesson on his living head ;
Beslow'd a kingdom^ and deny*d him bread.
}
S5« THEODORE.
Theodore had a son, known by the name of colonel
Frederick, who, after following bis father into £ugland^
entered xinto the army in foreign service, but appears t9
have been disappointed in his bopes of rising, or acquiiing
even a competence, and after sustaining many distresses^
without timely relief, put an end to his life, by a pistol^
near the gate of Westminster Abbey, Feb. 1, 1797. He
was a man of gentleman-like manners, and accomplish*
ments, and much regretted by those who knew him inti«
mately. He was interred in the church-yard of St. Anne^a
Soho, by the side of his father. He published in 1768,
**Memoires pour servir a THistoire de Corse,*' 12mo, of
which there is an English translation ; and, ^ A Descrip*
lion of Corsica, with an account of its temporary union
to the crown of Great Britain, &c«" 8vo. '
THEODORE, archbishop of Canterbury, was a ni^nk
of Tarsus. He was ordained bishop by pope VitalianHa,
and sent into England in the year 668, to govern the
church of Canterbury. Being kindly received by Lia^
Egbert, he restored the faith, and promoted, or rather
founded, a form of ecclesiastical discipline, which he ia
•aid to have exercised with great rigour, placing and dis«
placing several bishops in an arbitrary manner, particularly
those belonging to the diocese of York. He died Sepc
19, 690, aged eighty-eight. He is said to have imported
into England a great many valuable MSS. Godwin men«»
tious a Homer, extant in his time, of exquisite beamy.
He is also the supposed founder of the school celled
Greekiade, whence arose the university of Oxford, but
this isr somewhat fabulous. What remains of his form of*
discipline, called the ^* Penitential," and of his other woiks^
has been collected by James Petit, and printed at Paris^
1677, 2 vols. 4to, with learned notes.*
THEODORE of Mopsuestia, so called from his being
bishop of Mopsuestia, a city in Cilici^, was educated and
ordained priest in a monastery, and became one of the
greatest scholars of bis time, and bad the famous Nestoriua
for a disciple. Be died iu the year 429, or 430. This
bishop wrote a great number of learned works, of which
are now only extant, '< A Commentary on the Psalms,*'
which is in father Cordef s ^^ Catena,*' the authenticity of
> Memoires deCorse.— -Floyd ■ Bibliotheca Bio^.— Lord Orford's Works^ vol.
I. p. 151.— Gent. Mag. vol. JLXVII.— Aanaal Necrotofy for 1797-S»
* Godwin dt Prsiiulibas.— Wb«rton*i An^lm Sacim. — ^Dupin.
THEODORE. 255
Which WAS verified, iii one. of bis dissertations by the dijike
oFOrleansy ^fao died in 1752, at Paris, one of the most
teamed princes Europe has produced. Theodore left also
a *' Commentary*' in MS. on the tweWe minor prophets;
and several *^ Fragfmencs/* enumerated by Dnpin, which
are printed in the ^'Bibliotheca^'of Pbotius. Those parts
of his works supposed to contain the distinction of two
personal in Christ, the letter from Ibas, bisboj} of Edossa^
who defended him, and the anathemas published by the
celebrated Tlieodoret, bishop of Cyrus, against St. Cyril,
i^ favour of Theodore of Mopsoestia-, occasioned no little
disturbance in the church. This dispute is, called the
affair of the ^* Three Chapters,'' and was not settled tilt *
the'Bfth general council, in the year 553, when he and hid
writings were anathematized. His confession of faith may
be found in father Garnier's Dissertations on Marins Mer*
eator. *
THEODORET, an illustrious writer of the church, wai
tfaorn at Antioch about the year 386, of parents who were
both pious and opulent. His birth has been represented as
at'cotnpanied with miracles before and after, according to
his own account, in his ** ReUgious. History ;*' in which he
gravely informs us, that it was by the prayers of a religious
man,' trailed Macedonius, that God granted his mother to
toncef?e a' son, and bring him into the world. When the
holy anchorite promised her this i>lessing, she engaged her*
se^f linher part to devote him to God; and accordingly
Called him Theodoretus, which signifies either given hy
God, or devoted to God. To promote this latter design, he
was sent at seven years of age to a monastery, where he
learnt the sciences, theology, and devotion.' He had for
iHsfinttsters Theodore of Mopsuestia, and St. John Chry«»
sostom, and made under them a very uncommon progress.
His leartlifi^ and piety becoming-known to' the bishops of
Antioch^ they admitted him into holy orders ; yet he did ^
n^ npon that account change either his habitation oi* man-
oer of-litiiVg, but endeavoured to reconcile the exerciser
^f a religious life with the function of a clergyman. After
Hie 'death of bis parents, he distributed his whole inbefit>-
aneU to the poor, and reserved nothing to himself. The
Bt^hdprrc of Gyrus becoming vacant about the year 420^
the bjshop of Antioch ordained Theodoret against his wiif,
1 Dupia io Cave, toI,^ I. , . .
tS6 T H E O D O R E T.
and sent him to govern that church. . Cyras was a city of
Syria, in the province of Euphratesia, an unpleasant and
barren country, but very populous. The inhabitants coixi-»
monly spake the Syriac tongue, few of them understand*
ing Greek; they were almost all poor, rude, and barbarous ;
many of them were engaged in profane superstitions, or in
such gross errars as shewed them to be rather Heathens
than Christians. Tiie learning and worth of Theodoret,
which were really very great, seemed to qualify him for a
better see ; yet he remained in this, and discharged all the
offices of a good bishop and good man. He was afterwards
engaged in the Nestorian dispute, very much against his
will ; but at length retired to his see, spent bis life in
composing books, and in acts of piety and charity, and died
there in the year 457, aged seventy and upwards. He
wrote ^^ Commentaries upon the Holy Scriptures ;*' an
*' Ecclesiastical History ;*' a " Religious History,'* con-»
taining the lives and praises of thirty monks, and several
other things, which are still extant.
Great encomiums have been bestowed upon this wHter^
particularly b}' Dupin, who asserts that <^ Of all the fathers
who have composed works of different kinds, Theodoret is
one of those who has succeeded the very best in every
kind. Some have been excellent writers in matters of
controversy, but bad interpreters of Scripture; others have
been good historians, but bad divines; some have hiad
good success in morality, who have had no skill in doctrinal
points ; those who have applied themselves to confute Pa-«
ganism by their own principles and authors, have usually
had little knowledge in the mysteries of our religion ; and
lastly, it is very rare for those who have addicted them<*
selves to works of piety to be good critics. Theodoret had
all the^e qualities ; and it may be said, that he has equally
deserved the name of a good interpreter, divine, historian^
writer in controversy, apologist for religion, and author of
works of piety. But he hath principally excelled in his
compositions on Holy Scripture, and has outdone almost
all other commentators, according to the judgment of the
learned Photius. His style, says that able critic, is very
proper for a coihmentary ; for he explains, in just and sig^*
nificant4erms, whatsoever is obscure and difficult in the
text, and renders the mind more fit to read and understand
it by the elegance of his style. He never wearies his
reader with long digressions, but on the contrary labours
T H E O D 0 R E T, 257
to instruct him clearly, neatly, and methodifcally, in every
thing that seems hard. He never departs frotti the purity
and elegance of the Attic dialect, unless when he is obliged
to speak of abstruse matters, to which the ears are not ac*
customed : for it ts certain that he passes over nothing that
needs explication ; and it is almost impossible to find any
interpreter who unfolds all manner of difficulties better,
and leaves fewer things obscure. We may find mnny
others who write elegantly and explain clearly, but we
shall find few who have forgotten nothing whicji needed
illustration, without being too diffuse, and without running
out into digressions, at least such as are not absolutely ne^
cessary to clear the matter in hand. Yet this is what
Theoddret has observed throughout his commentaries, in
which be hath opened the text admirably well by his ac-
curate inqtiiri^s." Other writers, however, have not ex-
Sressed so high an opinion of Theodoret. Beausobre, in
is History of the Manichees, says that "Theodoret is, in
my opinion, one of the most valuable of the fathers, fle
is learned ; he reasons well, especially in his dialogues
against the Greek heresies of his times : he is a good lite-
ral interpreter of the Scriptures. I cannot help admiring
bis prudence and moderation, when I consider that he
ended bis Ecclesiastical History at the time when the Nes*-
torian quarrels, in which he was so deeply interested, be-
gan. But, I fear, his zeal against heretics imposed upon
him almost as much, as his admiration for the heroes of the
ascetic life, uith whom he was charmed. Monasteries
Ivave undoubtedly sent forth great men into the world, but
these disciples of the monks contracted there in their youth
a superstitious disposition, which is hardly ever thrown ofFj
and the weak side of this able man seems to have been an
excessive credulity." In truth, Theodoret surpasses all
other writers in admiration of monastic institutions, and is
creduldus beyond measure in subjects of that nature. Yet
he was undoubtedly one of the most learned and best meti
ill the Eastern church. His pacific conduct displeased the
bigots, during the Nestbrian and Eutychian controversies,
and because he inclined to healing methods, he was con^
demned at one of the synods, and was 'not without difficulty
reinstated. " His works,*' says Milner, " are large, on a
variety of subjects ; but they speak not for him equally
with his life; and it will be sufficient to say, that his the-
ology, with a stronger mixture of superstition, was of the
Vol. XXIX. S
•%
4W THEODORE T.
same kind as that of Cbrysostom. But his spirit iiras humble,*
heavenly, charitable ; and be seems to have walked in the
fiaith, hope, and love of the gospel, a shining ornament io«
a dark age and country/'
The works of Tbeodoret were published in Greek and
Latin, by father Sirmond, at Paris, 1642, in 4 vols, folio;
a work not of much pecuniary value unless when joined
with a fifth, which the Jesuit Gamier added, in 1684^
consisting of other pieces, which had never been printed,
before, of supposititious pieces, learned dissertations, and
an account of the life, principles, and writings of Theodo-
ret. A new edition has since been published by Schultze,
Halse, 1768 — 74, in 5 vols. 4to, or in 10 vols. 8vo. The
*^ Ecclesiastical History^' of Theodoret, which is divided
into five books, is a kind of supplement to Socrates and
Sozomen^ as being written after theirs, about the year 45Q^
It begins where £usebius leaves off, at the rise of the
Arian heresy in 322, and ends with 427, before the be-
ginning of the Nestorian heresy. It has been translated
and published by Valesius, with Eusebius and the other
ecclesiastical historians, and republished with additional
notes, by Reading, at London, 1720, in 3 vols, folio. ^
THEODORIC. See THIERRY.
THEODOSIUS, called Tripolites,, or of Tripoli, wa*
a celebrated mathematician, who fiourished, as Saxius seem«
inclined to think, in the first century. He is mentioned
by Suidas, as probably the same with Theodosius, the pbi«
losopber of Bytbinia, who, Strabo says, excelled in matbe-
roatics. He appears to have cultivated chiefly that part of
geometry which relates to the doctrine of the sphere, oa
which he wrote three books containing fifty-nine propo-
sitions, all demonstrated in the pure geometrical manner
of the ancients, and of which Ptolomj* as well as all suc-
ceeding writers made great use. These three books were
translated by the Arabians out of the Greek into their owa
language, and from the Arabic the work was again trans-
lated into Latin,' and printed at Venice|. But the Arabia
version being very defective, a more complete edition waf
published in Greek and Latin at Paris, in IS58, by John
Pena (See P£Na) professor of astronomy. . Tbeodosius'a
works were also commented upon by others, and lastly bj
Pe ChaJes, in his << Cu^sus Mathematicus.'' But that edi^
THEODOSIUS. 259
tioti of Theodosius's spberks which is now most in use, was ■
translated and published by our couutryman the learned
Dr. Barrow^ in 1675, illustrated and demonstrated in anew
and concise method. By this author's account, Theodosius.
appears not only to be a great master in this more difficult
part of geometrj', but the 6rst considerable author of an-
tiquity who has written on that subject. Theodosius also
wrote concerning the celestial houses; and of days and
nights ; copies of which, in Greek, are in the king's li-
brary at Paris, and of which there was a Latin edition, pub-
lished by Peter Dasypody in 1572.^
THEODULPHUS, a celebrated bishop of Orleans, one-
of the most learned men of the ninth century, was born in
Cisalpine Gaul. Charlemagne made him abbot of Fleury,
then bishop of Orleans about the year 793, and chose him
to sign his will in the year 811; Louis le Debonnaire had
also a high esteem for him. But Theodulphus being ac-
cnsed of having joined in the conspiracy. formed by Be-
renger, king of Italy, was committed to prison at Angers,
where he composed the hymn beginning Gloria, laus, et
honor, part of which, in the catholic service, is sung oa
Palm Sunday. It is said that Theodulphus singing this
hymn at bis prison window while the emperor passed by,
that prince was so charmed with it that he set him at liberty.
He died about the year 821. In the Library of the fathers,
d'Acheri's " Spicilegium," and father Labbe's " Councils,'*
is a treatise by this prelate on baptism, another on the Holy
^Ghost, two ** Capitulariu," addressed to his clergy, some
** Poems," and other works ; the best edition of which is
by father Sirmond, 1646, 8vo ; the second of ihe " Capitu-
laria" is in the ^* Miscellanea," published by Baluze. *
THEOGNIS, an eminent Greek poer, was born in the
fifty-tnintb olympiad, orabout 550 years before Christ. Hq
calls himself a Megarian, in one of his verses ; meaning,
. most probably, MegarH, in Achaia, as appears also from
Ilis.own verses, for he prays the gods to turn away a threat-
ening war from the city of Alcathous ; and Ovid calls the
same Megara, Alcatboe. We have a n^oral work of his
exta\;it, of somewhat more than a thousand lines, which is
licknowledged to be an useful summary of precepts an4
leflactions; which, however, has so little of the genius and
' ' '
» Voaslus de Scient. Malth.-— Fabric. Bibl. Gi«c.— HuUon's Diet.— Saxii
OnoiDast.
• Ca¥«, vol. i. — Dupin.
S 2
S60 T H E O G N I S.
fire of poetry in it, that, as Plutarch said, it may more
properly be called carmen than po'ema. These '' Twfia$f
SententisyV or ** Precepts,*' are given in the simplest
manner, without the least ornament, and probably were
put into verse merely to assist the memory* Athenscus
reckons this author among the most extravagant volap-
tuaries, and cites some of his verses to justify the censure ;
and Suidas, in the account of his works, mentions a piec«
entitled ** Exhortations, or Admonitions,'' which, he says,
was stained with a mixture of indecency. The verses wa
have at present are, however, entirely free from any thing
of this kind, whence some have supposed that they were
not left so by the author, but that the indecencies were
' omitted, and the void spaces filled up with graver sentences.
They have been very often printed both with and without
Latin versions, and are to be found in all the collections of
the Greek minor poets. One of the best editions, but a
fare book, is that by Ant. Blackwell, Lond. 1 706, 12mo. ^
THEON, of Alexandria, a celebrated Greek philoso-
pher and mathematician, flourished in the fourth century,
about the year 3 SO, in the time ofTheodosius the Great;
but the time and manner of his death are i/nknown. His
genius and disposition for the study of philosophy were
very early improved by a close application to study ; so
tihat he acquired such a proficiency in the sciences as to
render his name venerable in history ; and to procure him
the honour of being president of the famous Alexandrian
school. One of his pupils was the celebrated Hypatia, his
daughter, who succeeded him in the presidency of the
school; a trust, which, like himself, she discharged with
the greatest honour and usefulness. (See Hypatia.)
The study of nature led Theon to many just |u>nceptiony
concerning God, and to many useful reflections in the
science of moral philosophy ; hence, it is said^^ he wrote
with great accuracy on divine providence. And he seems
to have made it his standing rule, to judge the truth of
certain principles, or sentiments, from their natural or ne*
cessary tendency. Thus, he says, that a full persuasioa
that the Deity sees every thing we do, is the strongest in-^.
centive to virtOe ; for he insists, that the most profligate
have power to refrain their hands, and hold their tongues^
when they think they are observed, or overheard, by some
I Vosftlus dc Post. Qrec.— Fabric. Bibl, Grsca.— Saxii OoaoMtt^
t »
y
THE ON. 261
person whom they fear or respect. ** With how much more
reason then/' says he, *^ should the apprehension and be-
lief that God sees alt things, restrain men from sin> and
constantly excite them to their duty?" He also represents
this belief concerning the Deity as productive of the great-
est pleasure imaginable, especially to the virtuous^ who
might depend with greater confidence on the favour and
protection of Providence. For this reason, he recommends
nothing so much as meditatioo on the presence of God ;
and he recommended it to the civil magistrate, as a re-
straint on such as were profane and wicked, to have th^
following inscription written in large characters at the
corner of every street : ** God sees thee, O sinner."
Theon wrote notes and commentaries on some of the
ancient mathematicians. He composed also a book entitled
** Progymnasmata," a rhetorical work, written with great
judgment and elegance ; in which he criticised on the
writings of some illustrious orators and historians ; pointing
out, with great propriety and judgment, their beauties anct
imperfections ; and laying down proper rules for propriety
of style. He recommends conciseness of expression, and
perspicuity, as the principal ornaments. This work was
printed at Basle in 1541, but the best edition is that of
Ley den, 1626, 8vo. '
THEOPHANES (Prokopovitch), an historian who may
be ranked among those to whom Russia is chiefiy indebted
for the introduction of polite literature, was the son of a
burgher of Kiof; born in that city, June 9, 1681, and
baptised by the name of Elisha. Under his uncle, Theo^
phanes, rector of the seminary in the B^atskoi convent at
Kiof, he commenced his studies, and was well grounded
in the rudijBents of the Greek, Latin, and Hebrew tongues.
Though h^ uncle died in 1692, he completed his educa^
tion in that seminary ; and in 1698, in the eighteenth year
of his age, he travelled into Italy. He resided three years
at Rome, where, beside a competent Icnowledge of Italian,
he acquired a taste for the fine arts, and improved himself
in philosophy and divinity. Upon his return to Kiof be
read lectures on the Latin and Sclavonian art of poetry in
the same seminary in which he had been educated : and,
with the monastic habit, assumed the name of Theophanes*
Before he had attained the twenty-fifth year of his age h»
> Hutton'f Diet.— ^Saxii Onomatt,
262 T H E OP H A N E S-
was appointed pwtefect, the second office in the seminaiy,
and professor of philosophy. In 1706 he distinguishj^
J:\imself by speaking a Latin oration before Peter the Great;
and still more by a sermon, which in I70y he preached
before the same monarch after the battle of Pultawa. Hav-
ing once attracted the notice, he soon acquired the pro-
tection of Peter, who was so captivated with his great ta-
lents, superior learning, and polite address, as to select
him for a companion in the ensuing campaign against the
Turks-; a sure prelude to his fuiure advancement. In 1711
Theophanes was nominated abbot of Bratskoi, rector of
the seminary, and professor of divinity. His censures
against the ignorance and indolence of the Russian clergy,
and his endeavours to promote a taste for polite literature
among bis brethren, rendered him a fit instrument in the
hands of Peter for the reformation of the church, and the
6nal abolition* of the patriarchal dignity. He was placed
at the head of the synod, of which ecclesiastical establish-
ment he liimself drew the plan; was created bishop of
Plescof; and, in 1720, archbishop of the same diocese:
soon after the accession of Catharine he was consecrated
archbishop of Novogorod, and metropolitan of all Russia;
and died in 1736. Beside various sermons and theological
disquisitions, he wrote a treatise on rhetoric, and on the
rules for Latin and Sclavonian poetry ; he composed verges
in the Latin language; and was author of a ** Life of Peter
the Great," which unfortunately terminates with the battle
of Pultawa. In this performance the prelate has, notwith-
standing his natural partiality to his benefactor, avoided
those scqrrilous abuses of the contrary party, which fre-
quently disgrace the best histories ; and has been parti-
cularly candid in his account of Sophia. P#ter, from a
well-grounded experience, had formed such a good opi-
nion of the talents of Theophanes, as to employ him in
composing the decrees which concerned theological ques-
tions, and even many that 'related to civil affairs. Theo-
phanes may be said not only to have cultivated the scienceS|
and to have pi*omoted them daring bis life, but likewise to
have left a legacy to his ecu s try men, for their further pro-
gress after his decease, by maintaining in his episcopal
y)alace fifty hoys, whose education he superintended : un*-
'der his auspices they were instructed in foreign lawguagos,
anJ in various branches of polite ki^owledge, whieh tiad
bepn hitherto censure^d by* many as profane acquisiiious :
THEOPHILE.
263
Ibutf transmilting the rays of learning to illuminate future
ages and a distant posterity. *
THEOPHILE, a celebrated French poet, surnamed'
ViAUD, was born about 1590, at Clerac in the diocese, of
Agen, and was the son of an advocate of Bousseres Sainte-
Hadegonde, a village near Aquillon. Having come early
to Paris, be was admired for bis genius and fancy, and was
the first who published French works with verse and prose
intermixed. But his impiety and debaucheries obliged
bim to go into England in 1619, whence his friends pro-
cured his recall, and he turned Catholic. This change,
however, did not make him more regular in his conduct,
und be. was at last burnt in effigy for having published in
1622, ^^ Le Parnasse Satyrique.'' Being arrested at the
Chatelet, he was placed in the same dungeon of the Con-
eiergerie where Ravaillac had been confined ; but, on bit
protestations of having had no share in the above mentioned
publication, received only a sentence of banishment. He
died September 25, 1626, in the Hdtel de Montmorenci
at Paris, leaving a collection of *^ Poems'* in French, con-
taining ** Elegies, Odes, Sonnets, &c.;" a treatise "on the
Immortality of the Soul,*' in verse and prose ; " Pyrame
ct Thisb^," a tragedy ; three " Apologies ;" some " Let-
ters," Paris, 1662, 12mo; his "New Works," Paris, 1642,
«.vo;.^* Pasiphae," a tragedy, 1628, &c. *
THEOPHILUS, a celebrated patriarch of Alexandria,
who succeeded Timotheus about 885, has the credit of
having completely destroyed the remains of idolatryv in
Egypt, by pulling down the temples and idols of the false
deities; and be also terminated happily the disputles which
bad arisen between Evagrius and Flavianus, both ordained
bishops q| Antioch* He zealously defended the faith of
the Catholic church ; but quarrelling afterwards with Chry-
sostom, caused bim to be deposed, and refused to place
hi« njame in the Dyptics, Of this violence and injustice
* Coze's T/ay^ls into Russia, rol.
II. — Mr, Coxe, in the history of Theo-
phaiMS, fias followed implicitly Mul-
Ist, whose fidelity and accuracy alwaya
appear to him unquestional^le. Mons.
JLe Cterc differs from Mr. Mullet in
.relatioi; tbe earliest part of this pre-
late's life. lie aUo ioforais us, that
Theophanes persuaded Peter to intro-
4ttQa iba prokeatant religion into Rus*.
sia ; and that the emperor vras iBcline^
to follow his advice, but was prevented
by bis death. This important anecdote
Mr. Coxe would not venture to adopt
(though he could not controvert it), aa
the ingenious author has not cited his
authority. See Le Clere's Hist. Anc
de Russie, p. 362; apd Hiit. Mod. p.
65, 66. ' '
•Diet. Hist.— <Mortri.
264 T H E O P H I L U S.
I^upin thinks be never repented ; but some eompmictton
he felt at last, on account of bis otber failings, for on hia
death-bed, reflecting on the long penitence o( St. Arsenius,
be <t:xclaiii]ed, *' How happy art thou, Arsenius, to have
bad this hour always before thine eyes." We have some
of this patriarch's works in the Library of the fathers, which
seem of very little value. Dupin says,, be knew better
bow to nmnage a court-iutrigue than to solve a point in
divinity.*
THEOPHILUS, of Antiocb, a writer and bishop of
the primitive church, was educated a heathen, and after^
wards converted to Christianity, Some have imagined that
he is the person to whom St. Luke dedicates the '' Acts of
Vhe Apostles j'' but this is impossible, as he was not or-
dained bishop of Antiocb till the year 170, and he governed
this church twelve or thirteen years, at the end of which
be died. He was a vigorous opposer of certain heretics of
bis time, and composed a great number of works, all of
which are lost, except three books to Autolycus, a learned
heathen of his acquaintance, who had undertaken to vindi^
cate bis own religion against that of the Christians. The
first book is properly a discourse between him and Autoly**
cus, in answer to what this heathen bad said against Chris*
tiatiity. _ The second is to convince him of the falshood of
bis own, and ti)e truth of the Christian religion. In the
third, after having proved that the writings of the heathens
are full of absurdities and contradictions, he vindicates the
(joctrine arid the )ives of the Christians from those false and
scandalous imputations which were then brought against
them^ Lastly, at the end of bis work, he adds an historic-
cal chronology from the beginning qf the world to his own
time, to prove, that the history of Moses is at once th^
most ancient and the truest ; and it appears from this little
epitome, that he was well acquainted witii profane history.
In these books are a great variety of curious disquisitions
^ concerning the opinions of the poets and philosophers, but
few things in them relating immediately to the doctrines
of the Christian religion, the reason of which is, that bav«
ing composed his woiks for the conviction of a Pagan, be
insisted rather on the external evidences of Christianity,
9.S better adapted, in his opinion, to the purpose. . His style
il elegant, and he was doubtie^s a man of considerable
I Dupio,^<— Mosheim.
T H E O P H I L U S. 265
|)afts ahd' learning. These' books were published, with a
Latin version, by Conradus Gesner, at Zurich, in 1546.
They were afterwards subjoined to Justin Martyr's works,
printed at Paris in 1615 and 16S6 ; then published at Ox*
ford, 1684, in 12 mo,, under 'the inspection of Dr. Fell ;
and, lastly, by Jo* Christ. Woliius, at Hamburgh, 1723,
in 8vo« It has been said, that this Theophilus of Antioch
was the first who applied the term Trinity to express the
three persons in the Godhead.^
THEOPHRASTUS, a celebrated philosopher, was a
native of Eresiurii, a maritime town in Lesbos, aud was
born in the second year of the 102 olympiad, or B.C.* 371..
After iome education under Alcippus in his own country,
he was sent to Athens, and there became a disciple of
Plato, and after his death, of Aristotle, under both whom
he made great progress both in philosophy and eloquence.
It was on account of his^ high attainments in the latter, that
instead of Tyrtamus, which w'as his oiiginal name, he was
called Theopbrastus. During his having charge of the
Peripatetic school, he had about two thousand scholars ;
among whom were, Nicomachus, the son of Aristotle,
Erasistratus, a celebrated physician ; and Demetrius Pha-
lereus. His erudition and eloquence, united with engaging
manners,' recommended him to the notice of Cassadder
and Ptolemy, who invited him to visit Egypt. So great a
favourite was he among the Athenians, that when one of
his enemies accused htm of teaching impious doctrines,
the accuser himself escaped with difficulty the punish-
ment which he endeavoured to bring upon Theopbrastus.
, Under the arcbonship of Xenippus, Sophocles, the son
of Amphiclides, obtained a decree (upon what grounds we
ar« not informed) making it a capital offence for any phi-
losopher to open a public school without an express li*
cence from the senate; on which all the philosophers left
the city; but the next year, this illiberal legislator was
himself fined five talents, and the philosophers returned to
their schools, and Theopbrastus, among the rest, now con-
tinued his debates and instructions in the Lyceum.
Theopbrastus is highly celebrated for his industry, learn-
ing, and eloquence ; and for his generosity and public spi^
rit. He i$ said to have twice treed bis country from the
oppression of tyrants. He contributed liberally towards^
S«« THEOPHRASTUS.
defraying the expence attending thd public meefctogs of
pbiiosopbers, which were held, not for the sake of show,
but for learned and ingienious conversation. In the pub-
lic schooisy he comoionly appeared, as Aristotle had done,
in an elegant dress, and was very attentive to the graces of
elocution. He lived , to the advanced age of eighty-five ;
towards the close of his life, he grew exceedingly infirm,
-and was carried to th6 school on a couch. He expressed
great regret on account of the shortness of life, and com*
plained that nature had given long life to certain animals^
to whom it is of little value, as stags and crows, and had
denied it to man, who, in a longer duration, might have
been able to attain the summit of science, but now, as
soon as he arrives within sight of it, it is taken away* His
last advice to his disciples was, that since it is the lot of
man to die as soon as be begins to live, they would take
more pains to enjoy life as it passes, than to acquire post-
humous fame. These reflections, and this advice, do not
appear to correspond with the character usually bestowed
on this philosopher.
Tbeophrastus, although he held the first place among
the disciptes of Aristotle, did not so implicitly follow his
master as. to have no peculiar tenets of his own. In seve-
ral particulars he deviated from the doctrine of Aristotle;
and he made some material additions to the system of the
Peripatetic school. He taught, that the predicaments, or
categories, are as numerous as the motions and changes to
which beings are liable ; and that, among motions or changes
are to be reckoned desires, appetites, judgments, and
thoughts. In this opinion he deviated widely from Aristo-
. tie : for, if these actions of the mind are to be referred to
motion, the first mover, in conteinplating himself, is not
immovable. He maintained, that ail things are not pro«
duced from contraries; but some from contraries, some from
'similar causes, and some from simple energy : that motion
is not to Ue distinguished from action ; and that there is one
.divine principle of ail things, by which all things subsist.
By this divine principle Theophrastus probably meant the
First Mover, without whom other things could not be moved^
.and therefore could not subsist.
To these theoretical tenets might be added sefcral moral
apothegms, which are ascribed to Theophrastus ; but thejr
are too trite and general to merit particular notice, except
perfaapff'the' following: ** llespect yourself, and you will
V
T. H E O P H R A S T U 1S. ai^T
never have reason to be ashamed before others." "Love
k the passion of an indolent mind/' ^^ Blushing is the
complexion of virtue.'*
In imitation of his master Aristotle, he composed a great
number of works ; and, indeed, we do not find that any
of the ancients exceeded him in this respect. Diogenes
Laertius reckons up more than two hundred different tracts,
and the subjects of which they treated ; but the greatest
part are lost. Those that remain are^ nine books of the
•* History of Plants-," six of the " Causes of Plants;" a
bopk « Of Stones ;" « Of ' Winds ;" ** Of Fire ;" " Of
Honey ;" ** Of the signs of Fair Weather ;" " Of the signs
of Tempest;" <' OH the signs of Rain;" "Of Smells;"
^ ^ Of Sweat ;" " Of the Vertigo ;" " Of Weariness ;" « Of
the Relaxation of the Nerves;" " Of Swooning;" "Of
Fish which live out of water;" " Of Animals which change
their colour;" "Of Animals which are born suddenly ;"
** Of Animals subject to envy ;" and, " The Characters of
Men/'
In his botanical works, " The History of Plants,*' and
the " Causes of Plants," which have come down to us
almost entire, he mentions, and endeavours to describe^
about 500 species ; but his descriptions are very imper-
fect and'daubtful, although Sprengel, in his " Historia Rei
JHerbarisB," has bestowed uncommon pains in endeavouring
to ascertain them. These works were first published in*
the fourth volume of the Aldine edition of Aristotle, Ven,
1497, and have been since reprinted separately, particu-
larly by BodaBus, 1644. There is an edition of his entire
works by Heinsius, 1613, folio; and there are editions of
his tracts, " De Igne," " De Ventis," &c: But the work
of Theophrastus most generally known,- and oftenest re-
printed, is his " Characters," which give him the merit ot
having been the first who drew characters from common
life, anil with somewhat of what we might call modern hu*
mour. Of this entertaining work the most ancient editions
contained only fifteen chapters, to which Camotius, in the
Aldine edition of 1551, added eight, and the remaining
five were discovered in a MS. at Heidelberg, by Marquard
Freher, from whose copy Casaubon inserted them in his
second edition of 1659, which, however, is the least cor-
I rect of the two. The best since are those of Needham^
Cambridge, 1712, 8vo ; Pauw, 1737, Svo; Newton, 1757,
Oxou. ; Fisdier, Cobourg, 1763, Svo; Goezius, Nurim-
W8 THEOPHYLACT.
b«rg, 1798, 8vo; and Coray, Paris, 1799, 8fo. There
are translations of this work into almost every European
Tanguajre. *
THEOPHYLACT, archbishop of Acbridia, and metro-
politan of all Bulgaria, an eminent ecclesiastical writer,'
flourished in the eleventh century. He was born and edu^
cated at Constantinople. After be was made bishop he
laboured diligently to extend the faith of Christ in hit
diocese, when there were still many infidels ; but met with
much difficulty, and many evils, of which he occasionally
complains in his epistles. He was bishop in 1077, and
probably some years earlier. How long he lived is uncer-
tain. The works of this bishop are various : 1 . *' Com^
mentaria in quatuor Evangelia,*' Paris, 1631, folio. These
as well as the rest of his commentaries are very much
taken from St. Chrysostom. 2. << Commentaries on the
Acts of the Apostles,'* Greek and Latin, published with
some orations of other fathers, Colon. 1568. S. ''Com-
mentaries on St. Paul's epistles," Greek and Latin, Lond.
1636, folio. 4. *' Commentaries on Four of the Minor
Prophets :" namely, Habbakuk, Jonas, Nahum, and Ho*
sea, Latin, Paris, 1589, 8ro. The commentaries of Theo*
phylact on all the twelve minor prophets are extant in
Greek, in the library of Strasburgh, and have been de*
scribed by Michaelis in his '* Bibliotheca Orientalis." $,
** Seventy-five Epistles," published in Greek, with ndtes,
by John Meursius, Leyden, 16L7, 4to. They are also in
the Bibliotheca Patrum. 6. Three or four smaller tracts,
some of which are rather doubtful.*
THESPIS, an ancient Greek poet, is entitled to some
notice as the reputed inventor of tragedy. He was a native
of mount Icaria in Attica, and flourished in the sixth cen-
tury Bl C. He introduced actors into his tragedies, who
recited some lines between each verse of the chorus, where-
as, till that time, tragedies had been performed only by a
company of musicians and dancers, who sang hymns in
honour of Bacchus while they danced. Thespis wrote sa-
tirical pieces also, and Horace says that this poet carried
his actors dbout in an open cart, where they repeated their
verses, having their faces besmeared with wine-lees, or,
^ Diogcnei Laertius.— 'Fabric. Bib!. Grace. — Brucker.— I>ibdiD*t Classics.—
Thomson's Hht, of tlie Royal Society. — Saxii Onomast.-^Bruyere's French
Translation.
* DupiD.— Cavei vol. II.— Lardner's Works.— Saxii Oiomast.
T H E V E N O T. 26r
r
according to SuidaSy with white-lead and vermillion. .His *
poems are lost. ^
' THEVENOT (Melchisedec), librarian to the king of
France, and a celebrated writer of travels, was born at,
Paris in 1621, and bad scarcely gone through bis acade-
mical studies, when he discovered a strong passion for
visiting foreign countries. At Brst be saw only part of
Europe; but accumulated very particular informations
and memoirs from those who had travelled over other parts
of the globe, and out of those composed his " Voj^ages.
and Travels." He laid down, among other things, some
rules, together with the invention of an instrument, 4^or
the better finding out of the longitude, and the declinatiou
of the needle ; which, some have thought, constitute the
most valuable part of his works. Thevenot was likewise a
great collector of scarce books in all sciences, especially in
philosophy, mathematics, and history ; and in this he may
be said to have spent his whole life. When he had the
care of the king^s library, though it is one of the best fur-
nished in Europe, he found two thousand volumes wanting
in it, which he bad in his own. Besides printed books,
he brought a great many manuscripts in French, English,
Spanish, Italian, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic,
Turkish, and Persic. The marbles presented to him by
Mr. Nointel, at his return from his embassy to Constan-
tinople, upon which there are bas-reliefs and inscriptions
of almost two thousand years old, may be reckoned among
the curiosities of bis library. He spent most of his time
among his books, without aiming at any post of figure or
profit; be had, however, two honourable employments;
for he assisted at a conclave held after the death of pope
Innocent X. and was the French king's envoy at Genoa.
He was attacked with a slow fever in 1692, and died Oc-
tober the same year at the age of seventy-one. According
to the account given, he managed himself very improperly
in this illness : for he diminished his strength by absti-
nence, while he should have increased it with hearty food
and strong wines, which was yet the more necessary on ac-
count of his great age. " Thevenot's Travels into the Le-
vant, &c." were published in English, in i687, folio; they
had been published in French, at Paris, 1663, folio. He
wrote also " L' Art de nager,** the Art of Swimming, 12mo^
1696.*
«
* Vouitti d« Po€L Grac. — Moreri. * Journal des Saraat, to]. ^.
ifO T H E V E T.
I
THEVET (Andrew), a writer of son?e note in the 16tk
century, swas born at Angoulesme, and entered the Fran*
ciscan order, and afterwards Tisited Italy, the Holy Land,
Egypt,. Greece, and Brasil. At his return to France im
1556, he quitted the cordelier^s habit, took that of an ec-'
ctesiastic, and was appointed almoner to queen Catherine-
de Medicis. He had the titles of historiographer of France,
and cosmographer to the king, and received the profits of
those offices. He died Nov, 23, 1590, aged eighty- eight,,
leaving ** Cosmographie de Levant," Lyons, 1554, 4to>
*^ A History of illustrious Men," 1671, 8 vols. 12mo, or
1684, 2 vols. fol. a work of very little merit; but the folia
edition is esteemed of some price on account of the por-
traits. He wrote also '^ Singularit^s de la France Antarc-
tique," Paris, 1558, 4to, and several other books, from
which the author appears to have been a great reader, but^
at the same time, to. have possessed great credulity, and
little judgment. *
THEW (Robert), an excellent engraver, wa^rborn m
1758, at Pattrington, in Holderness, in the East Riding o£
York, where his father was an innkeeper. At a proper age
be was placed as an apprentice to a cooper, at which bu««
siiiess, on the expiration of his apprenticeship, he worked
some time. During the American war he became a pri-
vate in the Northumberland militia ; at the conclusion of
which, in 1783, hie came to settle at Hull, where he coin-
menqed engraver of shop-bills, cards, &c. One of his first
attempts was a card for a tinner and brazier, executed in »
very humble style. He engraved and published a plan
of Hull, which is dated May 6, 1784, and afterwards soli-
cited subscriptions for two views of the dock at thafe
place, which, it is thought, be shortly after published. He
also engraved, while there, a head of Harry Rowe, the fa-
mous puppet-showman of York, after a drawing by J. Eng-
land. Another account says, that an engraving of an old
woman's head, after Gerard Dow, was his first attempt, and
appeared so extraordinary, that on the recommendation of
the hon. Charles Fox, the duchess of Devonshire, and lady
Duncannon, he was appointed historical engraver to the
prince of Wales, In 1788, the marquis of Carmarthen^
whose patronage he first obtained by constructing a ver^
curious camera obscura, wrote him a recommendatory let«
1 Moreri. — Diet. Hist
T H E w. m.
r * *
ler to Alderman Boy dell, who immediately offered bim 300
guineas to engrave a plate from Nortbcote's. picture of Ed-
ward V. taking leave of his brother the duke of York. He
afterwards engraved, for Boydell, a number of capital plates.
Crom the Shakespeare gallery, and from the paintings by
sir Joshua Reynolds, Shee, Westall, Smirke, Fuseli, North-;
cote, Peters, &c. all which are very extraordinary speci-
mens of graphic excellence, and have been highly and de-.
served ly approved by the coni\oisseur, and well received by.
the public. Of Boydell's Shakspeare, nineteen of the large
plates are from his hand. He had received very little in-
struction, but depended solely on native genius^ aided by
an intense application, by which he suddenly arrived at great
excellence in the art. Almost at the outset of his career
be became connected with Messrs. Boydell by extensive
engagements on their Shakspeare, a work which will long,
bear ample testimony to his rare merit and talents. The
distinguishing characteristics <of his practice consisted in
most ^ithfully exhibiting the true spirit and st:yle .of each,
master ; a most minute accuracy, a certain polish, and ex-
quisite delicacy of manner; with the appropriate character,
given to all objects, while a mildness of tone and perfect
harmony pervaded the whole piece. The Cardinal Wol-
sey entering Leicester Abbey, from Westall, is certainly
the greatest effort of bis skUI, and. is, by many of the best-*
informed connoisseurs and artists, held to be a first-rate
specimen in that style of engraving. This ingenious artist
died in July 1802, at Stevenage in Hertfordshire. ^
THIERRI, or Theodoric de Niem^ a native of Pader-
born in Westphalia, who was under- secretary at Rome to
Gregory XI. Urban VI. &c. attended John XXIII. to the ,
couiicil of Constance,' as writer of the Apostolical Letters,
and abbreviator ; but after that pontiff^s flight, wrote a
very violent invective against him, and died about 1417,,
leaving the following works: "A History of the Schism,"
which is very curious, and ends in 1410, Noremberg, 1592,.
fol.; a book concerning ^'The Privileges and Rights of the
Emperors in the Investitures of Bishops," printed in
** Schardii Syntagma de Imperiali Jurisdictione," Argent.
1609, fol. 3 «' A History of John XXIH." Francfort, 1620,
4to; and ^^ A Journal of the Council of. Constance." Tbi»
author's styU in Latin is dry and unpleasant, but very
> Gent. Ma|^. 1802.
972 T H I £ R R-I.
forcible, and bis narrations are accurate and faithful. Sofne
attribute to him tlie treatise '^ On the necessity, of Refori^
Illation in the Church, both with respect to its head an4
its members," which others give to Peter d'Ailli.' •
THIERS (John Baptist),, a learned doctor of the Sor-t
bonne, and a celebrated writer of the seventeenth century,|
was born at Chartres, about 1636. He professed belles*
lettres^ at Paris, and became curate of Vibrty, in the djo-*
cese of Mans, where he composed several of bis works^-
and where he died February 28, 1703, aged sixty-five. He
left a great many works, which are now but seldom read^,
though they are very learned^ and very often singular.
" The History of Perukes" is one of bis most known,
and curious books. He designed it again&t those ecclesi-
astics who were not contented to wear their own hair,*
The year 1629 (says he) is the epoch of perukes in France.^
He maintains, that no clergyman wore a peruke before
1660, and pretends that there is no instance of it in anti-r,
quity. He observes, that cardinal de Richelieu was the
first who wore a calot; and that the bishop of Evreux hav-
ing prefixed to the life of St. Francis de Sales (which he*
presented to pope Alexander VIIL) a print wherein that,
-saint appeared with a leather cap on, the pope bad mucin
ado to accept that book, attended witli such an irregularity.^
M. Thiers exclaims against those ecclesiastics, who. powder,
their perukes, and wear them of a different colour from ,
their own hair. He answers the arguments that may be,
alledged in favour of. the clergy. As for what concerns,
their beard and their bands, he says, no ecclesiastic wore,
a band before the middle of last century. There have,
been many variations about their beard. Sometimes sbav- j
ing was looked upon as a kind of effeminacy, and a long s
beard appeared very suitable with the sacerdotal gravity ; ;
add sometimes a venerable beard was accounted a piece of ^
pride and stateliness. When cardinal d'Angennes was about »
to take possession of his bishopric of Mans in 1556, he
wanted an express order from the king to be admitted with
bis long beard, which he could not resolve to cut. M.
Thiers acknowledges those variations about the beard ; but
he maintains that the discipline has been constant and uni-
form as to perukes ; and therefore, be -says, tiiey ought to
be Uid aside, and beseeches the pope and the king to sup- '
press such a novelty.
1 Dupin.— MorerL
T H I E R S. i7S
Among bis otber works are, 2. '' Traill des Superstitions
i|ui regardent lesSacremens/* 4 vols. 12fno, a book esteemed
agreeable and useful by those of bis own communSn. S.
^ Trait^ de Texposition du ^aint Sacrement de TAuteV
1663, 12nio. Some have esteemed this his best produc-
tion. Miny. other articles are enumerated by his biogra-
phers, but few of them interesting in this country. ^
THIRLBY (Styan), LL. D. a very ingenious and learned
English critic, was the son of Mr. Thirlby, vicar of St.
Margaret*s in Leicester, and born about 1692* He re-
ceived his education first at the free-school of Leicester,
under the rev. Mr Kilby, then head usher, from which
school he was sent in three years to Jesus college, Cam-
bridge, and shewed early m life great promise of excel-
lence. From his mental abilities no small degree of future
eminence was presaged : but the fond hopes of his friends
were unfortunately defeated by a temper which was na-
turally indolent and quarrelsome, and by an unhappy ad-
diction to drinking. Among his early productions of id*
genuity was a Greek copy of verses on the queen of She*
ba*s visit to Solomon. Iir 1710 he published ** The univer-
sity of Cambridge vindicated from the imputation of dis-
loyalty it lies under on account of not addressing ; as also
from the malicious and foul aspersions of Dr. Bentley, late
master of Trinity college, and of a certain officer and pre-
tended reformer in the said university,'' Lond. 1710. This
was followed in 17 12 by ^' An answer to Mr. Whiston's
seventeen suspicions concerning Athanasius, in his His-
torical Preface *,*' and by two other pamphlets on the
same subject. He obtained a fellowship of his college by
the express desire of Dr. Charles Ashton, who said ** be had
bad the honour of studying with him when young ;*' though
he afterwards spoke very contemptuously of him as the
editor of '* Justin Martyr," which appeared in 17!23, in
folio ; and the dedication to which has always been consi-
dered as a masterly production, in style particularly. After
Thirlby's publication of Justin, Dr. Ashton^ perhaps to
shew him that he had not done all that might have been
done, published, in one of the foreign journals, *' Some
* " VTritten by one rery young, tnffer hira to bestow upon them." Pre-
an*!, h« may add, at such bniken houri face. — It appears by another tract in
as many necessary avfcatiuns and a this controversy, that Mr. Thirl by was
very unsatUed ktate of health would then *' abojtiit twenty years old."
> Moreri.— Oict. Hist.
Vol. XXIX. " T
«»♦ T'H IB L B Y.
fioetidaUons ofhtAty passage^/' wbieb fvbenHiirii^jp Avvr,
1^^ said, slighUDgly, tb?t ** ai>y man wfao wauldi might bava
made jtbepiy and a bundred more.'' Tbiw far Mr. Tbirlby
Wfut od in tbe study. of divinity; but bi^ FettatUity led
bim to cry tbe round of tbe otber learned professions. Hii
next pursuit was physio^ and for a while be was calledl
** Doctdn" Wbile be was a nominal pbysician^ be liveA
4Pipe iime witb tbe duke of Chandos, ^as librarian, and is
reported to bave affected a perverse and indolent ipde*
pendeQce, sp as caplticio^lsly to refuse bis company wbeii
It was desired. It may be supposed tbey were soon weary
of escb other. ...
Tbirlby then studied tbe civU Htw, in wbich be lectueed
while the late sir Edward Walpole was his pupil ^ but be
v^as a careless tutor, scarcely ever reading lectures. Thm
late learned Dr. Jortin, who was one of bis pupils, waa very>
early in life recommended by bim to traiislate some of
£ustatbius's notes for tbe use of ^^ Pope's Homer," aodr
complained ^* that Pope having accepted and approved bis^
performance, never testified any curiosity or desire to soft
hinpl." The civil law displeasing bim,- he applied to com«s
m.oo law, aod bad chambers taken for bim in tbe Temple;
by bis friend Andrew Reid, with a view of being epteredr
of tb^sQciety, and being called to tbe bar; but -of tbis^
scheme be likewise grew, weary. He came, boweveri to^
l^ndoo, tO;thehous^ of his friend sic £dward Walpole^:
who procured for him tbe oflSce- of a king's waiter in bbei
port of Londopy in May 17419 a sinecure place worth about»
100/. per annum* While be was in. sir Edward's house hei
kept a miscellaneous book of memorables, containing i^bat-
evex was said or done amiss by sir Edward or any part of ■
his family^ The remainder of bis days, were passed in pri-r<
li^ate lodgings, where, be lived in a very retired mannefy.:
seeing only a few friends^ and -indulging occasionally in <
esccessive drinking, being sometimes in a state of intoxica-
tion for. five or sis w<eeks together ; and, as is usual with
siicb ipeUf appeared to be so even when sober ; and in his '
cups be was jealous and quarrelsome*. An acquaintance
Mrbo found bim one day in the streets harmiguing the crowd,
and took him home by gentle violence, was afterwards
highly esteemed by Tbirlby for not relating the story. He
contributed some notes to Theobald's Sbakspeare; and
afterwards talked of an edition of his own. Dr. Jortin un-
dertook to read over that poet, with: a view to mark the
T i! I R L ti fi i^*
fmalBLgen wheie be biid either ittiitatl^d 'Gf^e^ atid^ Latlh
writers, or at least had faUen into the sannnfe thoughts and
expresaidns. Vbirlby, boturerer, dropped his design ;* hvtt'
left a Sfaatep^re^ with soitie abusive reniaHcs on Watbui'-
ton in the margin of the fitst volume, aftd si Very fe^v" iit«
tenvpts at emendations, and those perhaps all in the first
vohune. In the other volames be had only,' with great di-*
ligenee, ieoviiited the lines in every page. When thisi was
told to Dr. Jortin, <<I have known him/' said be, ^* amuse
bimcielf wi^h still slighter emploiyment: be would write
down all the proper names that he could call into hTs- me-
mory.** His mind seem^ to have been tumultuous arid d^-
sfiltorv, and be was glad to catch any emt)Ioymdnt that
ifoigbi ptfaduce attention witbouft smxiety. - Tbe copy, such
as it was,- became the property of sir Edward Walpnle^tb
wbom be bequeathed ^11 his books and pap^re, and who*
lent it td Dr. Johnson when be was preparing his valuable
edition of " shakspeare** for the ffress ; accordingly thd
imme of Thirlby appears in it as a eomfhehtato'r. He died
Dec. 19, 1753* One of Dr; Thirlby»s coHoqtiial tdpics
may be quoted, as in it he seeriis to^ have dfa^n bis own
chatacten with one of those Reuses for which self-conceit
H never at a tosi. ** Sonfetime^," liaid he, ^* Nature sends
into the world a man of powers superior to the' rest, of'
quicker intuition, and wider comptehen^ioi^ ; this nian has
all other men for his enemies, and Wotild not h6 sn^refd
to live hh natural time, biH that his excellen^ctes are hi-
lanced by his failings. He that, by intellectual exaltation, '
thus towers above his conteMp^oraries^ is Smitkeft, or lazy^
Of capriciom; or, by some defect or othter, Is hindered
from exerting bis soveVeignty of Aftrfd ; Ke' is tlhns kept^
upon. <he level, and thus preserved from the destruction
which would be the 'tiatuM tioHsequence of i^iiiversai
hatred'*
Aa the edition of 9 JPustin Martyi*^ was Che magnum opus '
of Dr. Thirlby, and be is a wriferof whom little has^evqr'
hitherto been said, this article may be enlarged with the
opinions of some eminent scholars on that performance.
« The learned Mr. Thirlby," says Mr. Bowyer, « fellov^
of Jesus college, is publishing a new edition of ^Justin
Martyr's two Apologies,* and bis ^ Dialogue with Trypho
the Jew.' The Greek text will be J^rinied exactly a:ccjoi*d-
ing to R. Stephens's edition. The version is Langius's,
corrected in innumerable places. On the same page with
T 2
270 T H IR LjB Y.
the ttxt and version are primed tbe notes and eiiiendttion»
of tbe editor, with select notes of all the foraier editors,
and of Scaliger, Casaubon, SaUnasius, Capeilus^ Vale»iHs,
and other learned meor. Tbe most selected places have^
been collated witli the MS. from which R. Stephens's edi-
tion was taken, and the variation^ are inserted in their
proper places. At the f nd are bishop Pearson's notes from
the margin of his book, and, Drr Davb's notes upon the
first ^Apology ;* both now first printed*"
<^ You are much mistaken," says Dr. Asbton, inanun-
printed letter to Dr. Moss, *^ in thinking Tbirlby wants
some money from you (though in trtuh he wants) : ypa
are only taken in to adorn hiifr tviumph by a letter of ap-
plause, though I think you may spare that too; for be
is set forth in his coach, with great ostentation, to. visit
bis patron. I have not bad tbe patience to read all his de<»
dication, but have seen enough to observe that.it is stuffed
with self-conceit, and an insolent contempt of others, Bent-
ley especially, whom he again points out in. p. 18*. He
sticks not to fling scorn upon- Justin himself, as a. trifling^
writer, beneath his dignity to consider, and so absurd a
reasoner as only pemvfue litura can mend. I have. read
aboutsizty pages of his performance, and^m.really ashamed
to find so much self-sufficiency, and insufficiency. I am
almost provoked to turn critic myself, and let me te^upt
you to a little laughter, by promising to shew you some
conceits upon Justin \ wbich aie under no name io Thirlby'a
edition.''
In a letter from Mr. Clarke to Mr. Bowyer, dated Mavch
10, 17 6 8^ he says, << i think somebody has tokl me, thai
*• Justin Martyr's Apology' has been lately published from
Dr^ Ashton's papera; by whom I know not His * Hie-
rocles' shews that Needbam was not equal to that vifoi^k t
has this the same view with regard to Tbirlby ? 1'bat man
was lost to the republic of letters very surprizingly ; be
went o£^ and returned no more." ^
^ He treats Dr. Bentley in that page fuit, neque esse potuit, atpote neque
with the bigbe&t contempt* as be bad ingenfe, neque judicir», neqae si ve-
dooe before in hit prefiice. • He treats rum dioere licet dtMtriod, satis ad earn.
Meric Casaubon and Isaac Vossius in rem ioitructus." How different i« this>
a maDner not much different^ and of from the character given- him by that
Hbfi learned Dr. Orabe bespeaks ill bit learaed and truly good man Mr. NeU
preface as toltows: ** Grabius vir bo- son, in bis ** Life of bishopBull/' p..
nos, nee iodtx^tus fuit, et in scriptis 402.
patrttiii apprime versatus, criticus noii
1 Miebob'f Bowyer— sad Poems, taK VI. p. lU.
THOMAS. k7i
* *
THOMAS (Antony, Leonabd), ' a member of the
French academy, was born in 1732, at Clermont in Au-^
vei^ne, the country of the celebrated Pascal. He received
from his mother a severe, and almost a Spartati education.
The three children of that estimable woman were brought
up chiefly under her own eyes. His two elder brothers
died, the one in 1748, the- other in 1755, both young men,
and both having signalized themselves in literature. Jo-
seph, the eldest, had produced a comedy ; and John, the
second, excelled in Latin poetry. The death of bis second
brother, impressed Antony very early with a strong sense
of the vanity of worldly cares; and with a profound piety,
which enhanced the value of fats character. He had a de-
cided taste for poetry, but was designed for the bar. In
obedience to the wish of his mother, he went to CJermont,
to follow a study repugnant to his taste; but going with
her to Paris, waen John was at the point of death, his
friends offered him a professorship in the college of Beau-'
vais. This, therefoi^, he accepted, as more congenial to
bis' feelings, though less splendid in appearance, than the
profession for which he had been designed. He was
M>on'in high estimation for his talents as a poet and an
onCtor ; and M. Watelet, a rich man, and a man of letters,
offered him a pension' as a tribute to his merit ; but he'
efabde, vnth becoming pride, to owe bis subsistence to his
' own talents, rather than to the generosity of any one. He
vras afterwatxls^ secretary to the duke de Praslio,- minister
* for foreign affairs ; secretary to the Swiss cantons (an in-
dependent place in the gbveniment) ; and fihally secretary
to the duke of Orleans. He was also a' member of the
academy, though it is said that he once refused to be
chosen, when he found that he was proposed chiefly out of
{lique to another candidate, M. Marmontei. Without any
ortune but his pension from the court, and the trifling re-
ward he received for his assidnbus attendance at the aca-
demy, he continued to reside at Paris ; and latterly, with
a »ister who superintended his domestic concerns. But^
bis health being impaired by excessive application, he was
obliged to seek the more favourable climate of Nice, where
for a time he recovered the use of all his powers. But his
lunigft had always been weak, and being seized also with a
fef«r, he died September 17, 1785, in the house of the
^ archbishop of Lyons, and was buried at the neighbouring
village of Oalins« At the time of his death he was em-
^^t > S O M A S:
ployed 10. WEitiag.,a'po€m or the e«ar Petor tiie 6fMt|
styled the <^ P6trtode/' which has never bean piibliriied. -
The peraoual, cbajracter of M. Thomas, was held sttU
higher tha^ ev«n the merit of his wovks couid claini# Vm
had that amiable simplicity of manners which prevents a
man of g^niop ,fcom offending others by his superiority^
He was just^ moderate, gentle, an «nemy to noise and
ostentation, a good firiend, aiid an affeotionate son* H^
wa^ not indifierent to commeodi^tion or censure, hut re*
reived the .one without, vanity, and theoth^r without anger*
It w^s in 1756, that be first appei^red as an author, by
?ublishing, 1. ^< Refleixions bistoriqeea et Iti^rai^es sur le
otme de la Religion natnaelle^de Voltaire,'' ISmo, hv
t^ts able tcaot h^ defended revalaiion wilhont bigotry ; a^d^
aUowing t^^ great ti^lenta ol bis anMigpaistv lamjaoted hia
^rrofs, and treated him with pc4itenesf» 2> Iq lli9 he
iprrote and pfV)npunced his '< Elpge du Maresehal de $axe,''
1^ pertbrmance; whici^ gained him the crown from tbeacat
demy, and the credit of uniting the prepiaion of Tacitua
with the elevation of Bossuet. He pjMlueed i^t^ward^
similar orations in praise of d* AgueMeai^ da Guai Trouin,
Sully, and Descartes, whieb. wer^ equ^^Uy admired ; and
with aq additipqM eiiloginm on Mi^nsiis Anretms, pnlilishcid
together. by him^f„ with very valuable- notesr 5; Ii^ 17?9
l|.e piwtfluced his. *^ JE^ssai suf le« caraqtdre^ l0s. moears,. et
I'esprit di^s Fjpmmesr ' ft^mu This. 19 not esteeiped oqcialiy
jodicipos. ^ 4p ^^E^Bi sor le% Eloges^" 1773, 2 vob. Bvo*
This is A wofk .of g^eat geniiis; and dloquefice ; and oontaina
many able pprtri^i of iUiistrious persons* He produced
4^so, >. Several poem^^; a% >< Epitre au Feup]^,*' ^' Ode
aur ks temps,*' a^dv<< JumonviUe," with some others. ^
A ballet ii> three actSf called ^Ampbion;^' but thi^ is not
reckoned one pf the best powers in .hi»< orewn. : It was
played in L767. His prpse^wprks were published eeUec^
tively m 1773 ; and form 4 vols^ 12mQf but a B^ore caau
plete edition appeared in I18O2, 7. vols, dvo.^
THOMAS (Christian), a modern philosopher, was bora
at Leipsic, in 1653, and was well educatedi Brst under bit
father, and afterwards in the Leipsic university^ At fiffst^
he acquiesced iu.the. established doctrines of tbe» schools;
but, upon reading Puffendorrs <^- Appleby for rejecting tbe
ScjlioliMStic Principles pf Mprals^ and Law^" hOi detenpiueA
! Diet* Hist.— Europ. Mag. 1792.— Life by Deleire.
T tt a SI « s: fif I
thi^EMbimoe all implioit defenehce tb ahtteftl'dognills' I^i
reid iectores upon tbe iubject of nattiral law^fifrt frotai tb^
text of Grotius, and' after\^l^rd8 from that of Puffendorf,
flatly exercising his own judgment, and bbldly adTsCncing
/new opiniM8* Whilst bis father was living, pater^af pru[4'
(denee »iid< modectttion restraiif^d tbe natural i^eb^menci
end acrimony of 'the yoiing^nian'fi temper, which v^as too
apt to break otts^ Men in his public lectures. But wbeii
iie was teft lo himself, tbe bdldtess with which b^advahcel
unpopular ttoets; and ibe severity with which be dealt out
his satirical censures, soon brought upon* hitri' the violeTft
reftentment of theologians and prdfestoirs;
An << lotrodtietadn to Poffend6rf^'' wbich^ Tbbortas pbU-
lisbed in 1687,in whiob kededUb^ thl^ obligation of mehiHtjr
from mrtuMl principles, ocbaiioned gr^t ofiFeilce, #btich
be increased in tbe folidwing yeaf,' . by commencing a
inouti»ly> journal wbicb' be cf ailed <*Fre^ Tbbnglits: bt
Monthly Diaioguea on varioUH^ bookis, chiefly ildw^^' ifi
urtkich be attacked many of bl^ tontemjdoraH^i^ with such
severky,' and probably with sueb injustice, thatf bti heit^-
rowly escape pitni^ment from' the ecofledastldt) cbbii df
DresdetK A chai^ also of content^ df t'ellgrmi wah
brought against him, but niras^ dot prbs^ctkted. ^ A sMtiriciA
review, wfaicb he irrote^ of a tr^alis^' << Oh' tbef Diririe rigKt
of Kings," pabli^ed by a Danish divine; << A De^ce ctf
the. Sect of tbe Pietists,^' «Ad otb^r ^afeiridal pi^blieattonii^
at lafrt e>kciti5d tbe resentment df the clei^y aj^instTbomaif,
and be ftittud it neeessary to leave L^sic, a^d by the
pttirmisfii^n of this dlector of Brtndenburgb^ read privatb
feetureHi ih tdie eity of Hall. After a sb(^' interval,' be was
appointed' pubHc'pix>fes^dr of jurisprudfehce, first in Bei^-
Itd, atid aftehvards at Hal4. In tbese situations, hi^tbouglft
bimselfat fulitibert^ to indulge bis satirical bmhour, and
to engage 4n the controversies of tbd times ; and, as Ibng
as'be lived,' be^ohtitiued to tttake uto df this liberty in i
manner wbitsh ilttbje<ited hini to-much odium. He died at
Hrflin'l/728i
Be6idi;a i^e satirical journal already mentioned, Thomai
wrote seV^rat treatises oh logic, morals j and jurisprudence;
in Wbicb be advanced many dogmas contrary to received
opinions. In his writings on physics, b^ leaves tbe ground
<rf expetiment ahd rational invest^tidn^ and appears
among tbe mystics. His later pieces are in many particu-
lars intonsiSteAt wit)^ the former. His princtpar pbiloso*
ta» rmouAifSk
watkM ire << Ad lotKodaotnm to Avlk Vmomphfi «r
^iltlines to the An of Thiiikieg and Reasoning;** ^^In^
trodu^tiou to Rational PiiiloBopby ;*V <* A Logical Pmxts;*^
<< Introduction to Mpral Pbibsophy ;'* ^ A Core for Ivre*
gular Passions, and the Doctrine of Self-Knowtedge;^^
^ The new Art of disooTOciog the aeofet Thoughts of 'Men ^^
<^ Divine Jurisprudence;'' ^' Koulddations of the Law: of^
>Iature and Nations ;" ^^ Dissertation on. live Crime of Ma«
fie;". <* Essay on the Nature. and Essence of 8pitfit» ot
rinciples of Natueal and Moral Science ;'-' << History of
Wisd(^m and Folly.*'
Brucker gives the following brief apeoimefi of the more
peculiar tenets of this bold, eccentric^ and inconsistent
philosopher. *^ Thought arises firom 'images inspr^ssed
upon the brain; and the action eftbiinkiiig is perfonned Vk
the whole brain. Brutes are destitute of sensation. ' Mall
is a corporeal substance, capable of thifiking«and nio^iit^^
4>r endued with intellect aiMl will Mao^ does not always
think. Truth is the agreement of thought with the natuffe
of things. The senses are not deceitful,^ but^all %lhicy Is
the effect of precipitatioa and prejudice. ^ Fn^m percept
lions arise ideas, and their relations ; and from these, rea^-
aonings. It b impossible, to disco¥er troth' by the syllo^
fistic art. No other rule is necessary in« reas^niRg, thah
|h«it of following the natural order of investigation ; be^
ginning from those thiaga which are best known, and pro-
ceeding, by easy ateps, to those, which airie more difiicult,^
** Perception, is a passive affection^ produeed by some
external object, either in the intellectual sense, or in th^
iuqlination of the will. Essence is that 'without which a
thing, cannot be perceived. God is not perceived by. the
intellectual sense, but by the inclination of the will: for
creatures affect the brain ; but Qod, the heart. All crea^
turesare.in God : nothing is exterior tohim. Creation k
extension produced, from nothing by the divine power-
Creatures are of two kinds, passive Und active ; the. former
is matter ; the latter, spirit. Matter is dark and cold, and
capable of being acted upon by spirit, which is light, warm^
and active. Spirit may subsist without matter, but desires
a union with it.. All bodies consist of matter andrspirii,
and have therefore some kin J of life. Spirit attracts sfiirk,
and thus sensibly operates upon matter united to spipt.
This attraction in man is called love ; in other bodies, sym-
pathy. A finite spirit may .be considered' aa, a Umiteni
T H O M A Si
St»
•
«|i)KNPCf ;»- wMcb fay V himinous^ wmnta, ani ftbdve, fliMf
ffom a centra* Spirit is tbe regtoo of the body to wbich it
isuDitecl. .The region of finite spiriis is <70d. The hu-i
m^n soul is a ray from tbe divine nature; whence it de-
sires union with God| wbo is love. Silioe the essence of
spirit consists in action, and of body in passion^ spirit may
Insist without thought: of this kind are light, ether, and
other active principles in natu>e.'* . Fortunately, says 4
^€ry. >udiciuus writer^; this jargon. is aa uninteiUgihle aa tb^
^ategori^s of Kant, and the blasphemies of Spinosa*^ i
THOMAS (EUZABETH), known to tbe world by th€
same of C^rinoji, with which Dryden flattenrd her, was
born in 1675; and, afeer a life of ill health and* varioiai
disappointments, died Feb. 3,. 1730, in. her fifty-sixth yeai^
jsnd was buried in tbe cbuccb of St. Bride. Among ber
jather misfortunes, she laboured under the displeasure off
Popje, whom she bad offended, and who took care to place
Jier in bis /^ Duociad.'' He oooepaid her a visit, in conv^
jiany witb Henry Cromwell, esq. whose tetters,t'by some,
accident, fell into her bands, with seme of Pope's answers.
As. soon as that gentleman died, Curll found me^tns tb
wheedle. th^o^ from her, and immediately coi;amitited theiH
.to tlie press 9 whieh so enraged Pope^ tbathe never forgave
ber» Corinna, considered as an aiitbor, has very few
claims to notice : she had not so much wit as Mrs. Behn dr
JMUis* Manley, nor so happy a gift at intellectual . painting;;
but her poetry was once thought soft and debcate, and her
letters sprightly and entertaining. Her poems^ were pub«
Jished after her death, by Curll; and two volumes of le^
ters (under tbe title of <^ Pylades and Corinna,'') which
passed betiireen ber and a Mr. Gwynnet, who was to havte
,been ber bjusband, but died befoi:e matters could be atf*
^ompliiifhed. .. In this last publication she gives ah account
Qf her own life, which has been abridged in Cibber's
^* Lives,*' and other collections ; but which Mr. Malone h^s
proved sucfb atissue of improbabilities and falsehoods, that
,a mere reference to it may be thought sufficient. '
, THOMAS (John), bishop of ;Rochester, the. eldest of
three squs of the rev. John Tuomas, many years vicar of
Brampiou in Cumberland, was born at Carli&le Oct. 14,
.1712. Many of bis ancestors, both on the paternal and
* Brncker^-^Suppl. to the Eocycl. Brit.
• Life as aboTe.— Malone^s Dryden, vol. I. p. 347. II. p. 9S, 108.— iJowlM's
T HO H AS.
«atenml udi^ were re«»rkable fer Aeir longief i^'; sd^tkfilt
iie migfat .be cdnsidered as* <^ born with sooaeiihat Hkis ei^
liereditary claiAi to leogtb of daya^/' Being designed for
tfav church, at a proper age be was plac^ in tbe gram*
ttiar-'school at Carlisle, whence he was sent to Oxford^ \h
173(V ^aady on tbe I23d of November, i«as adiiiitied a edm-
ittoner of- Queen' t^eoU^e. Soon after bis admissiciU' be
had a ^i^rksbip* given bitti by Dr. Smitb, then prbtost
'Having discharged tUsoffioe, and ooosplet^ bis terms^
he put on a civilian's gown, and, leairtpg Oxford, becatail^.
SMt assistant at tbe olassical academy in Sobo^square. In
this situation be acquitted bisMelf so weU, as to-be r^oem^
mended lobe privaife tutor to ibd younger son of sir Wil*'
liam Clayton, bart. a charge which led to his' future cAe^;
'vatian. How longbe retnainedanit, is not precisely known,
but probably till he had completed bis pupil's educilion'.
His conduct, however, was so well approved^ that shortly
aftep, with the consent of sir William Claylori, the sisteir
of bis pupil, on the death of faiev first busbftndy sir Cbarteifr
Blackweli, of Sprowston-hall, Noifolk^ beearme bis l^^ife. .
Mr. Thonaas lived in habits of tbl§ closest friendship with
bis brother-in-law, until about 1784, when tbat gemle^
nan n^et a premature- death, occa^oned by a fall from' bis
horse; . ^
On the ^7tb of March, 1 7 »7v Mr. ThoAlas Wilis ordained
a dea<^>n, by sir George Fledfing, bishop of t^arlisle, at .,
a special ordination bolden in^ tbe thapeV of John the
Baptist, within the preokicis of tbe^ Savoy; In the Strand-; :>
and, on the 25th of Sepcembet, in the samls year,- be wak\
ordained prieit, by Dr. Joseph Wilooehs, bishop 6f Rb^
Chester, at a general ordination bolden iti tbe parish c^Beb
of Bromley, in the xM)unty of Ketft, The prooiotitfn of
Dr. Herring (afterwards archbisbop of Ganterbtiry) in tbii,
same ycj^r to the see of Banger,* occasiensid a vacancy iik
the rectory of Blechingley) to wtridh Mt» Thontas wIBk? ^e- .
sented by bis majesty, Geoi^ IK • through tbef ititerest^- of '
sir W. ckyton, and was instituted, on tbe 27tb of Janui^y', f
by Drv Benja«mn Hoadly, bishop of Win<:faester. Durmg
his incumbency 00 this preferment, wbich Was tfalrCy-stx
years,^ Mr. ThoiAas chiefly resided in tbe rbctbifiaKbou^t^
wfaiob he enlarged, improved/ and enibelilsb^ afr a^ V^jr "
considerable expence. In the discharge of his parx>cbiai ^
duties, in wbicb he never omitted any thing whidi he con-
ceived might conduce to the ti^poridior spir^iud interest! z
THOMAS: i0»
bif* |»ar)ifai0j9ei!8) he vma fotr some tiitia HM&sted %y hb
bfot^h^ ; and, afiev his pmMnotion t» a vicavag^ in Nor*
folk, by Ibe rev» WiUiam Tbompsoo, the poet.
On tba^5tb o£ Bfoy, 174^» ACr. Thomas took the degrae
of D* C» L« ; in tbe year following hismairriage took placed;
on the idtiiof January, I748| be was appointed oii^)laiii
in ordinary to bis late majesty, George 11. ; on tbe d3d of
Aprils 1754, be was made prebendary ol Westminster;
4MI the i2tibof Deeeodber, l7€eQ, he was appointed chaplain
tto^ bis, present ma^esly, by the king*S: o^er, and withont
any applieatton^ Xn 1*76(2^ he wafr appointed snb^aiinoneY
to tht ardbbisbcip :<rf York, an oflke rather bonorary tfaaii
Incnutive; »nd in I766v was instituted to tile vicarage df
3tk BrideS in London, oH tbe presentation of the dealt and
ebapter of Westiminster. In 176^^ be socceeded Dr. Pearee
as dean^^' Weatminster, atKl soon after was chosen thearefa^
bishop of Canterbury's prolocutor- to the lower *^house of
Doa^oca^om In 4772, he met with a severe shock m tbe
death of bis wife,; and , in 1774, lost bis valuable friend
Dr. Peafce. fa November foMowing be succeeded- him,
^< aceondUng- 1» bis- (Dr; Pearce'?) most eam^t: wish;*' ih
the bishopric of Rochester. On the anaient palace at
BiTomley^ which be fonnd in a ruinous and dilapidatad con-
dtticih,. be expended upwards of three thousand pounds';
displaced' gfvat oMinifioetiGe in repahring anti rebiiildiftg
k^, and in dispoatng and embelliabing the epi^c^pal de-
meanea; and, fddni bis regard for social wersbtp, a little
before bis death he gave BOOL towards enlarging the parish
4Bbiiiiei» at ByomkiF.
The bishop added one to tbe many instances bf men \yfae
baviO' bee« peculiarly fortunate in their first mahriagie/andv
deeply»>c0«eemed at ita dissoiutiony seek^f^g ^^nselaition in
a^seeondw SuebeensoliHiikMidid bis V>irdahip seek in ase?-
cendaaaertage- with lady Etiaa^etb Yates, relict of air Jot-
aeph Yates^ late one of tbe judges of the court of King^s*-.
benob, to whom bewaemanried^ by. speciaMicence, on tbe
ISlh ef January, 1<775, at Westminster^abbey. In this
oniony be waa aa happy aa the* great- disparity of age would
permit* Though twice msurried, he had no issue; but
eaebt of bis» ladies bhmgbt him a son and a daughter by
tbeif foMser husbands^, and to these he shewed a parentsd
effseiiom
. Agfir and! its. natufal.eoacomitants^ for some few years
before- bis death, almost incapacitated the bishop from any
au THOMAS.
bborious chity ; ^tit, so zealous was he in the discharge bf
hk function, that he held a general confirmation not long
before his last lingering and fatal illness, and continued to
preach both at court and* at Brooiley, till near bis eightieth
year. He expired, in great composure, about eleven o'clock
on the mortiing of Thursday, August 22d, 1793, having
completed his eightieth year on the preceding 14tb of Oc-
tober, 1 792. The manner of his death was perfectly agree-
able to his wish, expressed in a letter written to bis brother
on the death of his first lady, ** without a sigh or a groan.'*
Tbe bulk of bis fortune wa» bequeathed to bis relations, in
such proportions as corresponded with the proximity of
kindred, and the expectations which he had encouraged;
bonds and notes, from diiFerent friends and acquahitances,
lo tbe amount of 5000/. were cancelled ; legacies^ mourn-
ing, 8cc. were presented to his servants ; and several sums
were appropriated to charitable purposes. In bis last wiH
and testament, the bishop had made no provision for the
manner or place of his interment : but, in a cancelled will,
made as far back as 1774, he had directed his remains to
be deposited by those of his first lady, and this direction
was conseqtiently carried into effect.
In 1803 a valuable collection, in 2 vols. 8vo, of his <* Ser-
mons and Charges,'* was published by the rev. G. A, Tho-
mas, bis lordship's chaplain and executor, with a Memoir >^
of his Life, to which we are indebted for the preceding
particulars, as well as for tbe following sketch of bis cha-
racter. '
*^ His lordship was in stature above tbe middle height,
standing about five feet eleven inches. In the early part
of his life he^was slender, and of so delicate a constitution,
that bifr father used to say, he was propped up by art and
medicine. But, as he advanced to maturity, his constitu-
tion acquired strength : yet be never increased to any de-
gree of corpulence. His figure was elegant and manly, 'and
Its dignity comported with die natural elevation of bis mind :
at all times inspiring respect and veneration, but particu*
larly when he was engaged in any of tbe sacred offices of
religion, which he always performed with such a devotional
ardour and fiMrvenciy, as seemed to add a peculiar sanctity
and spirit to the native gracefulness of bis appearances
His countenance was the faithful index of his soul, opeuy
platcid^ and benevolent. His features were regular^ and
TH O M AS.
2»$
geMrmlly softened with tbe most gracioas smile of com-
plaeeucy and benignity. .
^^ His, intellectual abilities w^re above mediocrity ; and
ibe endowments of nature were improved by tbe appliea*
Jtion of art and ;study. He had a lively and chaste^imagt'^
nation, a qnick apprehension, a sotind and penetrating
judgment, and a retentive memory. He excelled equally ,
in learnings science, and the polite, arts. He was an adept
in niusic, and a connoisseur in. painting. He was, in his
^arliei; days, perfectly acquainted with the practice as well
as the theory of music ; having been a performer on two
difficult instruments. For this agreeable art he entertained
s^ passion to his latest days. He was a great lover of anti*
3uity, and well skilled in the knowledge of coins and me«
als, and of these, as also of prints and paintings, be left
valuable collections. There was no feature more promi-
oent in ^his good bishop's character, than a zealous and
uniform attachment to our unrivalled constitution. It was
the, warmest wish of his heart, to see our excellent and
happy form of government, both in church and state, pre*>
served free from ^ the contagious influence of superstitious
tyranny on the one hai\d, and licentious, anarchy on tbe
other."
It is somewhat. singular that there were three prelates of
tihe saine nadnes, John Thomas, who ran their course nearly
together ; Dr. John Thomas, successively bishop of Peter-
borough apd Salisbury, who died in 1766 ; Dr. JohnTlio^
mas, successively bishop of Peterborough,- Salisbury^ and
Winchester, w1m> died in 17&i *» and the sabjedt.of the
preceding article. *
THO^JLAS THE RHYMER.— See LERMONT.
THOMAS (Willum), a learned writer of the sixteenth
century,, was born in Wales, and was at least of Welsh ex»
traction,, and educated. at Oxford. Wood says that one of
both bis names was, in 1529, admitted bachelor of canon
law, but does not say that it was this person. In 1544,
1 Life as above.
* *' There were at that time two
Dr. Thomas's, who were hot easily clis-
tipguisbed; for fiomfbody was .speak-
ing of Dr. Thomas. It was asked^
which Dr. Thuroas do yon mean } Dr.
Jobo Thoma*: — ^Tbey are. both, named
John. Dr. Tboma& who has a liviof
in the city,— They hare both livings
in tbe city. Dr. Thomas who is chap-
lain to the king.-— They are both chap-
lains to tbe klof . Dr. Thomas who is '
a very good preacher.— They are both
very good preachers. Dr. Thomas
who squ iDts.^-They both sq u I nt They
were afterwards both bishops." Bi^boyt
Newtpn's Life.
«t ^ THOMAS;
h^fh§ ObJiged to quit tbe kiogdofli on aecouftt of 80m«( iiifN^.
fortune, he went to Iialy^ and in 1546 was at Bologne^ and
affterwards at Padua. 1» l$4f9^ be wu again in Lon<i^6t^
aod on ac^^ounl of bit knowledge of modern languages, wui
made clerk of tbe council to king Edwurd VI. who soon'
aft^ gave him a prebend of St. Paiit\ and tlie living of
Prestbend in South Wales. According to Strype^ be teted
yery ui^iairly in procuring the prebend> not being a Vpi*
ritual person ; and tbe same objecsioir undoubtedly resta
against bis other promotion*. On the accession of queen
Mary, be waa deprived of bis eoployaseDt at eouft, and i^
said to have meditated tbe death of tbe queen; init Bale
says it was Gardiner whom be formed a design of murder^
iDg. .Others think that be was con<ierned in" Wyat'a re<^'
I^lHon. . It is certain that for someof these charges, be was
committed to the Tower in 1 55S, together with Williaih'
Winter and sir Nicholas Throgmorton. Wood ssys^ *^ He^
was a. man of a hot- fiery spirit, bad sucked in damnable'
principles by his frequent conversations with Cbristopber
Croodmau, thai violent enemy to tbe rule of women.'* It
appeara thaA be had no rule over hinrsetf^ ^r about a week
a^ter bb coimmitmeaty be attempted sutdde, but the wonud^
not proving mortal, he was arraigned at Guildhall^ May 9,^
1553, ahd banged at Tyburn, on tbe IStb. *
' His works are, 1. ^^he History of Italy,'' Lond. 15^9, 1 J6!/
4lo, 2. ^ The principal rules of tbe Italian Gramihiar, with]
a^dictiQuary for the better understanding of Bbecacce, Pe-
tfareht and Dante,'' ibid, 1550, 1561, 1567, 4td; S. <^Le*
Peregrynne, or a defence of king Henry VIII. to Aretine
tbe Italian poet," MS. Cott. Vesp. D. IS, and in Bodl.^
Library. This, Wood says, was about to be - published in
the third volume of Brown's ♦* Fasciculus." 4. " Comnron
Places erf State," written for tbe use of Edward VI. MS.
Cott 5. *^Of the vanity of the World,'^ Lend. 1549, 8vo.
5. ^< Translation' of Cato's speech,' and Valerius's answer,
fj[om the 4th .decade of Livy,^' ibid, 155 f, 12m6; Re aiso
made some translations from the Italian, which are still in
manuscript. '
THOMAS (William), bishop of Worcester, was son of
Mr. John Thomas, a linen-Klrsper in the city of Bristol, who
Kved in a house of bis own on the bridge in that tQwii, where
the bishop was born on Thursday, February 2, 1613, and-
1 Sale.— TaiHier«^^4b. QSi ToK L nesr €dit. . . . -»
THOMAS Mf
lyap^i^ied there in St. Nicholases ohnrch, on the Friday fol«
lp,\f]ag^ H^: was of a very aBcieot and noble «fainiiyi m
^l>pears by a pedigree taken out > of the iieralds'-qffice by
Wiliimn Tbomfas lord bishop of Worcestf r« in 16as, to
prove bis. right to the Herbert arias. His osotfaer was £U«
l^i^belb B(oiU)t, descended from tbe Blounta of Eldersfieicly
in the county of , Worcester* His grand&tberi WiHian^
Tbon»as^ was pe^ordi^r of .Caermarthea, where lie and his
£a,9)ily had for a long time. lived in ^reat credit; and the
eai"! pf NortbamptODy then lord president of Wales^ g^^^
WfB this character, ^' tbat^he was- the wisest and most pniw
deo^ person he ever knew member of a codrpdration 9^ tfaie
geatlejoaao^ after the death of their son, undertpok the cani^
^f hi^ graedson ; which trust he eseeated with the greatest
c^e atid attention, placing him under the taition of MrJ
Morgan Owen, master of the public school at Cdermai^heny'
^terwards bishop of Landaff: iiere he continaed tiH he:
went to St John's college^. Ox^ord^ in the eaxteeath year
of his age, iu Michaelmas- term, 1629; from hence he res
moved to Jesus. college, where he took liis degree of B. A.
1632^ and soon after was. chosen fellow of the' college, andt
appointed tutor by the priocipaL Here, aecoidtng to tbw
fashioa of the times, he studied mweh achool philosophy,
and divinity, epitpaiiziag with his own band all tbe worksf
of Arisiotle: be took his degree o£ M.A. Feb. 12, ier34„
was ordained .deacon by. John Baaeooft,* bishop of Oxford^
at Christ phurcb, Ji^ne 4, 1637, and priest in the year fbU
luwihg at tbe same place,, and by tbe same bishop/ Soon
aftes be was appointed vicar. of Penbryn, in Cardiganshire,
and chaplain to tfaeearl of Noitfaumberland, who presented
him to. tbe vicarage of Laugharn, with tbe rectx)«y of Lan«:
s^durnen annexed. This presentation^ being disputed, he
determined . to give it up; but the earl encoutaged htm to-
persevere, assuring him that he would be at all the ezpence
and trouble; inconsequence of which^ the dispute was soon*
ended, and Mr. Thomas instituted : here he determined to^
reside^ having no other thought but how best to perforin bis
duty; and that he might be more fixed, and avoid the in-
conveniences of a solitary single life, be resolved to marry.
The person he chose was Blanch Samyne, daughter of Mr.*
Peter Samyne, a Dutch merchant in Lime-street, London,
of an ancient and good family^ by whom he had eight child-
ren ; William, who died young, feter, John, Blanch,'Bridger,
William, Sarah^ and' Elizabeth* Here he . religiously per-^
SH T H aMik&
fofttied areiy duty of a parbh prietly eilMMAg.kiii«M4
pbyjiioit not a timde, lint a triMt, lill about 1644^ a fiairl|r
of the parliamem borse came to La«iglparii| and ifN|«ifMBf4
whether that popMi priest Mr. Thomas was stUI .thiiii^
and whether he contitoed reading the liturgy^ mtAmnftgrn
iag for the queen ; aod one of them adding, tint he afaotild
go to church next Sunday, and if Mr* Thomiw perswvwre4
in pra3ring for that drab of the whore of Bal^loii, be wuiid
certainly pistol bioi. Upob this, M«^ Thooias^s fnMdi^MMNr
nestly pressed bioi to absent himself ; but be^rsftisedf Mkitfp
ing it would be a neglect of duty. ' He no sponer liegam
tbe service, than the soldiers came and placed 'tbemsemHl
in the next pew to him, and when be prayed for tim*qMlHi|
one of them snatched tbe bode out of bis band^ «n1 tfardw
it at his head, saying, *^ What do yon meaa by pray iag* fbt
a whore and a rogue V^ The preacher bore it with pattsnue
and cmnposure; but the soMief who bad^coounitted^tlie
affiront was instantly seized' With muAi ansciety am^ea<N
punction, that bis compacioBS were forced . to emfry^atik
away. ' Mr. Thomas continued the sfrviee,' and* dflivwiM
tbe sermon with his -uiual emphasis mid pvepiie^^^ uatf
when be returned to his house, he there feutid dfteusotdtem
ready to beg his pardon, and desiring bis prayers to CM
for them. When this happened, he was about tbirly-dfree
J ears old. Soou after, the parlisuttent eemmitcee ^deprtredt
im of tbe living of Laugharn; and theogh a piftnoipa|
member of that body bad been bia pupU and patticubRr
friend, yet he refused, to shew him any 'fawur, aaying, ^*tf
be was bis father, be would do him no service uutosa h#
sNiold take the coreoaut.'* From this time tiH ^tbe restora«
tiou, Mr. Thomas endured great ba^dshipsv being • suf*
hater -to the amodnt of above fifteen hundred pounds, and^
for the support of his family, obliged to teaefaa private
sebool in the country; and though bis frienda often made
bim liberal presents, yet his wife and nomeroua family
were firequentiy in want of common necessaries.
At the restoration Mr, Thomas was re-instat^d in bis
living, and by the king's letters patent made chanter of StC
David's. In this year he took bis doctor's degree in dirt«»
ntty, carrying with him a letter from the chancellor, who
said thus of him : ^' I have beard o^ his great worth and
deserts, as well in respect of his learning and orthodox
judgment, as of his most exemplary life and conversation.^'
In 1661, be was presented to the rectory of Lladbtder itf
tUeUKSL |8»
flw^Viiey; in ifat^c^My ^»mihmlti^ Uy fen* dbtJktOht
Uf4$9 uilf*ifti(t «btpWti to %te dtike <^ Yoiik, w|m>«i h^
ininiirf fBJib^ifiij^^^ lo SMiairkyiii wh0ie f««ilj^b^ coik
#mtd MMie Mi^ iin4 Math: wlMHibe twis in one of xht m^
#Wgt|<«i»f> agakiil tiie !)iiiitii.> By the interast of ibd
^iriB« Aiul dHietaMe#tto»f h« nm {MrDttoied to ifae ilMiierjr
#f Mnhmmm^ Nw* H^^ l#60^ tn.lbe worn oi Dr. ThMioii
lATiraMvit^ 40M^^. iieroi though a straogev, he he^
Iit«t4 MMelf w Mcli « nuMr u lo g«in the «ffectaou» of
dft iiN( ||«aii«fii*a of the county, pwrttculariy th« dnW of
8iii»|pfi» lord WI»(kof, mfiservmrdhi creMd carl of Ply:,
iiomb^ and ^r J#kii PaJMagtw : the l«st,' ^at he ' might
(fmfii^y meee of hia- etm^m^ ppeeeotcMi Um tt» the reeiory
^ Hanjieoii Lo«6t m the haftniiHig of lOTO. Upon thia
4mi Milled his limg at L4nfhani, and re»eved hisfcinily
W mmmpumk, He«e he ei^eyed an eaayiaed pleasant m-
Meeieni, mui he was «fteii h^^d aa tay that this wai th^
|rieeeeaee9ti pact of 4Ha Ufe^ ahd (hat here he had vaoi^
4|iiiM eed aatiaiMtieK whbitt hiniell 4tee when he waa
«Jher«Mds mh thw. h^{heat ooAer ^t the xdnuieb. Jiere also
km fiae^Md ^fa>w> ta aetreh tteiat aiiti^Mkyt to «)tevgebia aftied^
indr leeMRsh; it wifeh faeilfial hoowledge : butliSa pieattt^
mece «M wiihwiitidlaf, ^9' dmoglw naaidenoe hene ia
4$7f, hii hetaneid wiie'<yed, juid wa^ buried hi onwof the
eidi iilet ^ the ^aihedaai wbuvoh of Woreeaten ^ In thia
Mw 9im he ffea-preaaottd to the seaof St.Di|vid'ay wd
weld the^aawtrfi.ef. Weroe«Mr ia coneieiidaiD* He waa
wry wpeaplaMe to thwi geetry awd clarf^ of thati^liotfeie^f
km had^hwe• hiwd ap mmtmg; thfrai, apake their leageage^
ami had heee m hilhi w iaflhitif with mmoj jof «beaii it tthf^
ieie tjeehtiwinwft tiaieai liia jbalneiqwDoanfirawd tfa#r ws-
fiaelatiieeii hia genefenateief ei i^teed edth.theiva, biithip^
thief >^aecer»./aMa «at to* mmch .to<ipleaie 4faeir hipjomn^ «t^
t» OBr«ett Aek «Meal% ^eod aal»e theiri'SeiiU ; to fvumofm
i|poefiitl|F^taid^oda«f%eed to aew the ■etda ef holkieia
amooff ^eai^- iici hegna to jrepair the palicici al Biwek*
aochiamd dkbwrgwi%i* he paeached Ineq^^^y i^ aetfend
pMia* aif hia diteeio aa.<tbe latgaafw of the opantry^ and
waa very iaalru«iettal:ia piweriagtbe twuadatiou of the
BiUe into Webb;, HeewdetiMKired all he could, to remove
the eathedaal aanrioe froai.St> David*a to Caenaactbea ; the
|Qnatr<heia9.a plaoeofaa trader little fraqa^tted^ situated
ia a. ooraer of the kingdom, twelve Jong miles from any
ipwrtwv tflgtOf . Ifae eattedral ruinous, the bishqp's palace
Vol. XXIX, U
«W T 010 MAS.
^n4iniK» ^ceptjiajreceine (their r^vaottAs^ and/ bdI; oui».iiMI^
icing Uii ottt»iii r«piHriiig.Uie6albhc4i»Vaft9r>^eJ'e4torAt}aii.
.Oil the cpntiwry, Gaermaiibaobe kA^«v4o.4»eia.K«i9h;iHHl p^^t^
{^diIqiis i««vp i th« .gi'Mt church, cdf^^ble^ of hcingfOiade: da^
psnt and handsome, and the epUcefpai/boAue jȣ Aberg^uiUjr.
\0Xy near, where the bUhop conMaptliy iresid^iM .-QfiplhaBe
«K»tives.be set abQut the work very bearuAjr^bi^t avei wHh
llie fiuaoe aucciess as bishop Bariow hadidona t^^afere.
Having been bishop of Ht. Davcid's M jf^eawio be ii«as
iranslated to ,the see of Worcester, in the fd^i^^i hM^^p
f l^etweod.i. As seen as he knemr 9i tt^iappoinliiMiil^ ^bp«
Jeiidsbip» .livlio.jseyer waa a ioves' ^ .ioQ.My,><deBisted|qeisi
any further ireaty with several .ieisi^iitsr^f'tbd'bil^opi?ic<of
St. David'sy aed refused .Ti^y.cxie^iidbsiwULer. finest. e&erv
iwards> xeoeived;by bishop Woiiiark. . fb^fSftn^itoWofnam*'
tex in August 4683,^ and. was condAiafted iio :biaipalaM<'i99^
tfaip gentjry and clergy of ^ts dibces^ wbiire - they : w««e 4»lr
t^tainedvery bandaocaelyy and..«ver .s£ier ifi^sndtiarpliMkr
ti/ol table aud. hearty welcome ;< he being. aiwagNBi<of 'Opit-
;aipa that, in order to^amend the.niorqAs#£)!^he.pebpi|a9iliie
Axst step mis to;g^iii iheic iaoyN^inianne ,^nd^ ^affectieifc
.Upon this prineipl% lite was a great leyeff.o£4aofq»iUdily
Md charity^ the poor of theneigbbo9rh.oMi)iMMre<daiiy>fed
etJbisdoor, a;id be sent pravisioiiaJtwii)0>a.we^k^;tOTiMi(e
MtnOAon prison, besides <very large, sttiest^gtve^ ,^heria>jpi^
aaw occasion. &iMae may tbiuk that hO'.oasffied^ibis feeftr
ter to excess^ for thongh be fnequesiAly'^vas be#i44iO'8ejn
,M be dreaded, debfe m a;iin," through bis ttxteosiife ^harii^^
fod the necessary. oaUs oS a naeieMHis fiiflMiiyy he a9iMli«sei
brought bioMelf to theveiige of it, be laMk|io|ruprfoeifaiiaifr
aelf or bis children ) and» when "cbargediby S6»)eral S»n ne^
jirQvidftng for bis jown honsehoU, hm a^siaeff alwifips jwafi
^'^ that no bishop or priesfe:waa.4o «einiiieb hiaisel^ieilii, or
jraise his iaBiily out of the revenuea' of ^bei cbtveb i tha&
ibe sacred cauoaf fonbade (it ; ^and that S^f bis^part ij^waa
taKdved that none of his sboidd be tberiri|?r for^eai, as
ke.was only 6od*» steward, and bouadto'^pease tfaeOEiJf
bis glory in works of obaidty andpiety*'^ He mm eictveoiely
<€ar«€fil wbat persons be ordained/; bis cefMur6»«irere siisb
«:qpi;essed ia the softest words^ anditiv'kh'aa bomM^mr^i
such tenderness and brotherly compassion as always gainedf
the more iDgenqoua, and left the incorrigibie without- es^*
cttse. H|e oiMstantly attended six o^elock praQFcnrs m the
T ti O H A S. tM
tfMkednili io>4tiifg^ M bid faeft1ifar#&iiM permiii ihdtifMn
oooiplHint froitiniH5fabhftn>p Sheldon, dated Jiine 4, 1670)tfanBt
the^dlilies of teMJingthfe chureh'service and adoiinkfesrhtf^
tdi^ Mcrameivts were too ttodh -he^etmi by dignified p6v»
ifMtff ^ the d«an^ i^d ^Hnonsy ai if ifc m^e an office bele#
ttiM^ and lefe fof tto WIum paril te be perfomed bj theit
¥teaf9drpeUy€atTdns', totheo^noeof the cburcb's frieiild%
ahll the- advantage of sectaries, And tbetr own jaet r^t*
proach ;?* hCf tifgethpt^ with the prebendertet, so orleKed^
lAie ^eiid^ee, that one ov two of tb^m genecaily officiated
At Ihd cemiiilitii<»n. The bishopi at bis iirst visitation Af
tte dtftfM^iandeltaf^ler; b^ bis own autberity, and their ceni
%«Mehel»,- firoommd a chapter act to-be nide, to. oblige tiie
|^«b(^ttries to be' rc^sident two ata«ime in every a9ontb(
ttii4'be^4oiM'wM>^eeo|Hmrrenc« of Dr. Hlckvsy tbeil
ttotttiy iod^Dh Hoptiins, si wonby pi^bendary of tbef cbirrdi)
fAs£^dd'^#4tfap(Hlt' the 'foMt appearance ef uneasiness in anf
«M lii«ttibtfr of the society. The money, which at fotnet
Vliib|tidnA%as^usyal(y eapended ^m entertaining the bkbo^}
lia^rtleWd fe^ be-Md out in books for tbc^ library, and tmi
aiM»tgiin#d'|btt '^b«^ttfhf at his own charge; be was besides a
tlM^sldll#ab^1>eifefaMiirto the library, the boots about tilft
thMibetAfr bt*oi}gbt< from an inconvenient room err the sotitik
bide 0f'lh(S chui^y and placed in the chapter-bouse/a vet^
%(^gat)t room^ capable of- containing a noble collection 6{
^f^dkif. The blstop was often pre^^ent in the Consistory
cotfvt, ^hereby^be much prevented the frHrolous suitto, ank
expedited the di4ato¥y proceedings, which at that time wera
muefe 'Odnf ptainetd of. in 1683, arcbbisbop Sancroft wrott
tt'tettetf'to tb^bvshop, complaining ef a custom wbicfa tbdk
aMd for4iWny years a#ter continued^ of preaeMng Ib^ sdr^
moii in the body of tbv cathedral; the prayers being read ill
tile choir: tbe^rigin ef this costom wasi that as third waa
tio s^mon in the pariah ebnrcbes, «he several parishioners
might, after their own prayers, attend the sermon of som#
eonnemtpteaeher in tbe cathedrals fie was a< great patrod^
of thO French proteatants^ and contributed largely totb^
•apport. In l6iS7, when the king made his progjress tbfougft
part of England, tbe bishop aent his servant to Bath, to in-
vite bis majesty to bis palace at.Wbrceste/:, wiiere hd'had
the taenonr of entertaining bim on tbe 23d day of Augtls^
th6 eve of St. Bartholometr. He met him at the gattd oi
Jiis palace, attended by bis clergy, and in a shorts Latia
speech, welcomed bim to the eity. fii# msges^ waHiad
u 2
titm T H 0 ni li «.
at m^ caif; all aiMv«d.ilBtth:;Aow#f$>'ii^J? Yea(^il(/i(^
«s be went along, be Mdd|.^ My>fUM^ ibt» k»oli9 Uke White-
ti»lLr Haviiqf mfMshei^ 4ii9Mi& after^ M^jo^meiy , . hfi jiyent
to tee the 4»Kheilral^ tbefcloaQ'«lfcM)dtiig.iM$ Kti«j^y Mi^ilbr
ooUege gstr, froi&ivb^Dce^ w0iilil^/$6e ibei ^rip«i(i<MMf
Ike iHyvD, and, ataxMig tl^««8ty;«i«i9be«Ma,>¥i^€(C9fl^bj% b^lije
jvas fougbi Jbe»re«B> Oliver /and Jkis «<ljr#l :b«#l)^: **>ui i- .'
•The next mrning being the feaHt of<.$lt.,S^|h^4^«^ic^
the-'kiog weiHvta Uear maaa^ tlMS: papi|ibt.qbeMlaKb'i|))M*
iii«aooeMidn to ibe oro^Niy Q&^^ik^(fi^a$c^^fllMx¥^§!SfM^
mmetf attended by tfa^^mayoaatid aidtMaeni Yfkfmi Wbf^
tlieyi cametto the gM0;<rfl iIm ebapet^.ibt^ 9HU«^)iiaM|9|d4)if
tibej wouldnotf o ia iwifh hiqi ;{ Hoi i«bicb tbe^iUftj^ fii^l^
beMwi^g^piric refriied^ '^ Itbtiikfiir^iia«r9(a|l)w4ied.^Mr
Bftajetty too iar alfead{jr.M» ThiajvKortbf ^.umgistrft^ ^bo
f>fiefenred hisTeligiaay^atididtttjr loubaiKMUPtsyjy Mi^Wfy
other MBiidec«tton> shooU-faaMa hiatMine jr^pcNrdfidcJ^ffotr
ter0 of: geld c-Dn Hasti^ took pai*f Xm Sodi^mt^ Y^bOiit: «HPi9»
aaid beluEvedcft todbe eitbertTb9ui«i(9ea«ieiDoft.i:ir lib^ntM
Sharwia; tlie!fbiniw«ra»«lectod]by /tbe< iie^Vsf^d)^
latver by: the «oldi tbataer wMtoised^ Upon: ibia ^nf^^er. Bm4t
hy-the m9j6ri tbe kiQ^jwentiintd the popiah ^topft^ ta||d
$be Diayorv ^itb aUthe^preteicaiita wJliq atA«i)(i^d .bifpK.netot
%o'lbe eollege tdwroh,^ vnhere, wben dm^iS^i^iofi^.} 9*^
endedE, this bishop waited.ai .bi»\inaje«ty:'t*114i<H)«r<^me
in; and the ^eati^eing.teton tbe table be, 'OjSer^ M^^/ifyr
gtaee;-biit the>kiiig vni$ pleaaed to aay.tbat^m v(p94d:«^#
bim: that trouble, :& be ^ad aiohtplaintoftbm avvq^ ijip^
i^bioh theffoad^old oMUfr.aritbikew^: iiot,wkivH»A:lfWrs ii\ bia
ij^ear' As^Boo^'as'tbe'iliBficrwaa^weri'AliU.ii^^estjt^fjFi^
eeeded ia .hiaf>ffogreu te.Ladfew» jkariog i»^pME^^Bmi - bifiir
ielf weU'|>leaBafd With, the aatendanoetolotb^tgi^oMw^Ap .5^
^Wcoimiy, and his enaertaiaifliefil by- tb«* b}#b9M Yii^^fi^
lus lordriit]»^iaya.in afmaaeiaitliea t«i.a &iMdi.tj|^l) wiy
diargeable ^te. bini^ yethe did^notgfttdgeriif' ats ji§.4^f|i
be .bad done the ^hoaelraaiiieiCredktW'it« .llberwbit&Mqiifl
f. ^ . ')''j< j{
* Tbe kiog*g escape after the Je- ont his own horse ready saddled,^ upon
feat in this battle U thus rerated : hit yg^im As nrajesfy fled'lHroti^ Si iMf-
la^jesty beiag forctd'tft alight fhssl. ^lia^s.gaic^.aEiitf'av' I^JiM^Al^Ti^*
hisiiomlofpit jstoSi4b«ry>gate,.a|K|[ Tbomaf, when.d^.p4 JVorpfst^
a cry being made for a hcirse to Vje- married his eldest son to i. dnij^fer
monvlt the k%, a Mr. WiMtam 9ag. ol^hia Mr.' BifvAU - »' ^:il>. ^1
t fl %) M A S. t9i
tlie^ skkfrd leBtdfni^ttl tiM^gntat^liKUy «eit Us Iwi^ip ^t. : it
^ '' WiiMethe feing' wa^'li^ WiMWftiit^^t/tb^iieigbbottrin^ 4i»*
«ehe^»of ftH djdnlifoiiiMlmii'stetrdheir'iRikliresses t&<hkD^
WbieU the Mri df f^lyiAdotly$ hitim^^ lafd-dieiit«wiiit,:^wa*.y>
two first tlHi liiHg'Aihtd iiiw-^wiiat ireiigicm ibemen mho
iwmfgHt ^iheki'i^eht ^ *t ^.lU^^oedy ain," .replied ttmJosd^
tM^;lai«6%iMth^r^yt»«f;i^etigiga|'Qcnr qiiiiew>' But oow the
hhts kirt^:^tmi%t^d1:Uittf/ lMlshopGiitoUtikei>Qa^& ttiat ;bi» deoI»*
^^ £€M} <illtd^«27|(iri0i^thei^baid imoiV-afii in all ^Qtfaer
Cteij^b^ atUllbi^ekiitto Sifdi^nAiLbtk of, Jbh^ Tiie erob*
4iM)5p^^ild'^lc;4<Mi6p»* pN^eilt^d.a petittonagaitist.U;
cRiir cbifiii^u^li^e^t^ whicii i«a% ^ ib«t tbej ^were sf nt to the
^I^fii^; ^ifaUMvlrWb^a^mit g^ief ^^t^ ciio ftN«b«py> not ibat.fao
*«i^<idli^^^(bit>iiiiy'fau^64a-Miii»^lwm bia brethi-
^^efi', oV'A^l!bl^id4l«tm|ty tbatiiadlMefollflMihem, forbeoftoft
^isfacld't6A9 l|i«'i|ttd 4)0leo with theo^ . la boar his iirsbittOAjr
i^'^cx^gb^i d^a^vkstf ^fid toiimvmB„siaAjre wiibtbfiin io tbcte
1kMiWiiibl«' 800ctibg0^ bcit be iftM thiubkil tp tbink 0Q:tb«i;
1ftlf>^hdibg'«<Mit(,wbi«b^be fotssaivr^iQi tho choiobc
bbW^er^ iiJMi >he' aivd the deafi*(Drj Hiokea^ resolved Tiqt
;i4]^d4spe^e cbe^d€^l«nKtioi»^.«od 'dignified to ^^11 the dtrgy,
tA^: nti^r disUtte iif-'itw ^iBteii after ^e MC^i«ed « letter from
*tb\HtfiMiMi^i^'*^^'flspnmi^ obejpiqg the king^fl
OiiAers ; tbie^aMlWer'Vi^vidricbsviis^ as^ohieia^ witbMt
sifiy-tlritstiivei'trf fiottoisioe^ Jibt dediaratpry of bis finn:ne^
Vbluttoti lidtnoiboibpijftj u.Vpotfe img'WfiUiafBtfl acoeasiQiiy
JK^'ill btiiibh^'WiMlldYdol'aiUiMPV'haar^'aittead tl|e oonven^
iiad; .^Mfifidwd' 4)o aei^ ^Bfipfmed lof the prince of
lOmnge^b Vei%ii<eobMrodtkbig/>and nuicb lets of that act
Vbkb'*dbKge>IUl^ipef^iia^lati»keiOtttbs of allegiance H^
king William and queep Mary, or to forfeit their offices^
tfaiaif IivMig^^Vnd,ibeir Wmpor^l subsistence. .For his gWa
part, be #as» resolved to forsake. aU,.ratheir tbain actjco«K
txijy Xo bis forcoer oaths, and boo^age, which he had paid
to king Jaine8;:iADd«aUhoMgb j»e writer to KettIeweU> an4
9ajr8|. ^* If R>y heart do not deceife me, and God's gr^ae
«f 4 THOMAS.
4^ not^ h\\ mfif t think I coold suflRtr at a stake rather
dian tak({ tbb oath,** jret it doea not appear that lie aitfd
any persuasions to prdvent others from taking it, '\otfiy
freely gave his opinion, and advised tlrem sincerely to ttM-^
suit tbeiif own consciences. This was what he said to'the
elergy ; and when a grandson of his, Dr. William ThcV'*
Afasy of whom we shall /speak hereaftei^, theti a student iif
Trinity «dl^lege, Cambridge, consulted hitn on this erftibat
pdtnt, he left him to his own liberty, and thie^fedin'gs'<yf
hW own eenscience« In one of his sermons he s«ys,* -"Am*
Btimble man submits, suspects hfs own jtfdgment, lilith a*
l^nerable esteem for bis superiors; if startled by any cofnT-'
sfeitutions in church and state, he frequently prays) sen^iou^ly
fKscourses, modestly counsels with others'; if after ^lesif- .
pedients be remains dissatisfied, ifhe-caiinDt siftDtwichrh^
Stream, he will not trouble the waters." * / *
' The limited time for taking the oaths drawing n^at, he
prepared himself for leaving the pahce, and «nieathi|^' tbb'
see. He had agreed with Mr. Martin, then vtcai^ bif WM.;
i»erly, to come afnd live with him ; and fa^ wrote to {>r.'^tili'
lingfleet, telling him that he would use afi^his tntereit *tMM'
he might succeeci<him. White ' be was thiis preparing ' ilf
sbings for bis retirement, God was pleased t6 pr^p^e better
ht him, for, about the 20th of June, afker W't^ry sei^reflt tf
the gout, he grew contitiuaUy weaker and weaker/ tbon^k-
kk friends did not think htm in any immediate dangeyj-
The bishop, however, p^ceiving himself decaying; err
Stfnday the 23d, received the sacramene in his^own cbapieAv
4n Monday all his servants were called in^ tfnd*iie gav^
^ery one of them his blessing ; that uight hreendeavt>ured.
io sleep, but in vain ; his daughter-in-law, Mrs^ Annt^
't'-homas, sat up with him, and was much edified by hiln,'
fcPt the most part of that restless night be spent in cja^u}«^
liG^s, and prayer to God, that he would be pltesed to t€^
tease him from his miseries, and the troubles* of -Miis' vai^
#orld : there was no weight or clog on Ws conseienee'f'
death did not appear at all troublesome to him, tfae'stii^g^
was gone, his earnest desire wais to depart, ud 'be wii&'
Ohrist. Thus he passed the few remi^intng boors 6f b\9
Mfe, being senHible to the last; bul, growing still weak^t^-
arid weaker, about three o^clock the next day^ bel«>g «h*r
if^th, he patiently submitted to the stroke of 'death, iM A'
resigned bis spirit into the handa of God that gave ic " ' '
^-U^ died'-io 'the aeventy-sixtb year df Ws 4ge^ -and flSK-
T 1& O M i, a M4L
cpfcUng tQ IkU ^n 4|^piot|n^.at; liefti t](ii^;r^4<i4^iihie p^b-^tst
coHi^t of t^c^ojoi^lers q| Wpr^i^^tev ^^(f^tbe^r^lf ai tb«
bot(/9in of thp^t^ps.iif&r t)^e. agtuth, dooti being Used
to saj.Uisu )b^»c)4UJriqj;iiWiss.,£or. t^e livings ^^^ hot for the
deadr * pi^ ^^ueral was (;u:^dre4..bv. ,bi(n$e}f, as manj old
ia<^p goJ,Mg b^fo^e bis cQr.p9Q,,€;W,tWl in. black.. as corre«
9pp^4^!wj(h tbey^ar^.qC bisage wben he died. Tbe in<^
sQrjg(i^j9i:derie(}^Uy hijipse^f, wa$ agreeably to his ex^raor^
^io*ry .MmnUii*^i4..V D^positum, QuUeloai Thoinasy S. T, PI
c^^xl^Dqc^I ,Wigo|-^psis indigQi, postea Episcopi MincM
Tei^i|^.in4i§oiorM|,t{|ndeafi Episcopi Wigoriiiensis indigpia-»
^iff^f^ W^ri'^if t^fit^Q Cbris.ti.i:esurrectk)nis ad vitam sterw^
Q^^.x^f^^didati.'' , Siow^lJiiogjfartber was. added afterwards
kSr 44#tt. ,lSi<Jh«s^ w4 ^ .iparWei . ippauineot was plaoe<f
lyitbio; tbe.cbyrckby .bi^young^l.sony Mr. WiUiam Thomai
Qf: Hackney. ' ., ,
,j)yU.;i^ii^o|d.^t^t^;ifll9uaj^ to butSOO/. He left behind
Up^ t9JH9 ^^kh Jlpbn w4 William ^ atd iiveigvand-childi^^ji
fviy^y.biA d^gbti^r Elisabeth^ who married Mr« Jopathao
AndFe.Wb (9f.3arA^«-baU neiir Worcester, and one by hii
s<|f|. fTohm: vKb9 'fi^aft .tb& Wojocest^sbire antiquary, of wboin
Wft &b9M. Pf ^i^nidy; sp^
^« ^bli^b^d i^k^ iii^ life-tioey *^An Apoktgy for tbe
<;rJ^^ncb.pfJ;t)g^nd,,^67S-99" avQ. '^ A Sermon preached
;^ (^a^^ikiC^e^. A^izes^'' pointed to 1657. ^^ The Mam*-
n^K^ pf U^^bteoufi^spi,'' a. sermon preached at the cathe^
dkftl cbur.ixb of. W9rceater when be was in a.yery languisbiB^
stf^^^f >i9^>tjt)r Hisk << Letter to tbe Clergy r" and an im<«
l^feci.wfi^j^, ^titlj^d ^^ Roman Qracles silenced/' were
published after bis death. All. these shew bim to have
M^/^ tW^ bi^bop and industrions divine, but nob a writer
qI p^rtA4)r geniua;. bis style is barder and more antiquated
tb9^. tbfkl of mosit waiters of bis time ; but bis matter shewil
tbfPr sivaplioi^y and bmrnility q£ bis he;itrt ; for. meekness asd
i^ij^iQieAtftd tbunpiiity ^4re hi^ ehiel ornain^nts. These ^en^
dared bim peaceable avid. quiet, yifumit of contmdiciion^
a^ coi^tented in all conditions, tbe same eaay man when
ap^(ifest#red $» wben bishop ; and with the same easy tran-
qip^llifg/! a4id cheerfulness of mind he prepared to lay down^
bis^bisb^ipfric, aa in bis younger years be had done hia.
^If^rage^ • He waa never known to have been in a passion,
Wjl^n be was deitn of Woiicester, one pf the prebendaries
in«chapter fell into a sudden and violent emotion upon no
gre^t provocation, which made the d6an ^^y to bim^
a^e THOMAS.
which tb^ftOf^-genilMiaii DepHed, -^^Mil Pcltfl; MrJiDesiH
.Ood gir^ y^tt^iMre.fi^kro/f Tile gMA^ibaafiUlUIS^iio
xe]g\ff hut'hf a v^mite. lb* meniofy «i«m very good/ ftr
thougb^h^ p^Qntdl^i9.»^rinPD9^Hii»itb t^he^^dearaEcjTy yei4ie
ilwwyn delivered t^iem memcriUr. He fwairi«£ a tiaedre
■oibevHba^ ^H ^nd $lend^rf iof a loiigTi6iig9^::htf foteb^ad
brip, his o9|wt^4ime^riMsefuU aiMi his aipebti>vi8ii«v«bld
jbe co9D«titOitipii,of .:hi» body to ki^. yolniger ^eirn' wtn
«trong and b^lthful, tbMgh af leciiwdiil hm^ bmkeir^bif
{requeiu infirouti^i p^ma\%riy the' gout; t^ frequiEOii \kni
yioienit .iito of which be was ^objecfc for opvrardvdf fo«ir)«tid
twepty.yeara: apd -that, dittorder v<Hiid nnch soobd^iwre
brought him to an,<^, if it had not beefn cfaettted^ijr iiii
gi»at t^a^^ec^j^e^-aad rep^t|)d abftineiice. ^' 'i '*^^'^'- ^
, TUO^lA^ii (ViLUAM), boro in i&70, wm grandaeoi^tMi
the bisbpgai ^aiid only ac^ipr' John Thoono' and Mnry(Bi|^
^V d^i^ghtef to .Mn 90gnaU» n)«»tionediify<tfae txremdfaig
ai:tic^6..,rVYfi,Uian]i4/)h0rUed hot iitlleiVM) his gmiidatMi
H^.W^aa^edncaied .iit Westmin»ter«8oboolv<irDfii>»»bi^iici^''h%
.ijfdkel^ed.iQTrim^^ Cambridge, Jw^e^M^'^i€9i^
being, t^ysn ^venteea y^ars aid, as appeartLfc^ the aeoemib'
a£ aim^i>49as ill that coilegte. . Here/ he(/to6t ; insr •mauaer'a
degre^: :f^4i9on after ii»e»t into ordetfs^ lie bed tbe^iimg
of £xal in Warwickshire, given bimby theiiiitefeatraf ^onl
l^om^i]pj^ :to who8a:he.«es distantly nehrted ^«tlA%berslbanill
t^ iiaa^rXouQtyV he had a coo»iden»ble«0tAt^ a»>be<(bitt
Iib9wi^.^\th4. G^ i^ar Toddiiig!M» rndSiomihOMirl
iiakey^^^^ijm^jf; p^me: %o biip by.hia wjf^> thedatnir hy
..'C^ae^D^^^UfiwasweU disppteduc^hliqi and oiaidr'ftieny
]bq^i/f^^.aft^ihin|y hi»/g^n^ Itonfiag %>^eh
fbrmeriy her prec^to^^^ut hfedi^|iQ^t(ni^inuit^w^
j;i^sM)^:«t icoifit; rBei ijia^i^d r^^l^f^U^iifeaQyi^kl^) 4knly
idajB^^r of Qiporg^.Qa^r^ es(||^Aofr3|nitl^in,ihe!eDdnC9ru)f
%pl^f yi^bjMil^bm b©>haA* ^cMp^idi^bkiior^naei ' %»*«
h(^ IM^ a^iMp^i^ikx&iip^iyir -nipe-. daj^gh^ini'Mid ^e^'soai';
pf the latf^i^.on^ qnl^^u rvivfd M^- ah4mtf>eigbi ijtears^ -lind
cjied nntn^^iie^ vtf^jtbi? f^ga^^iiii^
P^, Tfho^as, W48j^ed^,|q gg.ip, Wjttfc#fltni^. ,iri»flbihir^^
qgljf did ,111 oj a }^ ajjd) Jim . ^Tj^ t^as-^^iiimenl^. ie >t|eiof«<i-
t<?r)t.i3>f.^ $^^9^oft« il^ t^a|K,€ity,J^y ?bij4mp^Hougbi.^ii:s^^
> Nafb'f Worct8^]^i;9|^iif^^^pa[-i«i|li«^4;^. Ox. vol. ^I,
T'H O fit A S. «T
hW detjMl»d&if!f AMfquftjCites'Piiomm' miliar Mtrlverne/'
fMBteCid^ IQM4 JiM«tiifiM of <'iBisgilllte'«l>W&r^ick8hire
imif Bi9^r BBdiiftwmseiils ^'Survey ^f theCft^edftiiebtirch
idi >^Koo«9eaf«rf'V^inrti^> t(i t^36 : to^'Ditgdale be macle
* tTlMnkQ^'goeariyrra^ '* «^
.^^iridfait ]r0bi|fpE^^yea|9^< niifTtely in 170CT, he travelled to
JS^ihf#ceiivdriiak^ ^uRhiwcp b<» ddAtmcted a partiisufar tnti^
mmcykiMi/Blii m^Jvkopf B^'itfi^toiii ^ he«^as wetl skilled in tire
^eirklmd liainv iMgwogeti^ 06 whi^eh be added the Prefvcb*
iMid Itidi«i&''{ fie:likefri9^nfiiide himself nva^er of the Saxon^
Ac€a8h<e.t tha^iimciiifioosaiei^y as*at pt^esenty when we have
#v|^d'.dhrtiatrffr5r^ nk^M gdOti^gfandtiiar v the former would
iti^ereavBiil JEtJctft gveat laboiiv, ais^ Dr. Naah^w one he made
himself for hi^ oamvuie^: whiefa <-cost him gr^ar pains: his-
4i9diBatH^^viQdeed» dirasiaibiaaiiig ;- as he hardly allowed htsi^
sjj^:! time ier* istnapy^hleacay oranMvsement. ti^'foUy in^
^ded^if Ptovidenceiiad spared bis life, to have pablished
t(h«(5Jlislory of 'Worce8terdh4re9 and with ' this ' view had
^reMfyexaaihied and- transcribed many of the registers
|)& (be ;i)iisliops, and the church of Worcester. To these
iihwifs > Dn. Nishv owns himself indebted, and says, he
sheidd beMgUy ungratefal if be* did not take* /every oppor-*
ta»ity of hekhroiwledging his obligations. He visited like-
Jml^)«^ry?ishur6fa in- the county about fifty years ago,
MhidHi^ogether wttte the eburch gatherings of old Habing-
ikiii,^were crf^gniait service to Dr. Nash, by expbining de<-
teittA avmsjaad aMf^eraied inscriptions : indeed the accoant
el tto^paiinedrgiass is chiefly taken from their MS& as it
is now, by time and other accidents, almost all broken, or
f<NideKdDkii!niMelli^ble, by the glaziers. He died July 26;
!J.fM»r:BgaRlsisty«eight, and is buried in the cloisters of
•^Woacestcvcatliedral, iiear his grandfather. '
V THOMA8SIN (Lewis)^ a learned French divine, was
^msAc^.iM, 1619, at Aix in Provenoe, of a good and
igditftit famiy^ and adihitied at the age of fourteen into
thfioeoBg#ega«ioft of the oratory, where he bad been edu-
ealedi -After teaching ethics in his congregation, and
phiksopiKf, be was appointed professor of divini^ at Sau«
miirymslifitwiduced in his school the method of treating
tkecdogfcal subjeets according to the scriptures, the fathers,
asukeoimciti* ^Beiog invited to Pans in 1654, he began
', ^ *^ Nasli't HJttory of W&rcesterfhi?*.
tat * T H O M;AtS.gi N.
t6 boU ooafetfMMs of fiosiiive >ibtplpgy mi thiumimay ol
St IVbgloirfef aqcoflding ta theflBieibbo^ be; hud ^dopU^dm
fl^uaHiTy 4ilicl oQotittueci ibe»iil^ 1668, •%% .wbi<^ time. ))i«r
»op0i\ioft and several, eminent prekte^. p^rfttnid^d him W
give tke fruilt of bi0 laboufft U) tbe public^ HeiCiooipiHwW
aod afterwards became so celebrated hy bia wqi)i% tktt^
|Mipe InomcDt XI. endeavoQced. to dravr .btsa* to ^itie«
wi^ an iBleQiiop of giving hm ^ «ardHiar$ ba^ and
iMkiDg use of biaulena; but tbe king q6 '¥r9i»^» rmffiieiA
that so leameda mail i^as^ oeceawry io Ins d«BHiioii«v ^Tiie
Freaab clergy gave hiia a pensioii af l^OQCK Uvjies^ . wjiikib
the poor always shamd with bioi-^ He iiaa oiild^ m<^e»t^
active, agreeable in his manners,! and very assiduous ia^ftl^
kU. panutiis. Ha died December. 2.^^ IW^ skff^dmf^en^^
saveoi iHJs principal works are: !« A<. large NHaalis0 on
*> Ecclesiastical Diaoiplioef" reprimed I72jf, d^y^ln* fek.kt
Ffieneb; of which be made. a Inatm ttaaalaaoii^ veprintied '
iTso ID 1706, 3 vol««iol . Thia work is. highly praised b$»
pciaoaa in ibe ' catbollc coaununiiy. 2. ^^ TJi^eoiogiml'
Dogmas," l6ao, 3. torn* foi. itk Latin. 8. '^ Tracm on ^lie
Siviaecffice, isro;. on the Feasta, 8ve^; <N»^ Fast^, 8vo^ Q»
TfutMand Falaeheod, $vo; oa A\mh ^^9 ooiU^Hdenad'Oii
Uaavy,> 8vo; .4. ^^ Tr. doi^niatique des Mpyens dwirOBfa'tfiii
servi daea tpm les ^ma pour maintenir Taail^. ditPJCg^ise^'V
1 703, 3 yoh^ 4lo« Tatbese may be addedy ^' DireotioaariiDa
sludying anditeaebiag pbilosopby in a Cbiisiitaa maiwAr^^.
8iro ; the sancie ^^ for the pnofane bistorkiaa)" Svasi ^ piaa
o£ tbeaaoie kinAior gsamnar or tba ilwigiiagesbW^ mfhitr
tion tot the Uol)p S^splures, 2 vols* Hwr ^^ AUniversfdr.
Hebaew GlossMy*'' . priaiied at ithe Loa«re^c|^97^^^EBiL;^^
f*'IHftaartaliaisi</on ;4lie Cottocils^'' 'mhMfh ]S^7y lii^l
4lo; ^^JMomotresaurle Grace,'' 1682, ^to^x.&Oo' jllis Life^t
wriUen by fadiec Border* is^pfft fixed to ists BbbireDrdbak
aaay.** .■•:., K^i.; : j
Iffeaipiia pktkisophfr^ waa born.ini hl^i iQ^iipiA Ammittm ?
Biiafaaiilyy ^ finglk^ o>rigini bad.ioi^il^en-fttliriedr ioj
New HaaqpsbtDe, at: the plaeei formeidyealledt Bum^Medi .-
aad^naw Goaoardt; aad posaeseed there 8itmfi;laiiid pcevtom i
#0 the war o£ the revolotion. Fik)bi bis HiAwoy bis-atkaaH|
^iott.f^peara to bair^ lasen directed toivwrda ri)^e«ttt«.i>f
aeigaaei. Tbfci Ailhiir aioae of bit ^ly efiM^amona^ a clant f
* Nic«roDy Tol. III. — Sensolt^i lias ItauMt lUustveflk— AforerL—Dlct, Hist. .
THOttfS O. N. in
fblrrlMt), M4llMi made «lifitpiMt progr^a it^ tbii bfmabi»f
sliriiy'tobe oble^ without aMMttnoe^ to cakubM and t<^
tjemi^ gmiibiMUyiibe phases of a«i eolifMe of ibe^Q. Ha
bad<baeii ^deatified to busiuesa $ but from tbe p^rfod of tbii
little etattt bi»'pa9^n forleamin]^ beeaoittarraMlibUiy ind
hi»49aiatd apply hkifts^M to iiotbf ng ban to U»favMrii« objwM
ofaibdyi 'H«fiWtefi4kdt(]^ie684»tt»^afDf. Willie aftar^
vr^Ytshr tbtEfie o# Oh Winthorp> at ibe oaHega of HavanI;
aisd tiaele^ ftot^^abW-maiiar howiado ooa^idawible prb^
>He "appmtf^, ^ow^ver, to^hat^ beetle oarfy atsquainied
^tih : mttlbnade^ Soon affce^tha iteadi of Mis "Wittier, bio
nyidtber eotitraot^d a second marriage^ Mritha/<^i»ai» wbo
tunned him away from her while yataobild; aod an u»eie^
wbb survived bis' fnth^t only i few aAOtufas^ aoarc^ly left
Uiffi' whevebn to M?e. He was tbtis^ in a very <early periody
launched into a world wbicb waaalmoit imkDawn«te iiiiad^
and k; became iiecetsai?y for bif» to acqitii^ tbebabit of
fe|itehi4tg and aatflng^ fdl: bitnaelf, and of li^ng 0a bis own*
acqtiirefheftii; **> My ideas/' said h<s to a faend^ << wera
not yei'fiiced'; otie aabedie succeeded another, aivd per^^-
bap» I >ibou)d bave acquired a babit of ii^eeisioA aad in^
cOfittianey^ pa«kapa I should ha^e lived poor and aoiserable
t<» tfaie endof oigrdaj^y If a vromati bad not loved me, if sfae^
had not given me Jiatateoce^ a babitalion> aad- an^mdepen^
daat fortikoe. itodka wife, or vatbev sbe took »«, at
ninleteflo yeas9 o# age»* I married tbe widows of ootooeli
iieife^ ^e' ditugbter e< the reiuerend Mr. A¥albery a mokt;
reapectabte olei^ym^u^ and onei ol^ the ^first iiibahiiCiant& of
R«oi&rd»^ Hb bad ^inade three '^Hoyaged lo^Sngbind^ isM
trusted with public business ; he was well informed, aud m
most lih«r4iMeSifi^dcd nian^ Hei heamly }a|^prov^ of tbe
cbifias»'^ fafied^ght^ dndbioMelf> united lour UMidaaod .
cMir desiMiest .' ^fa^it cxceUeiit i»af» was- situ:el[«ly ^aiasehed
to>^me; hedintpatsadi^ rstudies, i|e ^foriaed ^y tai*^^ »bA
my aJxtiMfieii arasi >fii avwy Tespee% ftbe'bappfostwhiehdtta-^
pwdlle-to eoaebivet/'^ '»• ^»' ■ '' ^* -• "•*>'
-'UudterestenreieraiBstaiicesMrittadvciw bim lionr bis peaces' '
firf setseaty and from 'the faroifrita<atitdiee'whldvprobab^
would have formed the chief occupation of bis Ufe, to maka
bimsK^^ oil ibt theatre of the great irorFd^ 1^ pari £br wMois.
Apparently 'he yrii not prepstrbd.'' AV tbe c6ihinencetB6p$
at ibe trmbleft dPAtti^ticvL^ which pTt!ce&eAwA brought toA'
ifhe war of the ifidepfeml^nce, llibrnpson, timn t^mitV
jemti of iige, wattisrtUed1>y^friend^bip'witb*tbe^bveh!ior't^
the prbifine^, nhd attmched to tbe ^vernni(eht. ^- ^bedrri^'
«iid DDitilMry «tnp1oyiiiet)t6, v^b wbttb, l!h«tfgb stAf yotmg;
h^ «vtis invested^ iiatoraltj^ drew hith to tbelroyali^^d^^}
and wh«/i iftie opporite party icqtnredtlfae^seelidant^b^Vfi
prevtnee^ be wm fereed to ^baiidon' hM^bM^) '<«cYid to s^^K
an asyiom at Boston^ theti t>dc6pt^ l^'lfccf'Eii^l^''trt^(ifli
It was'ioMitl tbr^end df th« tio^W df Kd^^!^ YTtrdf
that be tfecretly quitttKl' iitt babhkttbh, Wfi^'U^^Uffif'fitl
wife, ^tb a daughter, of trfroiti sbe' Iftd'tiiit^IaltyW^deli
deli^red: He^eVer agidn^awrtbeVoriiiirpftba^tb^U^
lo^d<5Mld ^om ftbe^ bad ^ttiftt* fittti f^eH^^da t^BVtlA
twenty years after, wb^' kbe niame* i6 tiYp W It^^ffiiibief i'^ft
Tbompson wa^ retr^Ved iHth d&t?6dti<Ar* lyf ^b^"^ c&ii^
nfiinder ifi dttief oP tbe Bt^tt^ army'; irn'd ii^l^d tp fillS i
regimenli for tbe service oftbe'ldHg.'^Bdttb^eV^i^ b^Wi
war baling dccasioned the evactnrtSdiy Ytf'fib^iityi^/i^^Bit
spfH^goF 1776, be tfaen tepkired t6%hj|f^ttd;^^iiB'iiil^ifi
beaf^of ittiportaot dispatches to kdveti^ehfS'^'l^tiH^n
soon atb<}atfed tbe eorrfidenee of the secftikkf}r ol'^ti^
thiT ci^totiiiesy aM ^oitie d^ys after Ms ^iVtf ifi^^i^M'Bg
Kiwi appomtcfd ^secfelkry of tbe prdvittce of iQ^giilf ^^ 3ri
gee vhi^h be Wextt esreneised: tie te^afii^ W^bjldbtt:
contieaeed fvith tfie offiere of the coloiilei.J '"^' '^^\ "-^'^ ']
DuHiig the iltilttK^n of the year l^tT, hia U^SlBy^m
nring'disordered/ he Went tb Baffi to' take^hirSeHtt^^^'" f "
there resufhed' bis; 'favourite pordtihs, ;^bd''bllrf^i^;^
iiitereniin^ set 6^ estperhneiits oir thfe ii<^Mn ^iffdWHk
bedieft. On bb reMrn to tolidbn ^6 cdfoiiiUbltJl^tl ^''f^
Aifti of tbem to-»r Joseph Siltikk;^Tid''frt^tliate^^
ttseMi to date tbe intimate IHendidii^ ^iii(£VUn^sd6si^ea'
between Mm *iitid the iilnstyibns president (^^tbejBte^ai^Sb-^
ciety of Lpndoti. In \tf% he was adikift<4d aiitelbb4)r'or'
the sdetety, tod he made, k) the sadie^j^eir, nit fiVsre:r.*t
perimettts on gnn-povMey. The reshltswhiebhii obtained:
grestly extdted bis cvriosit^, and raised me de^i^i oif_re^
pMtiVig tHe same expeiiments wit
^Aitftte(ngtHatt6ccasi6n to sfiidy atsb
•Hshitecture. •With^ttt^^ie'*^,*'^'^
wMt dii Voard Yh^ Vitti»vTt x^hi
T ti 0 VF ^O N.^ 301
I^e^pf^^se4 ,t^»t^,wUcU^r^fiq9pa^igtt. with ti^, jff^nA fleet frf
•»»4tiplx% -bis .^isjpfuripp^aiif , , ami »r^e*,tv]^ the^i oq, 4tfr
§ji^^)r.<,9fi^ii|>IP^ffMif^,,j^Hl^ the folMmg
Q^y^^^j^i,^^ p^blUljetJ, ,. Seeing appointed
-mi^\*fJ^i ^fi ^^f^ .«» ^ begif>^tig;.9f i^^.year 1789,
comfpandaiit. Tliis circumstance determined fai[n..>^Qvr0«.
VHfj^ t^,4ini?fi<^^jj»^?r^ yif\}i^ ^j^ ^^/nfiP|. ; . aft«l wjafii at
P|§fi<e|t9^Q; ^? W *PJW^^ of tb^iw-
Wftif^ gfj.t^ qftifiajr*. in jtbp^rpyal.aripy, ,theni.u|>dei; tbe 0«-
lf§p H^f M^tpfl«V^8P?^wl Jl^sli^r r Xbif P<>»V .wUh^ «fsia
|B?***%i?/?^W»«'^ 35f^t9nWiLsp^ily,;j 9^ g#ip^4 itsc«ri»..
W^S"?'^ i^i^d.i4Efii^Qft^i^.%t^j^ei^^W^^^ Ha-
8|?Hi?3L^ttt^. iib9^q|t^9^,of. the a|r«y*,^^/uriu#b^d w*
^ecpnpajMdeir^y^ Tiipmp*(3mspf.i?|i*t4ii ib^^pr^^g
of 1782 for New X^if}^, wh^p )i^ |i§if«gpi^4,t^e i;o|d;Miay^
?^> ,^a^4yj4f5»ftr6^^ tU.^4^iR^d^gftt
p«»5l/jwve4nf»ofl^^
ir • -•
Mt TB0Mf>80 9.
r
*ttdr>faei»o-lfarMNHU« BDMgbta obcaki fctllMM victiint>tf
their attachnieiit to the metropolMiui ctoaiilry^ tbeeemiKet^
iMitkiDi whidi febeif taoriiseip had tiesen^ed/ By^a adtoin
aet of the iegiBiatare an koooarable proviiion was snoored
to amnehmdredB of brave ofikeni^ notwttbtftanditi^ a jMFectjr
•fipofig oppoiiiioni wfaidh nendeeed thofSMite of idak MtfgKy-^
tialton ver^ doobtful ; and gerrersl €4riuwi bifrhtg ttien^
turned Thonopsbn in bit diapatcbes lai"aa officer ot- extra-
ordinary merit, the king, upoi tbit teoooimeiidaiioii) aiade
hin iiakm«]y though it if at but two years amee Itehadbtea
aaade Nent^nant^cotoneh
< Wbenr tbe American wiar tevminaied^ Tbdmpton- t<Ai>^
eitedto be employed wib bit regitaient *i» ttie Eaat lodiea^
but the^peaiee having oooifctidned tbereddoiion of tbit oorpf^ '
togetber ^aiiith dmt^sevttffal otber%'bie 'oboiined^ frotii tbe
king fiermiation to travel on tbe continent , * wb^e, » sttiiio*'
iated at be then atiU %«aa by tbe military patsien, be' hoped
ao find ani opportmiity of terring at a volunteer in- tbe
Austviaor araty' against the Tui^t. ^ I owe it to a beaief^
-ioent' Stvittity/' said be to bis biographer, ^ that i was
elf ed in tieMP of that martial folly. I met^ at the 'priHee
de KaiinitE'«i with a, bidy seventy years of age, ami. en w
4owed with 'great' senceaod knowledge; She was tber wife
elgisaerfcil de Bor^bansen; and the ^emperor Joiefib li.
often eaine to ^pendLthe evening with her. ^Tfaat -eireei-
leapt {lerson -ibtxied* an- fmaebmetit to me; she j^aveme
wise: «d Vices ; Mi^ imparted a new turn to. my^ideais, by
preteiittng ^of ase^ifl.*'per9pective otherspeciei of glory than
•that df ciMtqtieFfog in batttet.*^ • '
Otf qilftting £ii^and in the month of September 1783^
kelanded at'-Bbnlogite^' along with tfae'celdbratdd Gibboni
who .^deacvibes'^bim by tbrte vpitlieta'.frbich skew bow
quickly^' be bad been 'able to appreciate, him. He calls
•llith'^^tbeaoMkar,' phflosopfa^r/stateflman^TbohipsoR'.''' He
'afterwafda arrived at- Straaborg,- where the prince Maxi«
ittliian do Denx-Ponts, iiow^Iidctor of fia variety tbcsi mares^
chal du'^aatjiln the serrtce'of - France^ vms t» garrison;
cl^t priffcey ^co^mmarrdiiig tbe parade^ diccdvered aJonong
idbe tpectiuors anx>fieef in a foreign trntfornfi, motrnted on
a 'findEn^lsb horse; atid aceoart^ him ; Thompson infermefl
Irtm that be bad'jmrt been* employle^ in tbe Atoeriean war^
tibwpftikee^ pointing oiht to jjum several officers wbo snrv
fotindedhiiif^ ^^Tfaese ge^ttemefij^^^ said? he, ^ flferved^ih tb6
aame w&r, b^i against you. They belonged to tbe' royil
T H O M P & <& ir. 808
t
itrgiinent Beua-pcmtsy sdDt co cAmcriea tnider liuer eofnoiaiid
of^^be eoiMit deiiocbaaabi^aq." . .<
p Th% coiiters^ian became close and anittiat^d. Coionei
ThooipscMi, invited, in> ^eonsequenccy to *dtii6 with tbe
frntee^ feutid tberera number of French ofikers agaitiA
^rhoia ike bad fmight hi America. The convertation turned
ot^the^erents o£ that vrar.- The colonel setit lor his porN
foVtor^ whieb o^otained exact fAwnw of all the principal a*c^
tmns, o£'tke strong^places, of the siege», and an evceUent
eoUedticMi wi maps ; ^^veryone irecognized the places wherfe
events interesting to himself had happened* The conver>-
saibienftiasced' a^ grbat while, and they parted, promising to
see bne an ether again.' The prinde was an enthusiast iii
bb> prdlession^ ^and. passfouateiy^fond of instrnetion. Bte
kohrited^the eoloilel »^ict day* They resumed^ the e^nver'*^
satton of- th^''evefmSk^g''W«th die same^ ardour; and'wfa^n cba
IbraveHei) atf^kat^took bi^ 4eai^e,' the prhioe eaf;aged him t6
pissithreogh Mianich^ and ^avebimik letter of recommeni*
dfUtioD to^ his utroie* tile elector of Bavaria*. The season was
far aklva^ced, and be was in haste to arrive in Vienaa; Hk
ioteuded'to stop ab Munich t\vo or three daysatmost. ttt
remlNined itfikeiNi,iifi'd qml^ted^ not without regret, thatcity^,
wheve^tbe <te8talertonie$ of the favour of the sovereign, and
the pavtidlities tif the different classes of society,' baid bete
lifviaiied'tipon him^HKith that cordial frankness, which a9
emi»eotiydistingtii^es the Bavarian charaeter. At'Vren^
tia, in the san»e manner he met witb t^e most ftattetlin^
reception, and wis presented at court, and rn' the- first com^
panics. He spent there a part of the winrer;' and, team*
ing chat the wai^ against the Turks would* not take place,
he yiislded tO'the attraction of the reeoHeotibnts of Mtinicb^
mod passing through Veniee, where hestoppedipme Week^
ai>d thixiugh the Tyrol, be returned to th^t residence to«
wdrd the end of the winter of 1 784. Henflwrteceived ffoiii
the elector a positive invitation to enter into his setrice^
and instead of returfiing to Vienna, be sM oat for'London
with tbe intention ofsoliciting permission froofr the king ti^
accept the oflers of the elector palatine. Not only was^ thidi
favour granted him, but the. king joined to it an faRHiourabte
distinction, hy creating hhn a knight. He accordingly
returned to 9avaria ^r^Beftjamin' Thompson > and was 6ik
his arrival appointed colonel' of the horsey and' general
aid-d^»ca«ip lo^ttal^ sovereign who waiited to secure HH
Mrviceft ^ ....
304 THOMPSON.
Sir BQii}4o)io employed tbe four fimt years of his nbode
at Munich in acquiring the.poiitioal and stati^ticai know^
ledge' necessary for realising the plans which his philan-
thropy suggested to him for improving the condition of
tbc^ low^r orders. He. did not neglect in the mean time
his faVoui^ite stodie^i; and it was iu 1786, in ajc^urney to
Manheim^ that bemade his firstexperiinecHaon heat Po*-
Jitic^l and literary honours poured in upon bim during that
inlerval. In 1785 be was made, chamberlain of the.elec-
.tor, i^nd admitted a member of the academies of science of
Munich and Manheim. In 1786 he received from the king
of Poland the order of St. Stanislaus ; in 1787 be made a
journey io Pru^^^ia* during which he ivaa elee^ a member
x>f th^; a<^ad^nny of Berlin. In 1788 be was i^ppoiated* Mar
jorTgeQeral of cavalry and privy counselkn' of state. He
wvas placed, at the head of 0e war department^ and parti*
x^Jarly. charged with the execution of the plans which he
liad propoiieu fpr improving the stsne.o^' the Bavarian army.
At last, the foIIcMving y0?ii' (1789) ivitnessed ibeaccom^
plisbtneot of ^e Dunver^us prp}ects meditated during those
which preceded. The b/9U($e of iinltistry of Manheim was
established; th.e islands of Mulbao aear lilanheimy wbicb
iill: that time had bi^n nothing but a pestiiietitiaimomss,
•usel^sis for cultorcy. and perniciQu^ to ibe health of the in*
liabitantp of the city, were joined togetiher, surrounded by
a mquud and ditch, and transformed i^to a fertile gsrden>
eonsecrated tp the industry of tbe garrison* The tiffiie.es«
tablisbmeot of tbe military academy of Muiricb was found-
.ed; a scheme of military policy was formed to deliver the
eouatry from the n^meTous gangs a£. vagabonds, i>obbers,
and beggars, wbo infested it; schools of iad^wcy, beloogr
ing to evei'y regiment, were estabUsbed^ tp erilploy tbe
wives and cbildren of the soldjers; > veterinary school was
institmed^aild astud^of.ho^es provided fpr imprpyin^ ^
breed of tbe country, ^t the beginuingof 17,^. the boose
of industry at Munich, that fine establishmegost, wbicli the
eotint himself tms described at lengths in hi» essays, was
formed, fpr bettering the cbnditioii of the ppor^and men^
dicity was compile ly abolished : nor b9s it again made its
appearance in Bavaria,, siiK^p that me.m^ri4>Ie ^epoeh. Tbe
beautiful EngKsb garden pf Manieb W?s, begun; aed military
gardens establisbied in ail tb^.garrispniSv; The sovjex^gpn ex-
pressed bispbl^ation for th^se numerous; services^ by. con«r
ferring on sir Benjamin the rank of lieutenant* gene^l of bis'
armies, and giving him a regiment of artillery.
T H 0 M :P 8 O N. $05
In J 79 1 be WAS crated a couot of the holy Rocnaii em^
fiire, and honoured with the order pf the wbit^t €agl?« He
tempioycsd that year and the foUQwiog in completing hi$ pr(h-
jectf ) «nd ia removing the obstacles by which attempts ware
made to interrupt their progneais. This species of labaKr^
and the anxiety of miiid inseparable, from it, impaired bis
health to such a degree, that bis physicians declared ^at
bis life was in danger, unless he r^tlited, for some time,
from, business, and .had recourse to a change of qlimate. He
obtained pern^ission from the elector to take a journey into
Italy ; and before leaving him, communicated, in a de«-
tailed account, the principal results of his four years ad-
ministration, compared with the four years which bad pre*-
ceded his entrance into office*. After having travelled oyer
all Italy, and a part of Switzerland, he returned to B9^
Taria in the month q{ August 1794. He bad been. attacked
with a dangerous illness in Naples, iand his slow recovery
did not. permit him, to resume, on his return, the tranwi^'-
tion of the business of bis department, over which he con'-
tented* himself with exercising a general snperiutendaniQe.
He laboared in bis closet; and it was at this time that be
prepared the first five of the. essays which he published.
In the. month of September 1795 he returned to England,
after ^tt absence of more than eleven years. The prinQi^
pal object of his journey was to publish bis essliyd^ and to
direct the attention of the English nati(m towskrd the plan«
of public and domestic cBconomy whicb he had c<>nceiired
and reidized in Germany. Lord Pelbam was then aecref-
tai^ of state in Ireland. The count complied with bi^ in*-
vitation in the spring of 1796, and took that occasion o(
visiting that interesting country. He introdiM^ed, at Onh^
lin, sevieral important improvemeDts into the hoapitais aad
houses of industry, and. left thenemodelsof a number of
useful mechanical inventions. £very testim.aoy of honour
and grpttitude^ was lavished upon him in that oounliiy* The
royal academy of Ireland, the society for the encourage*
ment of arts and manufactures, both elected him an bonoi»
rary jnember ; and after having left the country, he re<f
ceived a letter of thanks from the grand jury of the county^
of Dublin, an official letter from the lord mayor of the city,
and one from the lord lieutenant of Ireland ; ail filled with
the most flattering expressions o£ esteem and of gratitude*
On his return to London he directed the alterations,
which had been adopted, on his recommeodatiou, in Ibf
Vol. XXIX. X
506 ' THOMPSON.
Foandling-hospital ; and he presented td the Board of agri-
culture several machinesi as models for imitation. Tiie
philanthropic activity which distinguished this epoch of his
life manifested itself in every form. It was at this time
be placed in the English and American funds, two sums of
1000/. sterling each, to establish a premium to be given
every two years to the author of the most useful discovery,
inade respectively in Europe or America, on light, or heat^
The premium is a gold medal worth J 500 francs, to be
adjudged in Europe by the royal society of London, and
in America by the academy of sciences of America.
Nothing seemed sufficient to withdraw him from these
tranquil and important occupations, when the events of war
called upon him to display bis military talents for the ser«
vice of his adopted country. General Moreau, having
crossed the Rhine, and defeated several bodies, of soldiers
who disputed with him its passage, advanced by.quicfc
marches to Bavaria. Count Rumford, on receiving this
intelligence, immediately set out to join the elector* His
arrival at Munich was eight days previous to the epoch
when the sovereign was called upon to quit his residence,
and to take refuge in Saxony. Rumford remained iu Mut-
nich with instructions from the elector to wait events,, and
to act according to the exigency of circumstances : they
were not long in requiring his interference. After/ the
battle of Freidberg, the Austrians, repulsed by the French|
fell back upon Munich : the gates of the city were shot
against them. They marched round it, passed the Inn by
the bridge, and posted themselves on the other side of the
river on a height which commanded the bridge and th^
tttwn. There they erected batteries, and firmly waited for
the French. In this situation, some inconsiderate transac-
tions which happened in Munich, were interpreted by the
Austrian general as an insult pointed against himself, and
he demanded an explanation of them from the council of
regency, threatening to order the town to be fired upon if
a single Frenchman entered the city. At this critical mo-^
ment the count made use of the eventual ,orders of the
elector, to take the command in chief of the Bavarian forces^
His firmness and presence of mind awed both parties;
neither the French nor the Austrians entered Munich ; and
that city escaped all the dangers with which it had beea
threatened. t . , . ■
po the return of the elector, the count was placed at the
THOMPSON. 807
laead of the department of the general police in Bavaria.
,The services wh^ch he rendered in that capacity, though
Jess brilliant than, military exploits, were not less valuable,
or less conspicuous. But the excessive labour to which his
zeal and activity betrayed him, the opposition which he
often experienced in the exercise of his office, again af«
fected his health to such a degree as threatened his life.
The elector, impressed with esteem and gratitude towards
him, wished not to allow him to sink under a labour too
severe for him^ and desired to find the means of procuring
him the repose which he required, without altogether de«
priving himself of his services : he appointed him his en-
voy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at the court
6f London. But the rules of England not permitting a sub-
ject of the king to be accredited as. a foreign minister, the
count did not exercise that office, and continued to live
in England after his return in 1798 as a private individual.
It being reported in America that he had quitted Bavaria
for ever, the government of the United States addressed
to him, through the medium of the American ambassador
at London, a formal and official invitation to return to his
native country, where an honourable establishment was
destined for him. The offer was accompanied with the
most flattering assurances of consideration and confidence.
He replied, declaring at the same time his profound gra<»
titude for such a mark of esteem, ^^ That engagements,
rendered sacred and inviolable by great obligations, did
not permit him to dispose of himself in such a manner as to
be able to accept of the offer which was made to himg''
The historical society of Massachusets, on electing count
Rumford a megnber, communicated to him, by their pre-
sident, about the same time, their unanimous desire of
seeing him return to his own country, and take up his resi-^
dence among them. His answer, which is to be found in
the American papers of that time, was very much admired.
Toward the autumn of 1800, count Rumford went to
Scotland. The magistrates of Edinburgh paid him a visit
of ceremony ; gave a public dinner on his account, and to
these marks of distinction added the freedom of the city,
conceived in terms the most flattering. They consulted him
on the means of improving the existing charitable institu-
tions, and on the measures proper for abolishing mendicity.
The work was undertaken without loss of time, and that
great enterprize was finished in a few months with com-
X 2
•308 THOMPSON.
ptete success* The royal society of Edinburgh, and the
college of pbysicidns, elected him at the same time, ri^^'
spectively, an honorary member ; and the university be-
stowed upon him the degree of doctor of laws. During his
Irtay in that city he employed himself in superintending
the execution, in the great -establishment of Heriot^s hos-
pital, of improvements which he invented with regard to
the employment of fuel in the preparation of food ; and the
Inanagers, to shew their gratitude, sent him a silver box,
with a very flattering inscription, having on one of its sides
ft representation, in relief of gold, of the principal front of
the building to the improvement of which be had so emi-
nently contributed.
Count Rumford quitted England for the last time in the
month of May 1802, for Paris. He went that summer to
Munich, and returned to Parts in the winter. In the sum-
mer of 1 803, be made a tour of part of Switzerland and Ba^
varia with the widow of the celebrated Lavoisier, a woman
of highly cultivated mind and capacious understanding ;
whom shortly after their return to Paris he married ; but:
their union proved unhappy, and they at length separated,
the count retiring to a house at Auteuil, about four miles
ttbm Paris, where be passed the rest of bis days in philo*
sopbical pursuits and experiments, almost secluded from
the world ; for after the death of his worthy friend, the il-
lustrious Lagrange, he saw only his next-door neighbour,
the senator Lecouteux Caneleux, Mr. Underwood, the
member of the royal institution, who assisted him in the
experiments, and an old friend, Mr. Parker, a learned Ame-
rican. He ceased to attend the sittings of the National In-
stitute; but for the perpetual secretary Cuvier, he always
preserved the highest admiration and esteem. One object
of bis latter occupations was a work not finished, " On the
Nature and Effects of Order ;** which would probably have
been a valuable present to domestic society. No man in
all his habits had more the spirit of order : every thing was
chissed ; no object was ever allowed to remain an instant
out of its place the moment he had done with it ; and he
was never beyond his time in an appointment a single in-
stant. He was also latterly employed on a series of expe-
riments on the propagation of heat in solids. He had by
him several unpublished work#, particularly one of consi-
derable interest on Meteorolites, in which he demonstrated
that they came irom regions beyond the atmosphere of the
earth.
THOMPSON,
.309
* This very ingenious philosopher died August 21, 1814,
when on the eve of retiring to England. The literary pro.
dttctioBs of count Ruoiford have obtained a wide circula-
tion, having been trandlated* into various languages. His
papers in ihe '^ Philosophical Transactions," chiefly on mat-
ters connected with the object of his beneficent investiga-
tions, were rather distinguished for the useful application
€x£ which they were susceptible, than for their, number.
Among them are, 1. ^* Experiments on Gun-powder, with
a method of determining the velocity of projectiles, and the
forci^ of gun-powder.*' 2. ^'Experiments on Heat; by
which it is proved to pass more slowly through the Torri-
cellian vacuum, than through the air.*' 3. '< Experiments
on the production of dephlogisticated air (oxygen gas) by
different substances, exposed under water to the action oi
light." 4. " Experiments on the relative and absolute quan-
tities of moisture absorbed by difii»'ent substances^ employed
as garments." 5. '< Experiments on the communication of
heat in air." This memoir procured to the author the gcild
jnedal of the royal society. 6. <* The description of a pba*
tometer, and experiments on the relative quantity of light
furnished by different combustible substances, and their i^*-
lative prices." 7. ''Experiments on coloured shades, apd
the optical Ulusioos produced by the contrast of colours
actually present/* 8. " Experiments on the force of Gun-
powder, by which it. is proved that this force is at least
60fiQ0 times greater than the mew weight of the atmo-
sphere, and that it is probable that the force of gun-powder
(lepends chiefly on the el^ticity of the vapour of water.'*
9. " A letter to sir Joseph Banks, president of the Royal So*
ciety, offering a capital of 1000/. sterling destined for a
fund ta furnish a premium every two years to the author
of the most useful discovery made in Europe with regard
to light or heat.*' 10. " Inquiries into the cause of heat
excited by frietien, &c. &o."
His only distinct publication was a series of detached
f' Essays, experimental, political, economical, and phiLo-
jopbical," which appeared at different times since 1796,
and now amount to eighteen, forming four octavo voliimes.
The c<H)teats are. Essay l. Account of ^n Establishment
lor tbe Poor at Munich^, together with a detail of vari<^s
public measures connectednvith that institution, which h^ave
been adopted and carried into effect, for putting ah end
to mendicity, and introducing order and useful industry
SID Thompson.'
among the more indigent of the inhabitants of Bayaria.'— «
2. Of the^ fundamental principles on which general estab*
lishments for the relief of the poor may be formed in a|l
countries. — 3. Of Food, and particularly of feeding the
poor. — 4. Of Chimney Fire-places, with proposals for im-
proving them to save fuel ; to render dwelling-houses more
comfortable and salubrious; and effectually to prevent
chimneys from smoking. — 5. A short account of several
Public Institutions lately formed in Bavaria.—^. On the!
Management of Fire, and the Economy of Fuel. — 7. Of
the Propagation of Heat in Fluids. — 8. Of the Propagation
of Heat in various substances, being an account of a num«<'
ber of new experiments made with a view to the investiga*
tion of the causes of the warmth of natural and artificial
clothing. (First published in the Phil. Transactions.) — 9« An
experimental inquiry concerning the Source of the Heat
which is excited by friction. — 10. On the construction of
Kitchen Fire-places, and Kitchen Utensils, together with re«
marks and observations relating to the various processes of
cookery, and proposals for improving that most useful art.
1 1. Supplementary observations concerning Chimney Fire-
places.—12. Observations concerning the Salubrity of
Warm Rooms in Cold Weather.— 13. Observations con*
cerning the Salubrity of Warm Bathing, and the principles
on which Warm Baths should be constructed.-— 14. Sup*
plementary observations relating to the management of
£res in closed Fire-places. — 15. Of the use of Steam as
a vehicle for transporting heat from one place to another.
— 16. Of the management of Light, in illuminations; to-
gether with an account of a neW portable lamp. — 17. An
inquiry concerning the source of the Light which is mani«-
fested in the combustion of inflammable bodies. — 18. Of
the excellent qualities of Coffee, and the art of making- it
in perfection. *
THOMPSON (Edward), a miscellaneous writer of no
great fame, was the son of a merchant at Hull, where he
was born about 1738. He was educated it Beverley, undel*
the Rev. Mr. Clarke, and thence removed to Hampstead,
under the care of Dr. Cox. He early embraced a mari-
time life, and in 1750 sailed on a voyage to Greenland.
In 1754 he was engaged' on board an Indiaman, and be*
* Memoirs published by his friend Pictet, «nd given in Baldwin's Literarv
Jpurpal.— Gtnt. Mag. vol. LXXXIV.
T H O M P S O N. 311
\
Qupe what is called ^'a guinea pig/' though othoraccountg
%ag that he went to the East Indies with sir Peter Dennis,
on bioarJ the Dorsetshire, and was in the memorable action
off Quiberon Bay. By his " Sailor's Letters," it appears that
he was at Madras, Ceylon, and Bengal. In 1759 he was en-
gaged in Uawke's celebrated jbattle with (!)onflans. His other
naval movements seem to have been of little importance ''^^
and on the peace in 1762 he became unemployed. He novr
wrptea licentious poem, celebrating the most remarkable
women of the town, which he published under the title of the
" Meretriciad," This seems to have been the means of in-
troducing him to the acquaintance of Churchill, with whoip
he boasts on many occasions tp have lived on terms of inti-
macy, and with whose principles, political and moral, he
appears to have been at perfect agreement. Of this, hi«
subsequent poems, "The Soldier,'- "The Courtezan," and
the "Demirep," afford sufficient proof. In 1765, he was
more laudably employed in soliciting parliament for an in^
crease of half-'pay for the lieutenants of the navy, an ap-^
plication which was attended with success.
In 1767 he published his "Sailor's Letters," 2 vols,
12mo, in which there are many particulars of his life, froo^
17^4 to 1759, told in a rambling and desultory manner,
lie afterwards edited the works of Oldham in 3 vols, and ior
1777, those of Paul Whitehead, in one vol. 4to, and of An-
drew Marvell, in 3 vols. 4to, none, of which add^d much ta
his reputation, either for judgment or correctness. WhcA
the war with France commenced, he was, in 177S, appoint??
ed to the command of the Hyeena, and was in Rodney'3
famous action off Cape St. Vincent, of which he is said to
h^ve brought home the intelligence; but this, and other ac-
counts of his progress, as related by his biographer, are
certainly erroneous. There was a capt. Thompson, of the
America, who brought home the news of Rodney's having-
captured a valuable Spanish convoy, but this -was capt/
3amuel Thonipson, a much older officer ; and as to Rodw
iiey's action off Cape St. Vincent, a reference to the Ga-?
z^tte will show that it was capt. Uvedale, of the Ajax, who
brought home that intelligence. We are told, which may
]be XMtrjcect, that be was soon afterwards appointed commpt-
dore of an expedition against Demerara, and afterwardu
* They might still have heea de- dered it a difficult matter to separate
tailed if we had not discovered sach tmth from error*
•aacciiracita in our auttiocitieB, as reo«
$i» T H O MP S O K.'
eonveyed home a fleet of merchantmen ftom St. Euatathim*
In 1785 he was appointed commander of the Grampus, and
tent to the coast of Africa, where he died on boanl of bis
ship, Jan. 17, 17S6. He was considered as a brave itnd
skilfol commander, and had that infallible test of merit, the
affection of, his crew. It must also be noticed to his ho-
nour that when he acquired some degree of opulence, he
with great alacrity and liberality repaid his obligations to
many persons who had before as»sted him. The most im-
partial of his biographers concludes with observing thai
^ the merits by which capt. Thompson will be best known
to posterity, are his sea songs, which are still on every
one's lips : more espe<iially those three beautiful and af*
fecting compositions, beginning <^ Loose every aaii to the
breeze,^' *^ The topsail shivers in the witid,** and '^ Behold
upon the gallant wave.*' ^
THOMPSON (WiLUAM), a scholar and poet of conai-
derable merit, is said to have been the second son of the rev.
Francis Thompson, B. D. of Queen's college, Oxford,* and
vicar of Brough in Westmoreland, who died August 31|
1735, aged seventy. His mother, who died two years after,
in the sixty-fiftb year of her age, was the widow of the
rev. Joseph Fisher, M. A. fellow of Queen's college, Ox^
ford, vicar of Brough, and archdeacon of Carlisle, by whom
she had no children. Our author was born probably in the
early part of the last century, but the year cannot be as*
eertained. ^ He was young, when in 1734 and 1736^ hi
wrote " Stella, Sive Amores, Tres LibrI," and ** Six Pas-
torals," none of which he thought it proper to include in
bis published works. In his poem, entitled ^^ Sickness,^*
he laments the want of a mother's tenderness, and a fit*
tfaer's eare ; but, as they died in advanced age, he could not
have lost them before he had attained at least his twentieth
year.
It was on the banks of the Eden, which runs near
Brougb, that ^^ bis prattling muse was first provoked to
numbers," and where, we may suppose, he wrote most of
those smaller pieces which he thought worthy of preserva-
tion. In these he frequently addresses an lanthe^ who was
probably a real mistress. At the usual age he went to
Queen's college, Oxford, and on February 26, 1738, took
the degree of master of arts. He afterwards became a fel-
. \ Censura Literaria, vol. ^V..— Biog. 0ram>
THOMPSON. SIS
low of bis college, antl succeeded to the livings of Soath
Weston and Hampton Poy(e, in Oxfordshire. > It waa pro^
babiy during his residence on his living that be publisbed
** Sickness,'* in 1746. The origin of this poem may be
found in a note subjoined to the fifth book, but much of it
must have been written just before publication, as be pays
tribute to the memory of Pope and Swift, who died abom
that time.
In 1751, he is said to have been an unsuccessful candid
date for the poetry professorship, against Hawkins. In
1756 he published ^*Gratitude,*Va poem, on ait occasion
which certainly required it from every true son of Oxford.
In the preceding year Henrietta Louisra, countess dowager
of Pomfret, daughter of John, baron Jeffrys of Wemm, and
relict of Thomas, first earl of Pomfret, prt^enled to the
university ntore than one hundred and thirty statues, &c;
which the earl*s father, William, baron of Lempster, had
purchased from the Arundel collection, and preserved at
bis seat at Eston Neston in Northamptonshire. On the
525th February, 1756, this lady received the thanks of the
university ; and the year fallowing, the university cele^
brated a public eiicosnia, on which occasion, ih an oration by
Mr. Thomas Warton, professor of poetry, she was again
complimented in the most public manner for ber noble and
generous benefaction. Besides Thompson, an anonymous
Oxonian offered a poetical tribute to ber liberality ; and in
IT60, Mr. Vivian, afterwards king^s professor o^ modem
history, published ^*A Poem on the Pomfret Statues.'*
Thompson's poem is added to the late collection, without,
it will perhaps be thought, adding much to his poetical re*
putation.
In 1757 he published two vdumes, or, as be quaintly
terms them, two tomes of poems, by subscription, with pre*
faces and notes which give us a very high idea of the ao*
thor's modesty, piety, and learning. He became afler*
>vvards dean of Rapboe in Ireland, where, it is presomed,
be died sometime before 1766 or 1767.
It has already been mentioned, in the life of bishop
Hall, that in' 1753 Thompson superintended the publica«
tion of an edition of the ^ Virgidemiamm.** To bis own
w>lumes of poems was added, <^ Gondibert and Bertba,*^ a
tn^edy, the subject taken from Darenapt's poem of
** Gondibert." This tragedy was written, he informs us,
when << he was an undergraduate in the university, as an
f 14 THOMPSON;
innocent relaxation from thbse severer and more useful
studies for which the college* where he had the benefit of
his education, is so deservedly distinguished.'' He re-
printed it with all its j-uvenile imperfections, but, although
it is not without individual passages of poetical beauty, it
has not dramatic form and consistency to entitle it to higher
praise. • >
Of Thompson's personal character, a very high opinion
may be deduced from the general tenour of his acknow-
ledged works. He appears to have been a man of warm
ailectioos in the relative duties of life, an ardent admirer
of merit, with an humble consciousness of his own defects ;
a man of real piety, and of various learning. His studies
lay much among the ancient £nglish poets, in whose his-
tory and writings be was critically skilled. As a poet, al-
though he has not been popular, he may be allowed to rank
above some whose writings have been more anxiously pre-
served. Having been in early life an admirer of Spenser,
lie became a studied imitator of that father of English poe-
try; but like most of his imitators, while he adopted his mea-
sure^ he thought his imitation incomplete without borrow-
ing a greater number of antiquated words and phrases than
can be either ornamental or useful. But if be be censur-
able on this account^ it must be allowed, that in his <* Na-^
tivity" he has not only imitated, but rivalled Spenser in
the sw|Qetiiess and. solemnity which belong to his canto.
His imagery is in geiieral striking, and appropriate to th^
elevated subject, nor is he less happy in his personifica-
tions. . His ^^ Hymn to May*' has received more praise
than any of his other pieces. It is certainly more finislied,
but there are many luxuriancies which sober judgment
would have removed, and. many glittering epithets, and
Verbal conceits, which proceeded from a memory stored
with the ancient poets, and. not yet chastened into simpli**
city by the example and encouragement of the moderns.
The poein on ^' Sickness" is the longest,, and altogether,
perhaps the m^Qst successful effort of bis muse. He chose
a new subject, and discovers considerable powers of inven*
tion. * ; » •
THOMSON (James), a very eminent poet, was. the son
of a minister in Scotland, and bom at Ednam in the shire
of Roxburgh, Sept. the 11th, 1700. His mother's name
• *
> Effglisb PoetSj 1810» 91 toU. Sfo,
T H O M son: 315
was'Beatirix Trotter, and not Hume, as Dr. Johnson says,
Hume being the name of his grandmother. His father was
minister 6f Ednam, with a family of nine children. A
neighbouring clergyman, Mr. Riccarton, discovering in
James uncommon promises of future excellence, mider-
took to give him instructions, and provide him with books;
and, after the usual course of school education at Jed-
burgh, he was sent to the university of Edinburgh. In
the second year of his admission, his studies were for some
time interrupted by the death of his father ; but his mother
soon after repaired with her family, whiph was very nu-^
merous, to Edinburgh, where she lived in> a decent and
frugal manner, till her favourite son had not oniy finished
his academical course,' but was even distinguished and pa-
tronized as a man of genius. Though the study of poetry
was about this time become general in Scotland, the best
English authors being universally read, and imitations of
them attempted, yet taste had .made little progress; this
major part criticized according to rules and forms, and
thus were very able to discern the inaccuracies of a poet,
while all his fire and enthusiasm esoaped their notice^
Thomson believed that be deserved better judges than
these, and therefore began to turn his views towards Lon-
don, to which an accident soon after entirely determined
bim.
The divinity-chair at Edinburgh was then filled by Mr.
Hamilton, whose lectures Thomson attended for about a
year, when there was prescribed to him, for the subject
of an exercise, a psalm, in which the power and majesty
of God are celebrated. Of this psalm he gave a para-
phrase and illustration, as the nature of the exercise re-
quired, but in a style so highly poetical, that it surprized
the whole audience. Mr. Hamilton complimented him
upon the performance; but at the same time told him,
smiling, that if he thought of being useful in the .ministry,
he must keep a stricter rein upon his imagination, and ex-
press himself in language more intelligible to an ordinary
congregation. Thomson concluded from this, that his ex-
pectations from the study of theology might be very pre-
carious, ev6n though the church had been more his free
choice than it probably was: so that, having soon after
received some encouragement from a lady of quality,' a
friend of his mother, then in London, he quickly prepared
}^im§elf for bis journey, in 1795 ; and although this encau«
Sie THOMSON.
ff»gemeht etided in uothiog beneficial,, it senred Iben for a
good pretext^ to cover the imprudence of committiDg him-
eelf to the wide world, unfriended and unpatronized, and
with the slender stock of money be possessed.
- But his merit did not lie long concealed. Mr. Forbes,
afterwards lord^president of the session, received him verj
kindly, and reeoounended btoi to some of his friends, par*
ticutarly to Mr. Aikman, whose premature death he has
with great affection commemorated, in a copy of verses
written on that occasion. The good raceptioo he evpe*
.rienced wherever be was introduced, emboldened him to
risque the publication of his '< Winter,'* in March 1726,
which was no sooner read than universally admired ; and
from that time his acquaintance was courted by all men of
taste. Dr. Bundle, afterwards bishop of Derry, received
him into bis intimate confidence and friendship ; promoted
his reputation every where; introduced him to his great
friend the lord chancellor Talbot ; and some years after,
when the eldest son of that nobleman was to make bis tour
of travelling, recommended Mr. Thomson as a proper
companion for him. His affection and gratitude to Dr.
Bundle are finely expressed, in his poem to the memory of
lord Talbot In the mean time, the poet's chief care had
been, in return for the public favour, to finish the plan
which their wishes laid out for him ; and the expectatioiis
which his <^ Winter" had raised were fuUy satisfied by the
successive publication of the other sessons ; of ^^ Suiamer^^
in 1727; of '< Spring," in 1728; and of << Autumn," in a
4to edition of his works, in 1730. Some very interesting
remarks on the variations introduced int6 these, -in subse- *
qoent editions, may be seen in the Censura Lit^raria, vols.
II. III. and IV.
Besides these, and bia tragedy of ^^ Sopbonbha,"' written
and acted, with i^q>lause in 1729, Thomson bad, in 1727,
published his <* Poetn to the Memory of Sir Isaac Newton,''
then lately deceased. The same year, tbe resentment of
euT merchants, for the interruption oif their trade by tbe
Spaniards in America, running very high, TbomsfMi aesh<
lonsly took part iis it; and wrote his poem named ^ Britan-
nia,*' to rouze the nation to revenge. His poetical pnrsiiiltf
were now interrupted by his attendance on the honourable
Mn Charles Talbot in bis travels, with whom be visilfid
most of tbe coitrts and capital cities of £u»ope« How p«r«
ticulaf and judicious his observations abroad were^ a]ppea<s
THOMSON. 317
from his poem on ^* Liberty," in fire parts, thus entitled^
•* Ancient and modern Italy compared;" ** Greece/*
^« Korae ;" « Britain ;" " The Prospect," While be was
writing the first part of *^ Liberty/* he received a severe
shock, by the death of his noble friend and fellow- traveller^
and thi^ was soon followed by another still' more sevd^^re,
and of more general concern, the death of lord Talbot
himself; which Thomson so pathetically laments, in the
poem dedicated to his memory. At the same time, he
found himself from an easy competency reduced to a state
of precarious dependence, in which he passed the remain*
der of his life, excepting only the two la^t years of it ;
during which he enjoyed the place of surveyor-general of
the Leeward islands, procured for him by the generous
friendship of lord Lyttelton* Immediately upon his return
to England with Mr. Talbot, the ebancellor had made him
his secretary of briefs, a place of little attendance, suiting
his retired indolent way of life, and equal to all his wants.
This place fell with his patron ; yet could not his genius
be depressed, or his temper hurt, by this reverse' of foT'^
tune. He resumed, in time, his usual cheerfulness, and
never abated one article in his way oif living, which, though
simple, was genial and elegant. The profits arising front
bis works were not ineonsiderable ; his '^ Tragedy of Aga^
aiemnon," acted in 1738, yielded a good sum.
But his chief dependence^ during this long ititerval, wa^
on the protection and bounty of his royal highness Frederic
prince of Wales, who, upon the recommendation of lord
Lyttelton, then his chief favourite, settled on him an
handsome allowance, and always received him very gra-
ciously. It happened, however, that the favour of his
royal highness was, in one instance, of some disadvantage
to Mh Thomson, in the refusal of a licence for |iis tragedy
of ** Edward and Eieonora," which he ^ had prepared for
the stage in 1739. This proceeded from the misunder-
standings, which then subsisted between the court of the
prince of Wales and that of the king his father. His next
dramatic performance was the masque of *^ Alfred,** written
jointly with Mr. Mallet, who was his good friend on many
occasions, by command of the prince of Wales, for the
eiUertainment of bis royal highnesses court at his suntmer
itesidence. In 1745, his <* Tancred and Sigismunda," taken
from the novel in GTil Bias, was performed with applause*
He had, in the mean time^ been finishing his ** Castle of
318 THOMSON.
I ,
Indolence/* an Bllegorical poem, in two cantos ; the stanza
whicb be uses in this work is that of Spenser, borrowed
from the Italian poets. This was the last piece Thomson
himself published, his tragedy of ** Coriolanus*' being ovAy
prepared for the theatre, when a fever seized him, and
deprived the world of a very good man, as well as of an ad-'
mirable poet. His death happened Aug. the 27th, 1748.
His executors were lord Lyttelton and Mr. Mitchel ; and
by their interest, the orphan play, ^'. Coriolanus,*' was
brought, on the stage to the best advantage : from the pro-
fits of which, and from the sale of his manuscripts and
other effects, all demands were duly satisfied, and a hand-
some sum remitted to his sisters. His remains were de-
posited in the church of Richmond in Surrey, ^under a
plain stone, without any inscription; but in 1762 a monu-
ment was erected to his memory in Westminster-abbey.
Thomson himself hints, somewhere in his works, that hia
exterior was not the most promising, his make being ra-
ther robust than graceful. His worst appearance was^
when he was seen walking alone, in a thoughtful mood ;
but when a friend accosted him, and entered into conver-
sation, he would instantly brighten into a most amiable
^pect, his features np longer the same, and his eye dart-
ing a peculiarly animated fire. He had improved his taste
upon the best originals, ancient and modern, but could
not bear to write what was not strictly his own. What he
borrows from the ancients, he gives us in an avowed and
faithful paraphrase, or translation, as we see in a few pas-
sages taken from Virgil ; and in that beautiful picture from
the elder Pliny, where the course and gradual increase of
the Nile, are figured by the stages of a man*s life. The
autumn was bis favourite season for poetical composition,
and the deep silence of the night the time he commonly
chose for such studies : so that he would often be heard
vi^alking in his study till near morning, humming over, iii
his way, what he was to correct and write out the next day»
The amusements of his leisure hours were civil and natural
history, voyages, and the best relations of travellers ; and^
bad his situation favoured it, he would certainly have ex-
celled in gardening, agriculture, and every rural improve-
ment and exercise. Although he did not perform on any,
instrument, he was passionately fond of music, and would
sometimes listen a full hour at his window to the nightin-
gales in Richmond-gardens. Nor was bis taste less ex(]^ui-^
THOMSON. 313
(site ia the arts of paintings sculpture, and architecture.
In bis travels, he had seen all the most celebrated monu-
•ments of antiquity, and the best productions of modern.art,
and had studied them so minutely, and with so true a
judgment, that, in some of his descriptions in the poem of
.'' Liberty,*^ we have the masterpieces, there mentioned,
placed in a stronger light than, many visitors, can see them
with their own eyes. As for the more distinguishing qua-
lities of his mind and heart, they are better represented in
his writings, than they can be by the pen of any biogra*
pher. Inhere his love of mankind, of his country^ and
friends; bis devotion to the Supreme Being, founded on
the most elevated and just conceptions of his operations
and providence, shine out in every page« So unbounded
was his tenderness of heart, that it took in even the brutb
creation : he was extremely tender towards his own species.
He is not indeed known, through his whole life, to ha^'e
given any person one moment^s pain by his writings, or
otherwise. He took no part in the poetical squabbles of
his time, and so was respected and left undisturbed by
both sides. These virtues did not fail to receive tbeir due
ceward. The best and .greatest men of bis time honoured
liim with their friendship and protection; the applause of*
the public attended all his productions; his friends loved
him with an enthusiastic, ardour, and sincerely lamented
his untimely death.
.- As a writer, says Dr. Johnson, he is entitled to one praise
of the highest kind : his mode of thinking, and of express-
ing his thoughts, is original. His* blank verse is no more
|he blank verse of Milton, or of any other poet, than the
rhymes of Prior are the rhynfies of Cowley. His nlumbers^
his pauses, his diction, are of his own growth, without
transcription, without imitation* He thinks in- a peculiar
train, and he thinks always as a man of genius ; he looks
round on Nature and on Life with the eye which Nature
bestows only on a poet; the eye that distinguishes, in every
thing represented to its view, whatever there is on which
imagination can delight to be detained, and with a mind
that at once comprehends the vast, and attends to the mi-
nute. The reader of the *' Seasons'* wonders that he never
saw^ before what Thomson shews him, and that he never
yet has felt what Thomson impresses.. His is one of the
works in which blank verse seems properly used ; Thom-
aon*s wide expansion of general views, and his enumera-
S20 THOMSON.
lioo of circumstuntial varieties, would have been obstructed
and embarrawed by the frequent interruptions of the sens#^
which are the necessary effects of rhyme. His ^ascriptions
of extended scenes and general effects bring before us the
whole nagnificence of Nature, whether pleasing or dread**
fuL The gaiety of Spring, the splendour of Summeri the
tranquillity of Antuoin, and the horror of Winter, take in
ihehr turns possession of the mind. The poet leads us
through the appearances of things as they are successively
varied by the vicissitudes of the year, and imparts to us so
much of bis own enthusiasm, that our thoughts expand with
bis imagery, and kindle with his sentiments. Nor is the
naturalist without his part in the entertainment ; for he is
assbtod to recollect and to combine, to arrange his disiCO<*
veries, and to amplify the sphere of his contemplation^
The great defect of the ^ Seasons'* is want of method ; but
finr this, perhaps, there was not any remedy. Of many
appearances subsisting all at once, no rule can be given
mhj one should be o^endoued before another ; yet the m'e-»
mory wants the help of order, and the curiosity is not e%^
cited by suspense or expectation. His diction is in the
highest degree florid and luxuriant, such as may be said to
be to bis images and thoughts both their lustre and their
Uiade ; such as invests them with splendour, through wfaidi,
perhaps, they are not always easily discerned. ' It is ^ too
exuberant, and sometimes may be charged with filling th€
ear more than the mind. The highest praise, adds Dr.
Johnson, which he has received, ought not to be sup«>
pressed : it is said by lord Lyttelton, in the prologue to his
posthumous play, that his works contained ^^ No line wbich^
dying, be could wish to blot"
It would be unnecessary to enumerate the various edi'»'
tions of Thomson's works. Perhaps the most elegant is
that published by Millar in 1761, in 2 vols. 4to, from the
profits >of which, partly, the expences of his monument in
the abbey were defrayed.^
THOPHAIL. See JAAPHAR.
THORE8BY (Ralph), an eminent antiquary, descended
from a very ancient family, was bom at Leeds in Yorksfaire^
Aug. 16y 1658, and was the son of a reputable merchaTity
and after some education at the grammar-school of that
place^ was sent, in 1677, for further improvement, to Lon*
' Xjfe by Mttidock, prefixed to hU Workf.^-JohiuMi'ft Poota*
T H O R E S B Y. . 321
don. The father possessed a good share of learning,
and had a peculiar turn for the knowledge of antiquities ;
which being inherited by the son, he employed his leisure
hours in visiting remarkable places, copying monumental
inscriptions, studying their history, and particularly col-
lecting accounts of protestant benefactions. His father,
designing him for his own business, sent him in 1678 to
Rotterdam, in order to learn the Dutch and French lan-
guages, and to be perfected in mercantile accomplish-
ments : but he was obliged to return the year following, on
account of his health. On the death of his father, in 1680,
he entered on his busiiiess : \aod, though merchandize was
his profession, yet learning and antiquities took so firm a
possession of his heart, that, contenting himself with a
moderate patrimony, he made those researches the great
employment of his life. There is a circumstance relating
to him, in the unhappy times under James II. which we
cannot pass over. He had been bred among the presby-
terians ; but, never imbibing -any of their rigid principles,
bad always occasionally conformed to the established
church : and now, when popery began to threaten the na-
tion, he more frequentfy attended its worship, with a view
of promoting an unioa among the protestants for their mu-
tual preservation. His presbyterian pastor was highly dis-
pleased with his compliance, and treated him with a very
indiscreet zeal. This prompted Tboresby to examine
more closely the arguments on both sides, and. apply to his
diocesan and friend archbishop Sharp (who, by the way,
had a good taste for coins and medals, and collected a cu-
rious cabinet of them), who treated him very affectionately,
and by letters and personal conversation settled him in full
communion with the established "church.
Tboresby was well respected b^ the clergy and gentry of
bis town and neighbourhood, and by all the eminent anti-
quaries and men of learning of bis time. .It would be al-
most endless to enumerate the assistances which he gave in
one way or other to the works of the learned. When Gib-
sen piriilished his new edition of Camden's Britannia, Mr.
Thoresby wrote notes and additional observations on the
West-riding of Yorksliire, for the use of it ; and trans-
mitted above a hundred of his coins to Mr. Obadiab Walker,
who undertook that province which related to the Roman,
British, ahd Saxon monies. Hearne often acknowledged
in print the favour of his correspondence. He coinmuoi-
VOL. XXUL Y
J^-w
32« T H O R E S B Y.
cated to Strype som^ original letters in bii colleoiion. He
.imparted to Calamy memoirs of several northern divines
ibr bis abridgment of <^ Baxter's Life and Times ;^ us be
did also of tbe worthy royalists to Walker, for his *^ Suffer--,
ings^of tbe Clergy,'* which was published as an antidote to
Calamy's book ; esteeming good men of all parties worthy
to have their names and characters transmitted to poste*
rity. His skill in heraldry and genealogy rendered him a
very serviceable correspondent to Collins in his ^^ Peerage
of England." By these kindnesses, sweetened with the
easiness of access to his own cabinet, h^ always found tb^
like easy admission to those of others ; which gave him fre-
quent opportunities of enlarging his collection, far beyond
what could have been expected from a private person, not
wealthy. He commenced an early friendship with the ce*
lebrated naturalist Dr. Martin Lister. To this friend he
sent an account of some Roman antiquities he had disco*
vered in Yorkshire, which being communicated by him and
Dr. Gale, dean of York, to the Royal Society, obtained
him a fellowship qf that learned body in 1697 : and the
great number of bis papers, in th^ir TransactiofiSi r^latiog*
to ancient Roman and Saxon monuments in the Nocth.of
England, with \ notes upon them, and the inscripttoiis of
coins, &c. shew how deserving he was of that honour.
He died in 1725, in his sixty-eighth year, and was in-'
terred among his ancestors in St. Peter's church at Leeds*
Qis character for learning is best seen in the books be pub^
lisbed, which shew him to have been a great master «f the
history and antiquities of his own country ; to attain which,
it became necessary for him to be skilled, as. he was, in
genealogy and heraldry. He appears from these books to
have been also an industrious biographer : but that which
sets his reputation the highest as a scholar, was his uncom-
mon knowledge of coins .and medals. He had long formed
a design of doing honour to his native town and its en*
virons, by writing the history of them ; and had accumu*
lated a vast quantity of materials for the work, whioh wajp
published in 1715, under the title of *^ Ducatus Leodiensis ;
or, The Topography of Leeds and the parts adjacent,*' fol.
To which is subjoined, ^'Museum Thoresbeianum ; or, a
Catalogue of the Antiquities, &c. in the Repository of
Ralph Thoresby, gent. &c." In the former piece, he fre-
quently refers to the historical part, intended for giving a
riew of the state of the northern parts of tbe kingdom
T H O R E S B Y.
323
during the dark ages of the Britons and the Romans ; and'
of the alterations afterwards made by. the Saxons, Danes,
and. Normans ? aiid be proceeded so far, as to bring his
narration iii a f^ir copy nearly to the'end of the sixth cen-
tury, illustrating and confirming his history by his coins.
This^tiurious unfinished manuscript is inserted in the- Bio-
grapbia Britannica,. in order to excite some able writer to
carry it on, and complete the noble de^gn of the author*.
His advancement in years hindering him from completing
this work, he contented . himself with committing to the
press bis ^^ Vicaria Leodiensis : or, The History oJF the
Church of Leeds, &c." which was published in 172i, 8vo.
The subject of this work being narrow and confined, hey
has enriched it with observations on the original of paro-
chial ehurches, and the ancient manner of building them ;
as also on the old way of passing estates by delivery of
pledges,' subscription of golden crosses, pendent seals, &c.;
and, besides the memoirs of many worthy divines succes*
sively vicars of Leeds, he has added the lives of the doc-
tors, Matthew Hutton, Edwyn Sandys,, Tobie Matthews,
John Thoresby, archbishops of York, and of Henry earl
of Huntingdon. His character is thus given by his bio-
grapher : *^ However diligent he wa3 in cultivating the
laudable accomplishments of the gentleman and the scho-
lar, yet he never suffered his beloved studies to interfere
with his religion, but managed all his affairs iti subser-
viency to it. He often lamented the great consumption
of time, occasioned by the numerous visitants to see his
museum, but took care that they should not hinder his pri-.
vate or public worship. In his principles, after his conver-
sion, he was ' orthodox ; in his affections, catholic, com-
prehending therein all denominations of Christians. He
was modest and pure, temperate, and. abstemious tq, an un-
common degree ; though, being one of. the lojcd^ of the
manor, and a governing - member of the. corporation, he
could not/ always avoid public meetings ai>d festivities, yet
he was a sparing partaker, even of innocent divei^ions*
* While this mrticle was going
through the press, we read with plea-
sure the notice of a new, edition of the
«* Ducati|s,'' " with corrections and nn-
merous additions, together with an en-
tire Volume of original matter; cod-
taining an accouni of the district sup-
posed to be comprehended by Venera-
iile Bc!d9, under the terms Loidii and
Elmete, containing the modern parishes
of Berwick, Sherburne, Methley, Swil-
lington, Castleford, Wakeaeld, Tfooru-'
hill, Dewsbury, Mirdeld, Batley, Hud-
dersfield, Almonbury, Bradford, Ha-
lifax; &c.« By Thomas Dunham Whi-
Uker, LL. D. F. S. A. vicar of Whalley,
and rect6r of Heysham, in Lancashire.''
Y 2
t84 T H O R E S B Y.
fie was constant and regular at his private devotions, which
were invigorated with an unusual degree of fervency. Ex
emplary in the government of his familyi he called them
together morning and evening to prtiyer, and reading the
Scriptures. Extremely careful of the religious instruction
of his children, he was not unmindful of the moral beha-
viour of his servants. He was a kind relation, compro-
mising the distressed affairs of some that were very near to
him, by expensive journeys, irksome applications, and
money almost beyond his abilities. He was very charitable
to the utmost of bis power, not seldom solicited others, and
was always a faithful dispenser of whatever was entrusted
to his care.'' -
Mr. Thoresby's widow survived him near fifteen years.
By her he had ten children, of whom three only, a daugh-
ter and two sons survived him. The eldest son, Ralph,
was of Queen's college, Cambridge, vicar of Rickmans-
worth in Hertfordshire, and rector of Stoke Newington in
Middlesex, where he died in 1763. The younger, Richard,
was of Catherine-hall, and rector of St. Catherine Colman,
London, and died about 1774.^
THORIE, or THORIU8 (John), one of a family of
that name, of foreign extraction, but settled in England, is
said by Wood to have been the son of John Thorius, a phy-
sician, who called himself *' Balliolenus Flandrus," a na-
tive of Bailleul in Flanders. It is more probable, however,
that his father's name was Francis^ whom Foppen calls
<' Balliolenus, Flander," who published, in 1 562, <* Joannis
Straselii Comment, in aurea Carmina Pythagorse," 8vo.
He published also, according to the same biographer, a
poem on peace, translated into Latin from the French, and
wrote some epigrams and satires. According to Wood,
John Thorius was born at London in 1568, and in 15^6
became a member of Christ church, Oxford, , but whether
be took a degree^ Wood says, '< appears not, though ih
one of his books he writes himself ' a graduate of Oxen-
ford.' " When he died is uncertain. He published << A
Spanish Dictionary," Lond. 1590, 4to, along with a trans^
lation of Anthony de Corro's << Spanish Grammar." He
translated from the Spanish ^ The Councellor ; a Treatise
of Councils and Councellors of Princes,^' Lond. l58Sf, 4to,
written by Barth. Phillip. It is iq. this he calls himself>
T H O R I E. S«S
not " a graduate of Oxenford," but " graduate in Oxford."
It is dedicated to the right hon. John Fortescue, master
of her majesty^s wardrobe. He also translated from the
Spanish of Valdes, ** The Serjeant Major : or, a Dialogue
of the office of a seijeant major/^ Lond. 1590^ 4to, ^
THORIUS (Raphael), whether of the same family with
the preceding we know not, for Wood, says he wns a French-
naan born, and called Thoris, became a physician and Latir^
poet, and admired in both characters in the reign of
James I. He appears to have studied medicine at Oxford,
but took no degree in that faculty. He afterwards settled
in London, and was yery successful in practice. If\ the
first year of the reign of Cb'arles I. when the plague raged
in London, his humanity led him to expose himself too
much to the infection, and he died of that dreadful disorder
in July or August 1625, and was probably buried in St.
Bennet Fink church, as his^ residence was in that parish.
It is related of this physician that he was immoderately ad-
dicted to wine, and seldom saCtisfied unless he made his
friends keep p&ce with him in prinking. Gassendi informs
lis, that Thorius being in company with Peiresc, whom be
strongly pressed to drink a large glass of wine, the latter
at length consented, upon condition that he would promise
to pledge him in return. When it came to the turn of
Peiresc be filled a large glass of water, and drinking it ofi^
insisted that Thorius should do the same. This, with much
hesitation, and after pouring out execrations against the
vile liquor, and citing a multitude of classical invectives
against it, he at length performed. The story reached
kinor James I. and much amused him.
His works, all Latin poems, were mostly published after
his decease: 1. " Hymnus Tabaci," which, Wood says, was
first published at London in 1627, 8vo; but Eioy men-
tions' two editions at Leyden in 1622 and 1623, 4to. it wa^
afterwards reprinted at the same place in 1628, 4to; and
at Utrecht in 1644, li2mo, in a collection mentioned^ by
Haller, under the title of " Colle<:tio opusculorum de Ta-
baco.** 2. " Cheimonopegnion, a Winter Song,'* pub-
lished with the London edition of the " Tobacco,'* 1627,
and both were translated into English by Peter Hausted,
M. A. and afterwards D. D. of Cambridge, 1651, Svo.
He wrote also ^* Epistolas duae de Isaaci Casauboni m«rbi
> Ath.Ox.T0l. I.— Foppoi Bibl. Belg.
326 T H O R I U S.
mortilKjue capsa/' inserted in Gronorius's edition otStCm-
' saubon^s epistles. Tborius's deat(i was lamented in a poem
printed in. 1626, a sing}e sheet, 4to, entitled ^^ Lessus in
funere Rapbaelis Thorii medici et poeti preBstantisstmi^.qai
Lbndini peste extinctus bonis et doctis omnibus iriste sni
desiderium reliquit, anno 1625." He left a son Jdhn,
who studied at Magdalen-college, Oxford, and became a
physician in Dublin. He was^ incorporated M. D. atOxford
in 1627, but we find no further mention of him.^
THORNDIKE (Herbert), a learned divine in the seven-
teenth century, was educated in Trinity-college, in the
university of Cambridge, of which he. was fellow. In 1638
he Was proctor of that university. In July 1642 he was ad-
mitted to the rectory of Barley in Hertfordshire * ; and,
upon the death of Dr. Samuel Ward, in September 1643,
he was elected ntaster of Sidney-college in Cambridge,
from which, Dr. Walker says, he was kept out *^ by the
oppressions of the times ;*' but there was also somewhat of
court-intrigue in this affair, as related, in Walter Pope's
life of bishop Ward. He tells us, that upon the death of
the latter, the fellows of the college assembled to choose
a new master. ^^ Mr. Seth Ward, with nine of them, gave
their suffrages for Mr. Thorndike of Trinity-college y for
Mr. MinshuU there were eight votes including< bis own.
But while they were at the election, a band of s>oidiers
rushed in upon them, and forcibly carried away Mr. Par-
sons, one of those fellows, who voted for Mr. Thorndike,
so that the number of suffrages for Mr. lyiinshuU, his own
being accounted for one, was equal to those Mr. Thorndike
had. Upon which Mr. MinshuU was admitted mastef, the
other eight only protesting against it, being ill-advised,
for they should have adhered to their votes. Two of them,
whereof Mr. Ward was one, went to Oxford, and brought
thence a mandamus from the king, commanding Mr. Mio^
sbull, and the fellows of Sidney-college, to repair thither,
and give an account qf their proceedings* as to that elec-
tion. This mandamus, or peremptory sumodons, was fisced
upon the chapel-door by Mr. Linnet, who was afterwards
a fellow of Trinity -college, but at that time attended on
Mr. Thorndike. On the other side, one Mr. Bertie^ ^
^ Alb. Ox. vol. I. new edit.-^Eloy Diet. Hist, de Medicioe. — Gassendi Vita
IPeiresci, lib. II.— Moreri.— Halter Bibl. Med.-<-Geii. Diot.
* Calamy sayi he was miaifter of Claybrooke in Laicestenhire, but does not
•taia when.
T H O R N D I K E. 327
kiiifiCnaii of* the e«rl of Lindsey, being one of those \ih&
voted for Mr. Minsfaull, was also sent to Oxford on bis-
b^ftlfrf This gentleman, by the assistance and mediarion
of my lord of Lindsey, procured an order from the king to
confirm Mr. Minsbuirs electioi^ ; but be, not thinking this
tide . sufficient, did corroborate it with the broad seal, to
which Mr. Thorndike consented, Mr. Minshull paying him
and the rest of the fellows the charges they had been a^
in the management of that affair, amounting to about an^
hundred pounds.*' This was therefore evidently a matter*
in which >* the oppiressions of the times" (which are usually
understood to mean those which arose from the usurpation)
were not concerned. He was, however, afterwards, to
experience the latter also, and was ejected .from his living-
of Barley; which was given to the rev. Nath. 1^1 of King's'
college, Oambridge, who, . Calamy informs us, punctually
paid a fifth part of the income to Mr. Thorndike. At the
restoration he was replaced in this living, but resigned it
on being made a prebendary of Westminster. He very
much asMsted Dr. Walton in the edition of the Polyglot
Bible, particularly in marking the variations in the Syriac
version of the Old Testament; and wrote several treatises:
^' A Discourse concerning the primitive Forme of the
Government of Churches," Cambridge, 1641, 8vo; ^'A
Discourse of Religious Assemblies. and the Publike Service
of God," Cambridge, 1642, 8vo; *< A Discourse of the
Right of the Church in a Christian State, with a Review
byway of Appendix," London, 1649, 8vo; "Just Weights
and Measures; that is, the present State of Religion
weighed in the Balance, and measured by the Standard of
the Sanctuary," London, 1662, 4to; ^^A Discourse of the
Forbearance of the Penalties, which a da^ Reformation re*
quires," London, 1670, 8vo; ^' Origines Ecclesise, seu
de ratione ac jure finiendi Controversias Ecclesi^," Lond.
]f7X). To- these we<may add, what is called bis famous
book, published in .1659, under the title of^^An Epi-
logue to the Tragedy of the Chorcb of England, in three
books, viz. 1. Of the Principles of Christian Truth. 2. Of
the Cownant of Grace. 3. Of the Laws of the Church.''
By' a letter from chancellor Hyde, in the appendix to Dr.
Barwick^s Life, it would appear that this work had given
offence, as being unseasonable and injudicious. Hyde says,
'^ Pray tell me, what melancholy bath possessed poor Mr.
Thorndike ? And what do our friends think of his book ?
32S T H O R N D I K E^
And is it possible that he would publish it, without ever
iflnparting it, or commuoicating with them ? His name and
reputation in learning is coo much made use of, to the dis-
countenance of the poor church ; and though it might not
be in his power to be without some doubts and scruples, I
do not know what impulsion of conscience there could be
to publish those doubts to the world, in a time When he
might reasonably believe the worst use woujd be made^
and the greatest scandal proceed from them." This seems
to allude to some opinions he held that were unfavourable
to the measures of the court: and wejfind that there was
some difficulty in admitting him into the convocation in
1661, ** on account of bis speaking much of the Bohemian
churches, called Unitoi Fratrum.^^ He was a member of
the Savoy conference, and in the little he said completely
undeceived the non-conformists, who, from his early pub-
lications, had supposed he was of their side. There was
also a suspicion that he had a little too much leaning to
the church of Rome, so that his character has not de-
scended to us with all the evidences of consistency ; but
that he was a man of great learning, and an able oriental
scholar, seems indisputable.
He died July 1672, and was interred in Westminster-
abbey* There were some remarkable passages in bis last
Will, dated July 8d that year; particularly these words:
** My will b, that if my nieces, or either of them, shall
return to New-England, after my decease, or shall marry
with any that goes to mass, or any of the new licensed
conventicles, then whatsoever is given them by this my
will, exceeding the four hundred pounds, which I have
absolutely given them by deed, shall be void and not due ;
so that when either or both of them shall be married here
to such as sincerely cleave to the church of England, then
the payment to be made. — As for my body, I charge my
executor to write these words upon my grave-stone : ' Hie
jacet corpus Herberti Thorndike, prebendarii hujus eccle-
sis, qui vivus veram reformandas ecclesias rationem ac
modum precibusque studiisque prosequebatur. Tu, lector,
requiem ei et beatam in Christo resurrexionem precare.'
It is evident, from this last clause, that he believed in the
efficacy of prayer for the dead. *
.^ Ges. Dict<— Walker*8 Sufferings of the Clergy ^Burwick't Life.^KeOMt'ft
Chraoide.— Usher's Life and Letters, p. 616.
.T H O R N H I L L. 32»
. THORNHILL (sir Jam£s), an eminent English painter,
was born in 1676. He was the son of a gentleman of an
ancient family and estate in Dorsetshire ; but the father's
imprudent conduct having reduced him to sell his estate,
the son was under the necessity of seeking for a prdfes^
sion which might support him. He came to London, where
the famous physician, Sydenham, who was his uncle, sup«
plied him with the necessary assistances Cor studying under
a middling painter. Such a master, however, doing but
little for him, he was driven to trust to hi& own judgment
and application ; and having naturdly genius and taste, he
made, by. the strength of these, a surprising progress in
the art of painting. He travelled through Holland and
Flanders, whence he went into Friince, and there bought
several good pictures; among others, a Virgin, of Annibal
Carrache, and the history of Tancred, by Poussin. If he
had seen Italy, his works would have had more delicacy and
correctness. His only view in travelling seemed to be
acquiring a knowledge of the tastes of different nations,
and buying up good pictures, in which he was very curious.
ThornhilPs merit soon spread his character, and raised his
reputation to %he greatest height. Queen Anne appointed
him to paint, in the dome of St. PauPs church, the history
of that saint, which he executed in a grand and beautifiil
manner, on eight pannels, in two colours, relieved with
gold : her majesty also nominated him her first history^
painter. He afterwards executed several public works,
particularly at Hampton-court, where he painted an apart*-
ment, in which the queen and prince George of Denmark,
her husband are represented allegorically ; as also another
piece painted entirely on the wall, where the same subject
is treated in a different manner. The other parts of the
paintings there are done by Antonio Verrio, a Neapolitan.
He painted also in the chapel at AH Souls, Oxford, the
portrait of the founder over the altar, and the cielrng lind
figures between the windows ; an altar-piece for Wey-
anouth church, which was engraved by a young mao, his^
scholar, whom he set up in business : the hall at Blenhehn,
the chapel at lord Oxford's, at Wimple, in Cambridge-
shire, the saloon and other things for Mr. Styles, the then
owner of More-park, in Hertfordshire.
These great works, having established his reputation,
procured him much employment among people of quality
and fortune. His master-piece is the refectory and saloon
S32 T H O R N H I L L.
for the use of students, but this work never appeared. At
his sale the smaller set was sold for seventy-five guineas,
the larger for only 200/. a price we ought in justice to
suppose was owing to the few bidders who had spaces in
their houses large enough to receive them. They were
purchased by the duke of Bedford, and placed in the gal-
lery at Bedford -house, Bloomsbury-square ; and when that
house was pulled down a tew years ago, the late duke,
Francis, presented them to the royal academy. ^
THORNTON (Bonnell), a miscellaneous writer of
genuine humour, and the colleague of Mr. Colman in many
of his literary labours, was the son of an apotbecfary, and
born in Maiden-lane, London, in 1724. After the usual
course of education at Westminster school, he was elected
to Christ Church, Oxford, in 1743. The first publication
in which he was concerned, was " The Student, or the Ox-
ford Monthly Miscellany ;*' afterwards altered to " The
Student, or Oxford and Cambridge Monthly Miscellany.''
This entertaining medley appeared in monthly numbers,
printed at Oxford, for Mr. Newbery, in St. Paul's church-
yard. Smart was the principal conductor, but Thornton
and other wits of both universities occasionally assisted.
Thornton's first attempt appeared in the first number,
** The Comforts of a Retired Life," an elegy in imitation of
Tibullus. Mr. Thomas Warton was also a wrker in the
poetical department; and Dr. Johnson, probably at Mr.
Newbery's request, wrote bis " Life of Cheynel," in one
of the latter numbers. The whole were afterwards col-
lected and published in 1748, 2 vols. 8vo. In 1752 he
began a periodical work entitled ^* Have at ye all, or the
Drury Lane Journal," in opposition to Fielding's " Covent-
garden Journal." It contains some humorous remarks on
reigning follies, but with too frequent mixture of personal
ridicule. How long it lasted is uncertain. The copy be-
fore us contains only twelve numbers.
Our author took his degree of M. A. on April 7, 1750,
and as his father wished him to make physic his profession,
lie took the degree of bachelor in that faculty, May 1 8, 1 754 ;
but his bent, like that of Colman, was not to the severer
studies, and they about this time ** clubbed their wits" to
establish the periodical paper entitled ** The Connoisseur."
« Biogr. Brit. SuppUmetft.— W»lpo1e's ijModotef.— Hutchint'i Hktory •f
Donetohife.
THORNTON. 3$a
As they did not distinguish their respective papers by any
mark, Thornton's share cannot now be ascertained, but it
is believed to be less than that of his partner. His habits
were early relaxed, and although not naturally indolent, he
was easily led from regular pursuits, and was consequently
not remarkable for puuctuaJity in his periodica^ supplies.
Of this we have the following instance : when the Con-
noisseur, No. 101, came to town for publication, Colman,
who happened to be in London, saw it at the publisher's,
and found it contained the production of a correspondent
of very inferior merit, which Thornton had sent to press to
save himself the trouble of writing one. But as the day
for the appearance of this paper was the first of January,
Colman was enraged at this carelessness and inattention to
so remarkable an opportunity for a good essay, and came
to Mr. Say's printing-office late at night to inquire if it
was possible to have a paper printed in time for next day's
publication. Being told tba^ it was barely possible, he
immediately sat down in his publisher (Mr. R. Baldwin's)
parlour, and wrote the paper which now stands as the 10 1st,
cancelling the other *.
As an occasional writer, however, unfettered by times
and seasons, Mr. Thornton was profuse in his contributions
to magazines and newspaper^. Scarce any popular topic
offered of whatever kind, which 4id not afford him a sub-
ject for a pamphlet, an essay, a piece of poetry, or some
whimsical paragraphs for the newspapers. His contribu-
tions to the Public Advertiser were very considerable, and
when the St, James's Chronicle was projected (and the first
thought of it was imparted to him) he became a proprietor,
and a valuable contributor. A collection of the best pieces
of the first year of that paper was published at the close of
it, under the title of << The Yearly Chronicle for 17^1 ; or
a collection of the most interesting and striking essays, &c.
with a diary of events," &c. This was handsomely printid
in an octavo rolume, but notwithstanding the convenience
of the plan, and the popularity of the contents, it did not
succeed so well as to encourage a continuation.
* Dr. Kenrick who hated Colmaii, leur, bnt a letter ioteoded for the St.
aod every theatrical maoagar who re- Jaoei's Chronicle : Loodoa Review,
jected hit dramat, relates tbii story vol. III. We prefer, however, the an-
in a very different inaBner» as if CoU thority of the late Isaac Reed, and Uie
man had traosoribed Thornton's paper late Henry Baldwin, esq. of Kingston,
to make it pass for hit own; with him who well knew the circumitanoe.
too, it it not a paper in the Connots* »
334
THORNTON-
About this time our author had it in contemplation to
treat with Mr. Rich for the patent of Coven t-garden theatre,
but the negpciation proved abortive. He ha^l now given
tip all thoughts of the employment to which he was bred,
and became an author by profession, and a general satirist,
nor was it with his pen only that he exercised his humour.
He projected an exhibition of sign paintings, a scheme
which at first appeared preposterous, beyond all hopes of
encouragement, but which actually took place at his house
in Bow*street, Covent-garden. The object was to convey
satire on temporary events, objects, and persons, and for
tome time it had considerable success. It was, however,'
one of those odd schemes which could not be expected to
last, or to be repeated, and which the public, at a less
good-humoured period, might in all probability be disposed
to consider as an insult.
The " Ode for St. Cecilia^s Day," above mentioned, was
another effort of the burlesque kind, from Mr. Thornton's
sportive muse, and afforded much entertainment. The
sternest muscles must relaix where it is read. It was pro-
fessedly adapted to '' the ancient British music," viz. the
salt-box, the Jew's harp, the marrow-bones and cleavers,
the hum- strum or hurdy-gurdy, &c. Dr. Johnson praised
its humour, and seemed much diverted with it; nor could
it be less diverting to hear him repeat the following pas-
sage, which he frequently did : '
'' In strains more exalted the salt-box shall join,
And clattering and battering and clapping combine ;
With a rap and a tap, while the hollow side sounds^
Up and down leaps the flap, and with rattling rebounds *."
In such compositions Mr. Thornton's imagination was'
particularly original and fertile, and so various that no
writer has ever excelled in so many species of wit, both of ^
the superior and inferior kinds, although his inchnation and
sometimes his subjects led him more frequently to the lat-
ter. What reputation this might have conferred, however.
* Boswell's Life of Johnson. In a
note on the last edition of this work,
Dr. Burney informs us that he 'set this
piece to music. It was performed at
Hanelagh in masks, to a very erowded
andience. Beard sun|^ the. salt -box
$ong^ which was admirably aceompa-
aitd on that instrument by Brent the
fencinf . maitar, and father of iniss
Brent the celebrated singer: Skeggs*
on the broom-stick, as bassoon; and
a remarkable performer on the Jew's-
harp. Cleavers were cast in bell metal
for this entertainment. AH the per-
formers of the '* Old Woman's Ora-
tory" employed by Foote, were em-
ployed at Hanelagh on this occasion^
THORNTON. 335
has been in a great measure lost, from his writing anony-
mausly, and, upon .subjects, that had no perinaQent intere$t
with the public, and from no collection having been made
of hi^ pieces when they could be ascertained, . and attri-
buted to the proper author. Mr. Colman once announced
to his friends a design to collect all his partner's works,
but neglected it, until his other engagements rendered it
impracticable. In. 17 6 6 Thornton published two volumes^
afterwards. completed in five, of a translation.of "Plautus,"
in blank verse, assisted by Warner ^nd Colman ; a work^
which, although not very successful, was generally approved,
and Warburtoa said/^ h^e never read so just.a translatiqn in
so puce and elegant a style." In 1767 he published ^f Th«
battle pf the Wigs," as an additional canto to Garth's '^ DiiH
pensary," the subject of which was the dispute then sub*
sisting between the. fellows and licentiates of the college
of physicians. This was followed by his " City Latin," in
ridicule of. the inscription on Bl^ckfriars Bridge. Besides
these publications, he is said to have written the papern .
in the " Adventurer," marked A.
^ In 1764, Mr. Thornton married. Miss. Sylvia Brathwaite>
youngest dajughter of colpnel Brathwaite, who was gover-
nor of Cape Coast Castle in Africa, and. who, when tl^e
ship in which he was returning. to England, was taken by
a Spanish privateer, fell under, a treacherous blow by one
of the sailors, who had observed a.valuable brilliant on his
finger. With this lady, Mr. Thornton appears to have en-
joyed the highest domestic felicity, for which he was ;emi-
nently qualified by a most affectionate heart, until hi«
prospects were closed by bad health, which hurried him to
his grave in the forty-fourth year of his age. May 9, 17,68.
He left a widow, a daughter and two sons, of whom Dr-
■JThornton, physician, is the only survivor.
His character may be taken, from the epitaph written in
Latin by his friend Dr. Joseph Warton, .and placed on his
monument in the cloisters of Westminster-abbey. /^ His
genius, cultivated most. happily by every kind of polite
literature, was accompanied and recommended by manners
open, sincere, and candid. In his writings and conversa-
tion he had a wonderful livelinesi^, with a vein of pleasantry
peculiarly his own. In ridiculing the failings of men,
without bitterness, and with, much humour, he was singu-
larly happy : as a companion he was delightful." \
1 British Sisayists, toI. XXX. Preface.
THORPE (John), a pkysioian and aoti^pMy,.dticcllM'#cl
from au ancient KeotUh family, was the tkdmtwma ef^fkmh
Thorpe, esq* and bora at Newbouse, in the-paaah of* Pg iuii4
hurst, March 12, 1§82. After aebool^ediicatioii atWieatev^^
hap in Kent, he was, in April 16#8,. umtriovJiatei 'BM^^^
commoner of University-college, Oxford,^ whefe ii^-niM^
under the tuition priucipally of -Dr. CochmaB; af— rnwiydi>#
master of that college. In 1701 he took bit degreeaf 6.«A^< I
and in 1704, that of M. A. Having «gtv«B » pr«fcreMe^ toi{
tb^ medical profession^ be was admitted R. M. Hi'^yi(W,'v
and took bis doctor's degree in 1710. In. 1705'4le%iMiii
elected a fellow of the Royal Society, to *hatrdMaGtiMii|^
of which be had itf 1704 contributed a letter' ^' ooucemnif^'i
worms in the heads of sheep," &c. and afterwiirda ^^An4
account of a great quantity of Hydatides found ia>theiab«>'f
domen.'* He was also assistant to Dr. (afterwards air) -Haas* *
Sloane, in the publication of the '* Pbilosopbical Transact* ^
tions.** He then resided in Ormond-street, London, neitr y
his friend Di;. M^ad, and contracted ap intimate acquiiint^
ance with the most eminent pbysiciansi, BaMiralists,^nd tow ^
tiquaries of that time; but at the earnest solicitations of •
many of his relations^ and friends, be quitted London 4n -
1715,. and settled at Rochester, where be practisad tbiotj^^* /
five years, with great snccets, and with equal bnmamty' lA ^
all cases where the poor- were concerned. 'Hedied-No#.
1750 at Rochester, and was buried in a obapd oa the ^
north-side of the church of Stockbury in Kent > ' '
- At such hours as be could spwe fram 4iis pradtice, 4k ;
apg^ied himself to bis fa?ourite study, the kistavy and 'anK ^
tiqaities of bis nati?e country, and especiaUy«:tho8e YaiatMg < *
to the ecclesiastical aflhirs of the diocese of Baebeslar. CH ^^
all these be made very extensive oolieetians; but prt««ed''«
only << A List of Lands contributory t6 Rochester^bndga,^' ^
a folio sheet. ^< A collection of Statute* concerning' Ro^ ^
chester-bridge;** and <* Articles of the High Court of Cfaah-^^
cerjf for settling and governing sir Joseph Willlanfton^ - :
mathematical school at Rochester.'' He published also a
▼olume of Scheuchzer's " Itinera Alpina," in 1708, having ;
corresponded with Uiat eminent naturalist ^
Dr. Thorpe married Elizabeth, daughter of John Wood- ^
bouae, of Shobdon, in the coun^ of Hereford, by whom f
he Jbad tha labjeat of the following article. [ ^3
' Kiekoli*f liswyer.
T K O KFX $n
" TWMMi (MttM), won of ^he preceding, and also m
— tt^iiaiy, WM bofo io 1714, «nd edocated at Ludsdourn ia
%0mu wlMUce he Ptnioved to Uiiiversity-colleg^o, Oxford,
mkef% be took bit waater'a degree iii 1738, and had an in-'
KMlteo to Immto liMidiod physic, but was diverted from tho
JpMMiili Olid ittemtM lo bare deputed his life, to the study of
tliqiiuiia. lie wm eleeDed F. S. A. in 1755, and pub*
liabed frooi bit &tber^s MS&. and indeed what his father
ln4 in a great; fideaaure prepared, the ^* Registrum Roifense^
«r ft eoUeotioQ of ancient reoords, &c. necessary forillus^
iVMeg the eoclesiaatical history and antiquities of the
difoeae m^ oelbedral church of Rochester, &c. *by John
Tb»C|>e» iete of Rochester, M. D. F. R. S. and published
liy bia aoii Jobii Thorpe, esq. j}i. M. F. 8. A.** Loud. 1769,'
M. Pursuing the siime plan, he publisbed in 1788, in
aoeiber auoiptaous folio, the ^^ Custumale K offense^ from
tbe evtgtoal MS& in tbe archives of the dean and chapter
ef 8^be«KENr."
lu the ^^ Pbiioaopbical Transactions'* is a letter by Mr.
Tborpe on *^ Cbea^ut Trees ;'* and he communicated to
ibe *^ Bibl« Topograpbica Britannica,** ** Illustrations of
aeveral aoiiqukiea in Kent, which have hitherto remained
mdiecfibed,*' and several smaller articles, both in that
l^blicatioQ and iotibe Qentteman^s Magazine.
filr. Tbovpe married the daughter of Lawrence Holker,
M. Jl>« • phyaictan at Milton near Gravesend ; and after her
deaiht I7^^> to whom be bad been united forty-two years,'
he ttacvied iti 4790 Mrs. Holland, a lady who lived with
kiea aa bAUatdieeper, and whs the widow of an old college^
ae<|H«iamece. Soon after his first marriage, he purchased
iiigb-atreet^boMse, in Bexiey, which after his first wife'a
deeib be quiued for a house oo Richmond-green, Surrey^
4^ at last removed to Cbippenhitm in Wiltsuirej where he.
^d Ai^f. 2, 1792, in the seventy-eighth year of bts age.
lie wet buried, according to his own desire, in tbe cburcb«
jerd of* Harden Huish, Wiltshire. Mr. Thorpe^ by the
report of one ^bo knew him well, *' was happy in a reten»»«
live memory, and could quote whole pages of hi*$ favourite
iPope, with tbe utmost facility. He was courteous, btitL
WQi Q<Hirtly, in bia manners ; hospitable, but not extrava«
^fjant et bis tables skilful and curiou:» in bis garden ; tntelli«»
HtlM and communMUivteia bis library; seou^ el#jiiui^ hA
iWt . T B O U.
iiifoffiiiing in bb general convenalioiii Mid oti . astiifaiirtet
topics almost an eaibusiast.** '
THOU, or THUANUS (James Augustus), aa illui^^
ous biscorian of France^ was ton of a fim pnesident^^ ti^
parliament of Parisi and boru there, the 9ib of Qc^bflr^
IS53. He was so exceedingly weak. aad'iiiipm«<m bis .in*
iancy, tbi^t tbere was no bope of r^sarintg binv for t(i#,fiifet
Are years bf bis life; and to tbis-it is owiit|^. tbsil abMr*
4antly more care was taken to pret^s^ve bis body, tban^io
cultivate bis mind, altbough be then appear^, to Wfa^tH:>y
ef uncommon talents; for be was. not addkted to liie
amusements of childhood, bat aimed at somesbing higb<ir»
ind would divert himself with drawing and paintiiigi^ for
which be bad always a very good tasie* When he ^ was t#ft
years old, be was put to booksy and placed ii| the coUege
ef Bourgogne; but in less than a year be was atiaoked
with a violent fever, and taken home* The pbysiciaM gs^e
him over for many months ; bat he recovered, 'and applied
again to books, though wkh great moderalioo; for* bis
eonttitutien was not able lo undergo (be ieast fatigue*! He
was afterwards placed under the case of private • t«(0fs ;
and regard seema to have been bad^ in the cboiee of tbajp),
to the weakness of bis nature, as well as to tbe ioipiiioife-*
aaent of his understanding ^ for tbey w'ere pbysieisesf: SMid.
sueeessively four of them. Then be studied uyider tbe fa-
mous Dionysios Lambinas, and Joannes Felterieusi^ mho
was professor of tbe Greek language in 4be CoUfge^soynl.
In 1570 he went to Orlesns^ to puiebe she law; wd
tkefe the writings of ^Cujacius inspired bim with suehrnu
esteem for tbat celebrated professor, that he quitted Qr^
leans, and repaired to bim into Daupbiny* He stopiped'
upon tbe road at Bourges sia months, for the sake of bsi^r*
itig the fiimotis civilian Hotomannus ; and then proQee40d
to Valende, where Cujacius was reading lectures^ Hi^re
be met with Joseph Scaliger, who was upon a visit to Cu*
jacfus ; and commenced a ^iendship with .him, whicb.iie
eultivatsd ever after with the greatest care. His father,
enwiUing to have him long at a distance from bina, reeatbmt
him in about a year; and be returned to Parb sQmetipe
before that terrible massacre of tbe ProtestantS|r wbiob wae
pei^petrated on St Bartholomew's day in 1^72. As be m$n$k
designed far tbe ehuitsb^ be went to live with his^vMltt
1 Ki^olt'f sawyer, and QntU Mi«, vah. LXlUaaS UCflU *
T H 0 tlr. %3i
1
•n^ltffe^ie Th^ iHui, h^ng jdsf )iiade^bistiof:f oPChati*
tresy resigned to bim a canonry of Notre Dame. He be-
^gaiy nowuo <Hi4tet5t that Itbi^ary, wbicb lifterwards became
-«o laiDOU». In- 157*3 he accompanied Paul de Foix into
ilalyy and vivrted' the "principal towns, cultivating acquaint^
ance« wilb the l^amed as he passed. On his return to
'Parki be appli^ himself to readitig for four years; yet
timif beius^ to say, was not: of so much* use to him asr
-eoi^fersiog w]«b learned men, whkh he did daily. About
\dite'^e«id of 15^6, when civil tumiiits threatened the state,
-M. de Tbott was employed in certain negotiations, which
tie.^K>ecut«d SO' w^li, as'«o establish the reputation of a
inaa fit- for ^fensitfess; He afterwai^ds went into the LoW-
Cotmtrte^, and in \&7S was made counselloV-derk to the
>^i*ttffmeryt; an iv»rK>urab(e post, but accepted by bim with
>«iiietftnce, onaccoiJnt of'his great love for retirement and
^ aliidy^ ' In 1579 he ac^ompatiied his eldest brother to th$
heiSslff of Plombieres in Lorrain ; and this gentleiAan dyiii^,
' ^e 90O0 after qmfted the ebdesiasticat state.
• The^i^tagoe *ert;fe6ing*at Paris in I5»a, he retired to
. IFomaifiib, and to6k- an ©|>portAnity of seeing Normandy
mm\ Britmny^ and on bis return i& Paris, after the (blague
aite(i{»0d,"WasrsMt;wftb-ocher Counsellors in pdrHament, to
aMlmiiiiiat^jmtide^n Giiyennef. He bame again to Paris iu
|58Q, atitt^ h«td i^m misfortune not to arrive till the day
aftetffcis' ftithferw<a»- buried. To make amends, boweve'r,
fbf hot 4>eifig able to p«iy bis last duU^i^ to hitn, he erected
mr mcyst nobl^ moitument to his menf>oi^, 'And adorned it
^th*'eu4^g*uiite written by the first wks of' the age; lii
1*584* heiwa^ made me^er of the requests; and at that
time, late as it «iay^eem, entered u^on a new course of
fttvdy. 'He took in«o hi^* ht^se Bressieu, the professor
foyal of mathematics ; and under bis direction applied,
'^ this year and the foilovi^ing, to read the Greek Euclid with
the notea of Prodna. The affectioi) which the cardinal 'de
" Veodome bad coticei^^ for him induced him to spend
iOtne time at court $ but this affection abating; he with*
drew from a place he *did iiot at all like, and devoted bim-
' self entirely to the composing his History, which he had
-begun two years before. In 15^7 be took a, wife, having
* fimt by the official of Paris been thoroughly absolved from
- #11 eeclesiastictal .engagements ; foi* he bad taken the^^r
leaser /carders. He lost his mother in 158S; and other
troubles jbl a Bi€Nr« -public kind exercised him this yean
Z 2
f49 tirOU.-
Tk0 tfj^r^ fff tb^ l^»gpe bad seiMd Vmm Mdi /oMigif
]|'aYirjj h. tP qifit tb^ city. ,Tbuww folionrod ibif^^Ufmr
and, w^ntj by jiU.Q|rder in^o Normaridy, ta sonadUifKiQ^tWHL
noK9 aVid npii^Utrateft ; to.a(;quaii)t ibem witbiivhaMbaidTftafk^
P^ned al Paris; tdcoiifirrn them io .lbeir-4l»4M^iando«s('
make knoyvn his inteiuions of asscmHUi^ tbe 8tatf #• < U||<|tr
his return, bje. ,was mad« f^ Qoviis^ll^r of «tat€. ; * r- i^.^^nr
puriiig the hol(iiog of jtb^ sUtea at BlffU, M« r§^^mB^
to Pftisy yvbere b^ was in danger of bMing biiH Uf^i fQri4b^
lieW of the duke of GuUe'^s <leatb«arrivingy alb «vba Mfofn?
of. know^ /E^^tacluDeat to the Mng w#i|9. obliged .it(> i)id^
tbefi^f^Iyef. '^huaniH was aiaoog ,tbaaiy, : buitM bsiplpiijl
escaped undeir tjne disg/uisc of a 8oliiier«. Ve i^)aireUrMi^
the ki/igt who^ being removed tQ Tours, rea<4i'ed<a«( «i8tt'>
blisb a pafliaoiisnt tbere, to oppo^ that of, tine isfwgut^y
and Dje.Thout woold jia^^ been madetbe first pcfi^d^nt frf*
it, if be bad qo|^ bc^ fixed agai;»sc . acc«pik3<g ihai oAcer
Be. afterwards accoropajnied Mr.d^ £k:hQmbf)rgrin«p>^pieir4.
many, to assist in raisii^ forces for the kingt and 4raifMg^>
succgnrsfrom the Gei:oia^ p^ii^ces^ : be |>9fi$ed by ltaly^<^
and" was at Venice, when tb^ i\9wa .pf . HfiMry Uid'^ •df»tlk-t
mada bim tmrn^iatcily. vatura ta Favaoe^^ 1H«i)rjs ]V« Jie«'^
ceiyed him very kindly, to whom, be gavi^iaiVieisacta^CMitft^'
•f all tbat t^ad beeiQ don^ and QontiMue4 ^Wiy? fi^lbfiuUyiini^^
bis servico ; while the hii^g placed tli« grea^fpst rCQitfidMiHifc
in^'hioi, and employed \iim in many jimp^tiini weg^iaiiMa^*
After the battle of Yyry,. wbicb Heu/fy iVf gyiiued .ia..iii$iM^ f
De Thou obtained Ij^ye to visit bi« < wit^at Si^plifl, ^whmn {
b^ bad not seen. above a year; apfi. artiveA ibamiiaftbr'^
having been detained aome time.URO|v,tbe,fvail by ,a ieMeie&.
His. purposet waa to 0eule> at Tour^; apd^ be wl^.i^xia't
evening 19 povi the road tbitbf$r,i wbeo.a>pail^yi9f'tbe eoj^oqiri^
carried off his wife Ai;id equipsgii^,. while .bf(.^spa|p^ byiahift «;
swiftness of his horse, aoc^ found mwas 9f9on>aft^i! m^j[&^\
cover bis lady. , In 1 592, b^ bad tbei pla^SH^ a#)4ideipattBd -"
of life, but was happily cnred bry.tba.infi^i^ oj^ibiesoai^ .<:
stone into atrong waters* Tbe.yef^r aft^,^ tho king taad^ ^
him his first librarian, whi^cb |4ajce became vacaul by, ibe ^
death of the learned James Amyot, faim^s for bis laaaslanft
tion of Plutarch and other aiacieat Gkreek authors. la-
1592, the duke of Guise having made bis peace with abe
king,.. Thnanus was one of the persona appointed tp fQgtt«i
lale the conditions of the treaty : be becaose tbe tawe yswi .
2^J?l'^V}L^^f^S^^?^^ by the deMb of bia< UA«l«!j^Mguatii^d^
tnbu.
'TiNltl^ wAf^ AoTtcmr hatt long We^f prSA^lseJ fifhi.* H^:
utassi^afWwar^' eoticertied in many tiegonattiohi With the
Biore^sfcnt parly, M<^ivsls greatly instrumental in hringing"^
<bf«i^iH!l>^<lh6'«dict'of 'Nantes ' which -was signed in AJ)»*il*
M9^y* 4rKi«ifier«rdnisTev^ed, as is well knomi, by Lonii*
XlV^^io tiSBd^ }nvl'£k>t,"tte lost his wife, wbotn be im-*
mortaiissed bya!eg4e* ;**iHt soon aftef recovered so far from*
bift'llg^ri^^^ gh*ftt as^U #ai^, a^ to take anothet. During the
ffg^n^^ of^qii^rViMai^y of Medicis, Thuanus was 'one'of
th9!^*^eH^fal^irddtors of the finances; and Was, to the end'
<^M^ lifei' ede^ged'hioreor less in the service of the state.
Hifrdicfd tbe47Dit of May, 1617*, and wa6 interred with his'
fMiily 'id ihle cWapel ^f St. Andrew of the Archei?. ^
<(Ss# left ' beiniHi bim* a general history of his own times
friAii }64S^^o 1608; writ^it in very clear and excellent La-
tin*:*^ A«rH)ngniany things," says Grotlus to him, ** which^
posijtffcy will^'mif^, this ^^fte all astonishes tee, how you, '
aMviys as* it shotrtd seem engaged in business, should find'
]^siiir» and ind«rfktigftble foree of mind to kn6«^ so many
ap^i^^ gl^eattbitfgs as. yon' have Icno^^, and to write them'
ip«Mh amimnev-asr you hwt written them.** And in ano-'
tber plalc^ep' ^^^ Tou ^ blive - comprised a' history of thef ^hole^
iwbrid' in<'8^»dl'!» maitmer, as codld not have been expected
fwooti^idiMtf*bfi1(8e most Idanre'.'svch is the plenty of ydor^
mmumi^imii§h 'tbe«^I«gabce of your iangaage.*^ Isaac Ctf'*^ \
8aob0il'^y^>^ibi^t'l%oantts seems to him to have been pro- ^
v^A^ofUaiiy gvteil* for an e)cample to the age in which he .
liivd^crf ^tyi Mneer4ty; probity, aiid in'sfaorrof all virtue
and. goodoeH.*' Tbuaniis has acquired immortal glory by
hisiiiiit^ry; vifhii^h, says Perranit, ia^written Whh an exact-
ness and •'ficteMty beyond example. This biographer adds, '
tbfS>*he *>tie^r df^t^m^d dr concealed the truth ; but had''
a ^«*b(6 andi generous bokhiess, ' for which he has been
pwised by-all'^bis ^fvat tneh of bts time.^-r-This work is
.wOfxlijr 0f Vh^ aherems^, •. and perhaps wouM have exceeded
a gwttat js^artsof w4iat the ancient Romans have left us in the
W9f^^ Jaw si^ry;* If Ite 'had'not affected to Imitate them too '
cWs^ly^f for ^s ha:s fmt faiib upon Latinizing the proper
nameir ' of men, towtis, t:ountries, and other things, in so
strange a manner, 'M to make a glossary necessary, in order
to^kaow frequently What he means."
Part of this History was. first printed at Paris m 1604,';
a deditdttoir to Henry IV. which is thought to be as"^^
p!iftsc#i*fy»%M»mpO0ttifm in its ^ kind, aB the declidation ef ^
9*?^
thou:.
Ct<auboA*ti Polybivi to tiikfatnfe tndnareli, ftnitllHeof^Mr^'
«< Inftcicutioties Cbrwiinna'* of Calvifn til>>f iMfom 1i 14N^
publie^iifm.of the bistoryi in teparate pai^s, wattttKfter<^lirtli
qonttnped by the author, who, however, doev not seeffi'lfr
have published it nU m his life-time; or otiy {furiof Ji,
ejficept the volume just nsenticHied,- im a biant^r cMfovw^
able to bis original copy, which, tbktWore; be'^epMifeA^ih
the haoda of a friend, that it might be prtiftM ithm^Uk
death, j list a» he wr^te it. It was ioiig, bdwbter, bdfore
t^is could be effebted* Tbuanus was anhofiest hlsHclfM/i^
aad with respeet lo thiiiigs aod personsboldly AeliMiM tlm
^u^h* . There would ef course be many excepiioaaMe pai«
sages in bis wotk, many that would highly ofEM^^ f(l^i4-
4ualsbp4H in qburch a«d- state; and lliis«iwa« thercfhson
irhy, tboogb'pitinted-frequemiy andl iir ditteetnn t&aMfM^^
• if: nevtr- came out free from dasrratidns^ and" agee^abte to
the A^uthor'tt erig^nal cecpyy liM 179^. f t avaa iheft^lM^*^
spmely printed'^ LondoA^ and ptiMfsbed tinder the'dtf6l$-
tion^ and chiefly at the e?0peaee^ of the et^ceWem DriMe&l,
in se^ten voiumes' folio; to which are preftieed^fMi' 'Latth
lettersi inscribed to that celebrated patroa of l^ttersj ilird
giving aiynHioonnt of the variotia chaogeifiand bbSffo^ tllfs
History has uiiidergone; of the 'different editiom; tvhiit
each (|f ithem contain^ and. how they vary; And>by'#hlit
m^tenaU and afisist^iioes the editors htfve* ao leffgtfoiH^i^
enabled t(l give a< very eompleteand perfecC'COpy of tt<.''
'/ Thuenu^ exce41ed in poetry >es weii aa ^isCcfihy, ttnd'pCib-
]isbed severiil prbductions of that kind, as ** Meia^mMs
po^tic» librorium sadrorutn aliquot,^ 1<&BI, in 41^0. Tb^e
par<vphrsi^9 are upon* the books t)f Job^ Ect4es!ie^eB^ the
l^afnentations of Jerelhiab, ' asid* tbe'^i^t* les^tt pi^b^cs.
^^ De re ac^ipitrai^ia,^' Parisv 1^14, 4tjr>» Voiisiosand^oilbM
h^ve much cpnimemied this woric, and have not licry^ted,
Oil the merit of it) to rank: TbnanuH with the be» po^s 6f
his age. ^> Ci1atiibe,< Violii, Lititim, Phtogte,'^7erpjriiiMie,
Paris, 1611,^' in4to7«a 'iiiMtoe4ianeoii»' tollectiotv. ' IHli^fe
are also '* Thuana ;*' but it may be said of tb^nff, as inf tibe
Anas in gi^neral, that they 'comain:iittte thai is Wortby^of
the name of their supposed' author. ' ^
• Tbuanus bad no cbililren by hisfirsc wife; but ihfee*»^is
by the second, the eldest ctf whom, Francis A^ootwnusThii-
a{iU5» a Very excellent man, was beheaded at Lydns in
1642,. fur not revealing a conspiracy^, whicli bad/bcen en*'
ti^idted; "to. bim, agatnsV ciirdiiial HioheH^u.^ Thf <r$r#(tikl
1
T ft O 17. «43
- fUte^ supposed n.<it' to be sorry for the opi^rt^iiily ibat of^
lor^ df revs^ging, upon the son, what the father bad i^aid
ilf.bis great unol^ Antony Duplessis de Richelieu, in the
foUowingvpa^^age of his history: ^^Antotiios Plessianuft
Riobeliiisi vqlgo djieltis Monachos, quod eato ▼itam pre-
iask95ia fuisset ; d6tny vDtoe}urato, omni se Hcientife ac M^
.bi^isrgeiiece coolaminasset.-* This unfortunate geade-
4lii^ar.wfis ^irty*ftve yeara of age. *
4 ^HRfii-KKLD (tCALEB), a natural historian, waa.borii
^l^f %\^ lj$!7i»M Keiberg, in the parish of Kirkosv^ald ki
rJOugttbefiatui. In I6i>8 he Gommeoced master of arts in ibe
Juriiveraliy^ of Olasgow, and sooi» after settled at Low G(ud*
.illeseeuj^h^ nefir the plaee of his birth, in the charaeter cf
ift .dissenting minister. In this situaticm he m^ide a consi*
(cterabie pri>gress in the study of physio, and contracted n
^{eve for plants ; insomueb^ that in* 1713, be took a doctoifii
4^ree 411 medicine at Edinburgh; and the next spriog^
j6avihg a narrow income^ and a large faniily, he renio?ed ib
2)ul)lin(' and settled there in both characters, as a diving
iftnd a pbysiciaitv His family, consisting of a wi£tf and thr^^
;ew$, Md as many daughters, did not follow till more thifa
,11 ^year bad elapsed ; when, finding himself vlikely to ft^c^
)<Qieed, be sent for them over. His practice in me'dicip^
«90Qn inereas^d, so far as to enable him to drop bis oth#r
/eb«r«Qter endrely, and devote himself whoHy to pbysif ;
but bodied after a. short sickness of a violent fever, at his ,
bouse in Mi^rk'^^IIeyf Frances^street, April 2S, iTdBi and
o«|rftft buried ill the new burial ground belonging to St. P|i*
^iir^ik'S) near .C^avan Street, to which plac^ his obse^uiek
5, wefe attended . by a set of children educated by a society
?ef geotJeraeu. >He was much regretted by the poor, to wbood
sb# bad beer^ both as a man, and as a phydcian^ a kind b^
/fi^^&Qtor.
'-. . It does net « appear that Dr. Threlkeld published aay
,iHber book than his ^'Synopsis Sfirpium Hibernicaram al-
^pfaabetice dispositarum, sive Commentatio de Plantis indi^
sgeais, prcesertim Dubliniensibus, instituta;'' 1727, 12mo,
\ being > a short treatise of native plants, especially suph
as grow spontaneously in the vicinity of Dublin, with
tbehr Latin, English, and Irish names, and an abridgment
of their virtues, with several new discoveries; with an ap-
^ NiceroD. — Life which mccompaoies his History. — For a more araple accoadt,
the English reader may bi satisfactorily referred to a *' Life of Tbt&anus/* pub*
ImImi^ IB 1107, St«, by Um Rtr. J. C<^iotOB, M. A. of Q«c<n'i colttg^, Osfdrd.
3f« T %n,5,l>KS»LTD.
^Q46*^.kingij<)m pi irel^ud. In tliis.,worJt,.ajier » de^jcar
U9n 'uf.W book .toftie qrclibubep of.^TD^|iyapd,»^£^ff
face, i^'lucb, tboitgh vyiiiien ia a qif^inb^s^l^, proves, l^ipt.ff)
be 4 man nf, cuit^iderfible. erudilion, he ei^urnf rAfe^.&U tifi
^TaiiM b<;,ha(i observed in the eiivirpn^ of iDi^bliDf.py giy^
• ing, lir,i, the old Lattn iiaine, get^raily EinjBi Cwp^r, ^ftWa
|jiii,^V t*itifts; tbeji the English, nf me, nod, sff^rward^.^h^
Jrisli ; iii)bj(/liiii)g» t«bt'revt;r it geeoas ^Knesiitrj^-, t>oifae,4«ta
count ,oC tl(e^ (jiiaijiy of the plant, and its vfe int [fD«4fCiqf|
^I}li oqcpticmy, Besides tl^eae li« hfts bere «nd tb?re '^Dowfi
in I* cnriou; ob^erraumi ; lo inntancc^.ufi^ei: fhc vtu^^.loe^
tula,,lift'S^ys, ',',Tlt« Imh granvnariiins rfMi»rk t^a« »U.t[bfl
naiueit of ti>« hkh letters are nam^iuf irefni.". lie3ttBf!^.H
lw*wer»,«»ijave b^en better acquaititpd, M(itl( tiw; tli*tp''J 19?
plwUf iban ^')tb {ilants Ui^w^elve!' ; a*he.Be^it nijt tp haTj^
tiuuied them in a stsiematic *ay- He incurred^lh^^^^^.
pleuture uf the learned proffvaor Qr.,Uilleitiuf^b^^Wiig
tl^COj^U^OUl, Jn.ttiis b9vkt.librt;e,qc Iqiit «ilif:^ap(a^iiff}[|l)^ac
fjieiiut^an"^ iiurQdttciiw.of new n^!?s ,jnxo.hQtai»^,.,n)i Jjjfi
«dU.0li •»'.Mr.Baj'> ^^.fiynpp^iV', p«)b)i^>(J «,b4^t,, l^M
Jf.m bsf'HetW-i 4^9-9'K ^'W,^n^lupl>'^,^^]spg^■ie^^
nL-.»U,^Lin«?^sfril>'.; b,ui Uiljepiu^ .^.^yt (^i^k ^^ ^
,*pUlW)Ji«vrMniijJab!^,eO(^Uiit*jfor.(» reply-,,',, ;,, „ ),>/-nj))»
'.n»s. W^je^^ itb^y, Qteur, n#>„probii^ly, piff ife ,%09i^ ,?mf^
Q^iiy.arttir his paw^ ty^, bprn ,19, ^^^*{i■■^. pf^|f^p4);,^iia*
*-00'.-rK,WT UA^ftJfiHt., %.yas ,(pr pi^i»; 3(R^| R^ftisfc
parp^, fU),(i., inut^, la.luifl|^J^,f ijrjqsit^. , I),ui;itig ^he,.TW^8^
tutjep yt a,lift!jr^o»«^^Jyi ^lia^qwercf/^.lift.^flider^d^^imTt
B'elPci>nsi>icu(}nf as a druugbumaii ?ifii,tf)|]{)^a)l^fr.. .^^q^-
po^ntjitpi.i, tnp\w8,?*<^*'^fri
three, P.pdl^ - I-™,.'-. ....-, -.-.p.. ^-..TJ?.,xs■''^■J'.'Jov'^«t
St. JV|i";i)«.A,^,,#VF-"ri?f,'i,'*,9f;* Kfa'^eaN^ "iluR; s((|pr^ft
whu ti,ved7e->Pj;;f;te(|, ^nd.^diefji an huniyie netnb^ p^.t^^e^
\ *
T^u^i^d§^i^^ ' *4i
««^KWC!iriih'' WJs pubKcraiibn's w^c,-1.^*1TJc«cJ
ttib^l-^Wf (^e^frnvrjir^d County of-Leicefeter," ll7t; 6 Yolsi
riftiitfr^ 2. *^iMct5t Views in Leicestersbire, fVoiii driginaf
%!>}&Aitgkf'iW*Jy'^ih:'^'S: **A Siifiplementary volume W
ftijEf 'U^ifcest^^ilift^i Vref^sycontainhig a series of fixctlf-sidns^,
fti itr*Srqr, tb^tHieHvBlagcrf anrcl'praces of note id the county/*
l^^/ittJ: >i^^ Tbe'flinoryand AntiqoitWof theanci^na
tiWrf df 4i^t^est%r;'^ I'T^l, +10/ 5. « tetters on tbc Romair
9ii6d&ji*^'ije'tc€kitry'* 1793. It is almost needless to' add.*
tfr^^t^ th6$e' Works on Leicestcrslfirie baire beeii since kiw
j^^H^d^d by Mt. Nichols's elaborate tistory of 'that''cotJnty^
fl.' '^^-iTbbuf^hts on the Provincial Corps raised^ and noir
ir^ib^, tn Vtlpport of- the British constitution at this ti^ftit
pt^ric^'* 179^5, 8Yti. 7. **Tiw>w>ton'5 History of 'Nbttlng-
katinshn^^ repiibtished with Ikrge additron^, and embetiishn
^ with |iidrare.<:qne and select views of sektsofth^nbliitiiy
^fd giyIltr5^ to^vils; vHlageS; churches, and rbins,** \^^7^
3^'V6li' 4rp. * ' J . j . I •
3TfifUitfNUS. S^eDETHOU. . ^
.^-YaOCYDH>ESi an 'aocieiit Gnfe^k historian, #« a di,
^^nr of Athetis^^and bom in the second year of tBet7ct^
$f^pviii^ drbiht^ Chci&rt 469: ' tie Was of royal extrit^
Aodt fdii;Viir Wri^d relate, that bi^ father 04arifs,%r OfoX
n^/Wak ttes^hfdc^d {r6in Oloriis, kfng'of Thrace. He wai^
educated in philosophy by Ana^agora'Sy and in'eToqoeDCi^
Hf •A'nfpWn/ '»Saidas artd IPhatim r^te k circiin^stance^
mi?6h «flf]fe^/»)at lie had f ^Om ^{s youth a libble ei^ulati<s^;^
A^Niir&^tf HtrVbJbtus ri^cited hi^ Hfetory rn public, apractice^
til -m^ fli^n atid' matiy ages after, it drew' tear^ from him ;*
MfMf H^rt^y btuV hlm'sdf notrcin]g, cingrattrtated 'his fath(fer^
<fl4'%aving^a ibti* '^4io shewed to wonderful aa affedtion to^
t^b rbuses. H^rodbnVsVas'th^if twenty-hlne years of age i*
'Piilicydid^^Wfoiitf^ifWW.' •^^^->' • . . . • .' . .^':
^'WheW thfe Pb16p<Wne^ian tikr btcan to break out, Thui-"
cfjj^didp^ cof^bctii^^a^ tltily; that it^wonld prdve an argiii'
sfi&M^wdi'ihybf'Btb fobWj and ft no kdotier'domtoenc^d*
ttrah I'le 'b'^^am hU Aisiory, notihg ddwn'eveiitg and circurh«(
st&rKt^s;^ as tUb*^ happened uAdel^ hU ey^, or came to his*
W6Mb^^. W^his^ own'^life we* know nbtbing with ccf-*-
tih\\yi b6i v»hat '6e hiibself ttatf delrvei'eU in' bis liistory.J
Bb wk^ si t6vei^6f'contembUtton,aAd'ret)retnent, yeth^ did'*
i^(^Rf«'iB^sdrvite^'of th^ skate, iiind ircb^^tfecla'd'dord^^
S4« T H U C YD I D E S.
ingfy « cbtndiand hi tfac Briny. This, however, proved Bttv
fortndBtf tD:biin ; for while be resided in the Isle of Tha^
Am, it ba|»petied that Brasidas^ the Laeedemoniant besieged
ilmipbtpoUs, a city belonging to the Atheniani, about half
a day'» sail from Thasua. Thucydides being one of ^he
fttrategi, or of those who bad authority to raiat fonoes in
those parts for Ae aerviee of the comoaonwealtb^.she Atbob*
•ian captain sent to him to levy apoweri and haaten^to* bia
l%lief : aa he did not arrive till too late^ and when the city
was already yielded up, be was afterwevds punished, aa if
he had done this either through negligence or fear of die
eaemy. For this suspicion, however, there was no jostrea*^
aon, for he put himself into the city of Eioe, and presewed
it to the Atfaeniansi with the repulse of firasidas, who caatif
down the next morning from Amphtpolts, and beaieged tl;
After bis banisbment, which happened in bk forty-eighth
yearv he lived in Scapte-Hyke, a city of Thrace, where be
had married a very opulent wife ; and large possessions mil
rich mines of gold, as be himself professes in Us fomrth
book. 'He was not however so afleeted with bia disgrace,
es ID' ahua hi maelf up from the world, but was present at
4he actiens of the rest of the war, as appears fnom the fifth
book of his. History. In compiiing his History, which oc<-
tmpwi a .greati share of hta time while in exile, :he ia said
so have employed considerable sums of money in pse**
cviieg authentic memorials, not only from the lAtheniafis,
bet the Lacedemonians* It comprebetsda tbe P^lopanne*
aian war, which lasted one and twenty years; . for' thcgagb
aome writers make it continue six yeara longer, yet others
more rightly j^udg^ what followed to be rather the eooae-
qtiences of the war, than a part of it. - Some cvitica have
imagined, from the dtfierenee of style and manner^ tbetiJjfe
eighth book, according to the ordinary .'.divisioe, vt&Etaioot
written by Thucydides, bnt added afterwands by another
band; but this is not the general opinion^ and^ as Hobbes
ai^'s, it ia very probable, that it is left the aame aa it wps
when be first wrote it, that is, in the way of commeetanjrf
neither beautified with orations, nor so well cemented ia
the ti'ansitions as tbe former seven books are^ Xenopboii*^
^ Hellenica*' are a supplement to Thucydides's History.
. It does not appear, that after bis exiie Thucydides ever
again et^oyed bis country,; nor is it clear from any author,
where, or when, or in what year of his age, he died. Most
agree^ that be died in;banishment; yet some h^ve related^.
T H U CTI> ID E a 14*
tli»t;<^tter ihe 4tfeai kt Sicily,' the AtbimUini ^edrmd a
^oneral revocalton of>al^ banJBfaed peiMiw, and tfhat ke then
cct4»riMld, aad was afterwards pat to death at Athens. Tbia
istnotdthely ; aitd natty other ccreamstaticea ar^ rriaaeA
i9bif h have no stores piBbabiHtj. HeUrea thtnks^ that in ttaM
ymttyi oi' cmijeetarea there is notfaiiig moFe probable itfaa«
^hat^ivhich we haveirom PaaaaDJas, who, imditloriUiig tb#
jttionuafaeatt of' vthet Athenian city, says, ^^ Tbe^ wonky aet
of'CbtiobniSy ittrfthe) behalf of Thucydi^^ is hot Wfthcmt
'faonoor, for Oenobius obtained to have a decree pass^ tat
'idb re^unn : who* fetor liing wsa slain by treaeheffy, aad fais
aapulchre is near the gate edked' Mehrides;'' He it reek-*'
qmed to have been shrty*etgbt years of age when he (tietf;
Ue; left /a. sun^ adioseMiiaine is* hardly knowity kiit supposed
tja kav^ been Timotheita. '
"He exceiied inj the two^ gr^at pofaita wksebfotsi « j«it
hislevian, truth* and ekiquctiee;' The ftdth of km Hiatmy
has. tie¥ef* been ipaUed into t]uestton. He wanted no ^(p^
poitonkiesiof kno^iaf; thettfoth,,aQd he ^aes not appear
toihavd niarepitesebt^'it; 'aad tbeagk somi hi^se faneied
him. a liiUe* matevkitem tot^aads 4iii ceitatry, beeaese tkef
aaage^ ;he kad^ recti vaid wovM^feave made most fieoplGi ao/
yet he Jias v6t wtitlen any tkrag iliat dtseovers each a pspi*
'sion. . His aaanoer of wrising is Mhesreilty perspicuoos, aimi:
pi^suasi ve, jret ch)se^^ strongvaad' pitby. The 8neients*faav«
Sicken of hftni in :the highest terms; > and if HeiodotsM^ aa
bt« seniofy obtained: the title'** father of history^" yet the
'greater tpart' have aHewed that Tbwcydidha is the better
hiatorkin. Plmareh^ says, m <bnr tneatise De Oieria Aithe-^
sieQsiaar, Khaa Thoc5^tiide» ^ anas alwayis at tfaisv to make
his auditor si spectator; and to excite in hisMeader thesiHtte
passions with 'those, who 'were beholders." Then enume^
* rating sooae exairspies, *< chiase things^'* be seys, <^ Btti'M
^liescribed, and so - evidently set before our eyes^ that the /
^hd of the reader i» no less afleoted^ than if he had beetr
jfresent ffltfae^ctions.v And it was probably for his skill
in painting, certatnlynot for his eloqnwnee (for, as Cieevo
says, ^* what greas rbetorioian ever borrowed any thing of
Thneyciides }'*> that the famoas orator Demosthenes wmtar
over his Hissory, accordtnig to Lncian, eight times with his
'owa hand. The same Luoian, in his book ** How a bsitory
nought to be written," <:omsnoaHy exeospUBes the virtnea
required in an bistoriographer by Thucydides; and it seems
M if the^image-ef ThiioydfdkB^s ^tory, preoonceived in
/
S4t T H U C iY D 1 D E »;
Jtnebii^tvofitfidy fluggestdd to bfan M the pretepiA he tlicW
deliTert. As to bts sty le, Cicero speaks erf it thtis f *^Tbtt«» .
cydides in< the art of speaking, in my opiiHony bai far ex-*'
€eeded them all. For be is so full of matter, tfiat tfa^ num-
ber of bis sentences almost equals the nmnber of his words f
and .in has words he is so apt, and so oloi^,'thlKt iti^'b^r<f
to saj% whether bis words more illastraie' bis senteiices; oi*
hsB. sentences his words.*' The Roodatis ihongfat higrbtyof
Thocydides^s >vork ;* and Sailust evidently took him ibt^fais'
model. * ' ' J - *
' It is. remaiiupible, that Dionysins Haliearnassetistir Mter«
taioed unreasonable prejndiees against thitf historian,- Ih'fii-''
y^iDur of his conntryman Herodotus, whom he wasr de$i\roui^
iabvre considered as superior to him, and bad-'rai^d tt^-^
cordingly many objections to his work. -<^The prhitipakF
aaal nott neeessary office of any man that Intendeth to
write an history,'* he says, *^fs to chose a noble argumetif;^
and gtatefiil to sueh as shall read it.; and this Herodoio$ ^
has.4loue, in my opinion, betuer than Tbucydtdes. Fbf^'
Herodotus hatk wvttsen tbe joint history both t)f the Greeks';
and 'BaAerians ; but 'Hioeyiiides' wvrteth only one war/*
lathis, as well as toDtonystnsVotber obje^lofOiT, Bobbeii^
roplii»e ^ Let any man consider, whether it be not morei^
reasonable tonay, thet the pirrneipal and most n^cessaiy^''
office of Irns tb^ will write an history is 'tor take snicb iin*
avg^iolont as is both wishin his power weli' to handle, atid^
profiubte to posterity that shall- rcM it i which Thbcydides,
in* tbe opinion of all men, has done better than Herodotus. '
For HecodotBs undertook to write of tbose tfairt^s, of n^ich
it was iflspossible for biiH to kMwtbe tirotb, and vKhtdi de*
light mose tbe ear with labulons narrations, than satisfy: thb
inind with truth ; but Thucy^des writes pne war, whicb^/
hqw it was carried on from ^tbe beginning to the end, be ^
was able certainty toinform himsetf.^' > Tbe single ciVctini*
stance here urged in favour of Thucydides, gives Idi^d t!la^
reodon's History of our Civil Wars, (^ferhaps, the |iHeferdnce^
to any btsbory that is extant in aiiy language. 'SiHfie mo>-']^
dem critics have, however, formed an opinion' Af^Thucy*
dides iporeaccording with that of Dionysius tfaab qfHobbes. "
The emperor Charles V. is said to have been so fond of this
historian, chat be always carried him with him' into the
camp, ^nd used to talk of him with wonderful pleasure to
those about him.
Thwcydides was iirst printed by Aldus, in \50^ f^io,^
T H U C Y D I D E Si i«
^oce wbicb the best editions are, I. That printed by Henry
Stephens, with a Latin version of ^* Laureiuius Valla, Paris> .
1 5a8,'Vfolio. 2. That of Oxford, ** Greek and Latin, ciim
HQtis yanbriMtt & Job. Hudsoni, 1696," foHo. S.^< Grsoci
&, La^ine,. cum notis .^varioruBl & Jos* Wasse. Accedunt
QineAi^fitipi^Can Au^d. Dukeri, Amst. 1732,** 2 vots. folio.
4/. Tjbie Qia^f^ow , ediu 1759, S vots. I2aio. 5. A elegant
«ir)d C9rrect ^|^(»n in Jivo^' 1786, at Deux-ponts, from the
ediiioi^of Duker, ^ vols. ; and lastly, tliat of £din. 1903 — 6,
€ vols, edited by the rev. Peter Khnsle)^.
.Wa., bmve a. good English translation of this author by
Hobbes, whose^accouQt of Thucydides has been of service
t^ qs in tb(^. course of this memoir* But a translatiou noiv
inq^^ea^i ose'^and estimation is that of Dr. Smith, dean of
Cbe^er,, whU'h was published in 175$, 4to, and 1781, 8vo.'
..Tf'EmLHER (ViNCBNT), a Benedictine of the congre*-
g^Uqo de St.Maur, was born in 1685 atCoucy in tbedio-
c^e.of Loon, and taught philosophy and theology in the^
d|b^y of St. Ger0iain*des-Pres at Paris. He afterwards
beeaxpe^sub^prior-of tliat nbbey^ and died there, Jan. 12»!
1736* Jtlis best performanve is an exceRent Freueh trans^^-
lajLioia .^ Polyblusy with a commentary by tbe chevalier.
Fqll^idy. 6 vols:: 4tQ» £le ais^ aoquirod fame ^as a theolO'-'
gl^u bj( tvvx) <^^ Letters,*.' ou the revooaJtion . of his ftppeai^
frpm ;t^e buU UnigeuUus; and «omeothec>pief^s, chiefly >
ii^ffiyou^.of thi|^ Qoi^titution Unigenttus, after be had re-«
voK^jiis appeal i <whicbiixiad6'a'great aoiae in -his emigre^* r
gation.? ^ .. I .,,..'-. .
XJtiU^LOE (Joii^t 09q.^^ seevetaryof state to the two
prc^teotor^/Oliver and Eieivard CiromweU, was soa of Tbo* ;
n^ . T^iurjoe, rector of AbbatSrRotdingy Essex, whcure be
wa^ l^gni ill Jl 6 1 6« He was- educated to tJie law, and after-»
Ivf^icfls ^eQOinine^dec). to iJbe patronage of Oliver St. Jebn^ .
esc|^^a,|>erson of gneat eminence in that .profession^ and .
'9U4^qe|p8^V^ly;^^9^ci^rf$eneral lo Charles L and lord chiefs
jtt&U^if offbe^pmq;)pnp|^a».; b^wboae intjerest, ^^^ 1$45| .
be v^s.j^j;ipinted,one pf the siecretAnes to the parliament
cOiiiai|f{sW>9ers/at l^e treiity.of CJxbridge. In 1.647, he wis
ikdoutt^4:of Liflcoln^srinn : and. March 1648^ made re*
peiy^r^or clerk 9f tbecursHor 6nes, under the earl of Kent,
lord Grey of VVeirke, sir Thomas Widdrington^ and BuU-
irdde Whitelocke^ esq. cpipn^issionera of the great seat
«. . ■" ^
I » Life by HobbM.-^Fabric. BibL Grec.^J>ibdla's ClMsacs.^BlMr't Uciurm^
<fiO T a W R L 0 E.
> <
Tboi^b bU nUacbmento w«rt «iHir4»ly oit tb« iMe "of fii»
pjMrlitmeiUy yet, wiUi regard to tbe denth of kktg' Ctorles,
li« 'declares himself, that be wa» altogether a stratigiit ik>
tbe ;facc<^ and to all tbe couoffeis about it) kftving not had
.the least coBu&uQication with any penson w4iatkoever on
Ibat a&ir. Yet, aftfur that extraordinary event, atid tbe
im^blUbment of tbe pew caminon wealth, he wa^'diierlied
hqm his employments in the law, and engaged in {yubtie
business* In M^i'ch I6il, he attended tbe lord ehief jea^
tice St. John, and .Walter Strickland, esq. aMba^sadets t»
dlte^taAes of the United Provinces, asr their secretary; with
jivboiii he returned to Engiandin I6dl, and, Apiil 165S,
waa preferred to the office of secretary to the co<itK5tl of
atate ; and, upon Cromweirsaasttmingtiie protectorship in
1654^, became secretary of state. In Feb. 1654, he was,
cbosea one of tbe.masters pf tbe.upper bench of the society
of ]UocQbrs*tnn p apd, in Aug. 16^55, had the care and
cbfLrgjs fdf.tbe po^ge, both foreign and inland, commilMd
. to bio^ by tbe protiectpr^ . In 1656, he was chosen member
. of padiaoi^iiA fqr the )ale of £iy ; and jn April I657'^re-
ceived the thanks of the parliament, for his vigilance in
detec^ng the plot of Harrison and other fifth-monarchy-
meo, . and for ii^any .gieat.aervicea «o the ptrbUc. On Ja4y
.)i of the same, year, be was sworn pne of the ^my toilii*
4pil tfO tl^^fHTotector, accondiog. to the ^' huovble petitidn and
adf if:e ;" and in Noveoiber H'as elected oiie of the ^^e«
yernors of the Cbarier-house. Burnet relates a story, v^mth
probably happened about this time, of his having rteilrijf
£arfeited Crem well's goiMl eph>i«A, by liot b^iug v'^lant
e<iP9g^ in listwing tO'.aocouifits of plots against 1m» (Crom^^
]|PF^U's) Ufe, but.be sq<»D efiected a reconciliation, aad:ai{>*
Pilars to have itiduced .Cramweil to think as hedid^ that tt>o
fnucb .ciirH>sity after such matters argued, au undigniAed
^ (fear.
In I'eb, 1^58 be was made cbancellor of the ontverskyof
. pMt4gow ; and, ip June following, concurred with Wfaite-^
)qc^ in advising the protector, to leave the persons who
^y^ been detected in a plot, to be proceeded agaJMtia
ibe ordinary course of trials at the common lanv, and not
by M Ikigb court pf JAistice; it being always bis opinion^
ibctttbp fipraos.and rules of the old constitution should, on
. jlffry p^casipu^ be inviolably preserved^ espeoially in tbe
c. administration of justice. Upon the death of Oliver, he
X 4|pas continued in the post of secretary and privy counsellor
T H U E L O £• tSi
ta bis sueccftior Richard ; though be was rery toboosnoog
t9 the pripcipal persons of ihe aroiy^ to ^bose iofterests,
whenever they interfered with those of the civil govern-^
.qieut^ be w^ a declared enemy : and their resentment
, against him. on that account was carried to so great 4i
heigh^^ tUat they accused him as an, evil counsellor, and
one who was justly formidable by the ascendant he had
gained over the new protector. For this reason, in Nor.
1658, be desired leave to retire from public business; in
^ hopes that this might tend to quiet things, >and facilitate tlae
. proteotQr's affairs with the army : but he^^ induced stUl
.toconpnue in his employment ; and, in December, was
. chosen member of parliament for the luiiversity of Cam*
bridge. He was returned likewise for the town and bo-
xough of Wisbecb, and fcH* the borough of Huntingdoii;
,but .made his election for Cambridge^ where he bad^ a
greater number of votes tban had ever been known on a
similar occasion. In April 1659, ha used his utmost effocts
to dissuade the protector from dissolving the parliament^ a
step which proved fatal to bis authority ,, though,- upon bis
quitting it, Tburloe. still continued, in his^office of secretary
. till Jan. 1 4, 1 660^ It was then conferred on Thomas Scott,
\ 9sq.9 but op Feb. 27 f upon a report of fcbe council of state,
the parliameiHt resolved^ that Thurloe should be again otie
^qf the aecretarjes of state,. and J^hn Thomson^ 'esq. the
other. Jn April 1660, be made an offer of his service.for
the restoration of Charles IL as. appears from a letter of
chancelkH; Hyde to sir John.Grenville, in which his lordahqs
observes, that Mr* Thurloa's offers weret very frank, aad
accompanied with many great professions of resoivii^ te
,lherve bis m^esty, not only in his own endeavours, but like<»
wise by the services of. bis friends ; hut that these offers
were inixed with somewhat of curiosity in Mr. Thurloe,
who was very inquisitive to know whether his majesty bad
any confidence in general Monk, or had approaicbed him
in the right way : which he desired to know, only tofitush
what was left undone, or be able the better to advise his
majesty. The king returned such answers as were proper,
^nd desired to see some effects of bis good affection ; and
that then he would find his services move acceptable,
however, on May 15 following, he. was committed by th^i
House of Commons to tbe custody of their serjeantat ^rma,
J upon a charge of high treason ; but was soon released, and
- retired to Great MlHon in Oxfordshire, where he generally
9SSL T 0 U R L O e.
resided, except in terRi-timei when be eeilie t&hkxXitf^^
bers at Lincoln*8-inn« He hm of great use oee«4^irfl^ «
tg the cbaticellor Clarendois by the instructions be smrv
bim witb respect to the state of foreign afikirs ; of wtNcir
tbere is a very remarkable instance annHig bis state-fMipefB^-
in the recapitulation be Urear op of all the ne^ociationa be^*
tmeen England, France, ^nd Spain, from the time of Crom* .
well's taking upon him the protectorship till the restoraiioft. ^
He was likewise often solicited by Charles II. to eegafpe in -
tke administration of public business, but thought proper
to decline those ^fFers. He died suddenly, at 1h)» chandbemv} .
IB LincolnVinn, Feb. 21, 1668, aged fit'ty-one; aiid waaV
interred under the chapel there with an iuKcriptiun over
his grave. He was twice married, first to a lady of the •
pame of Peyton, by jvfaom be bad two sons who died be«
fore him ; and secondly to Anne, third daughter of sir Joha
Lytcute of East Moulsey in SurVey, by whom be bed four .
aoes and two daughters.
He was a man of a very amiable character in private life ; .
end in the height of his power exercised all possible mode^
ration towards persons of every |>arty. In bi^ eiaaner of' •
writing he is remarkable above most of his conteoi^Kirttrt^ .>
for conciseness, perspicuity, and strength. But the eiest •
iethentic testimony of his abilities is that vast eoUeetiVv) of i
bis *' State Papers,** in 7 vols* folio, publisbed by Ot. fiirdi v
m 1742, which places the history of Europe in geeeralf at '
well as that of Great Briuin audita domiotonft, diMring^bat I
femarkable p^riod^ in the clearest lights and shews at the i
aame time lus astonishing industry and a{>p|icatio|i in 4he <
flutnagement of so great a variety of important aiFntrs^ wbidb *
passed entirely through his bands, with seoreey and tttcecfse I
eot to be paralleled under any. other government,^ ^ «
. THURLOW (Edward), Lord THuatow^ a diatie^ i
guished^ statesman and lawyer, was the secoinl son ef tbe t
lev. Thomas Thurlow, rector of Ashfieid ia Saffolky ^and . !
was born about 1^32. He was entered uf, jind couiifieed
for some time at Caius college, Cambridge, where nfilgar
report has made him idle and dissipated. Of this, we bevar
eo proof, nor of his having been equally careless of hir
Studies after he entered the society of the Middle TeHnple^ i
Lord Thurlow may have been indebted to what are cafied
Ufiky coincidences for some of bis promutiona, bet m be
I i^ k/ Bircl^-^Biof . Brit; Appendix.^Bunet's Owft TioKf*
Mite
wpralW)ps^fohffd'«Kn|)1y' qualified For ilie'higk sfaUonV hp
hn^i^ h* e^nklilc^t bav^ aiuQfa neglected, the. cult|vatiou 6f '
hm np^tdral abilities, or been remiss in accumulating that!
koiMwledge bjr ^bich alone he could rival his contempo-
raftei.' 'Reappears to have been called to the bar in liSB,
<ail(lfDti^have'is$tpidly attained distinction in his profession^ *
fdrii'ifi^tlrefe^reftrs after, chiefly owihg to the talent he*
difl^yiEKl'io the Douglas cause, be was advanced to the/,
•rank Q^I^Hig*^ counsel. His voice, person, and manner^ ;
w(nRB--fiet if)t caleuiated to give his efforts an air of conse*
Koe fB^vtite bar, and his practice became extensive. In
ib* 1770 'he Ivas appointed soIicitor*general, and in
,Jijn^'l771 attorney-general. He now sat in , parliament
foe; the^ borough of Tamworth, where he had many oppor^
tuaities -of justifying the cfaoice of his patrons, and of
£r0M»in^'tha| speqies of character and interest \lrhjch gene* .
rally leach- to' the higbest legal appointments. As a poli-
.tician, he uniformly, and with commanding vigour, siip*
^orttd tb^ 'MQaliares adopted with respect to America^ &e*
auri»g'lord';Nf>ft^'i^ administration. In June 1778, he was
Ap(loiated*t#fiitce^d Idrd Apsley, as lord high chancellor
i>f <}fMt Btftii^, ahd' the jkatne day wa^ raised to the
pedrailfa t^^ tHe^titl6 <tf Lord - Thurlow of Afclifield in Su£* I
folk*' • Tbirdfllce4iie^re«ignedin April 1783, when the seals' \
mett^pfok kliofdonhilissicf;^ but was re-appointed when Mr^
Pitt4va9''tMimitiHed'priinde miiiister'in December, following.
He)ag4ia^'f«sigaed ibem ioTJune 17iE^2, and on the I2th of ^l
tka9>maiilifa wtfs'dri^ated Lord Tfaurlow of Thurlow in Suf- '
folki' wtlh'^ coltaberal teinainder of this honour to the issuQ
laali^ kia l«t» tw6 brdthers, \the bishop of Durham, aud
John Tbitrloif of Norwich. After this retirement, till a ^
abort period before bis death, he took an active part, and
had grMitwaigbt, m 'the House of Lords; and having re-
taiivA' cbiilpleiie possession of his faculties, with accumo* ' ^
latell ^'wMote^ 'aiid experience, his latter speeches wer^
4>fteil mOM' th^ shbfect of admiration, than any that had
been 'neflnemtyerfed ia his earlier days. He died in the se-
¥enl)r-fbiirtfa'year of his age, Sept. 12, )806, without male
iuua« '•• ^ ' * ' » -
Ldrd'Tbiirtaw, says the candid autlior of the Biogra-
f>biclii ^Peera^e^ '^ was a man of whose talenis opinions have ^
beeif 'va^ous; His faculties were strong and direct; and- "'
the results of his mind decisive. His ni$rrou» maopf r^ and
imperious temper, gave an arti&eial strength to what be
Vol, XXIX. A a
54f6 T M W A I T E S.
Saieon version of ^'boethius de Consolatione PMlosof>hltt,^^
the professed editor of which was Mr. Christopher Rawh'o-
son. Mr. Thwaites also rendered much assistande to Dr.
Hickes in his '^-Thesaurus/* which is amply acknowledged
in the epistolary preface. In 1706, be was eli^cted by the
university, reader in moral philosophy, and the next year
appointed regius professor of Greek. Hts last wort,
^'Grammatica Anglo-Saxonica ex Hickesiario lingtianun
Septentrionalium Thesauro excerpfa," appeared at Oxiord
in 1711, on the I2th of December, 8vy>, itif^biclt year Ife
died, and was buried at Iffley church near Oxfbni. He
was only forty-four years of age, and his death is soppoaed
* to have been hastened by the amputation of his leg. Of
this affair, the accounts in our authorities differ ^ the oae
imputing thfe necessity for amputation to his having broke
his leg by a fall from his horse, the other to* a growing on
one of bis knees, perhaps what is called a white swelKd^,
which is a very frequent cause fbratnputation. Both; how*
ever, agree in the extraordinary <!alini\es^ with which he
bore the operation, and in his having stopped the bleeding
in the night when it broke out aff^sb, without help. * It is*
•aid that when his surgeon, Mr. Charles Bernard,^ related
kis behaviour to queen Anne, sh^ ordered him a pension,
and to be made Greek professor; but in these ctrcum*
stances likewise our accounts differ. A consumption en-
sued; and deprived the university of *^the best Septen«^
trionalist,*' next to Dr.. Hickes, a man, to6, << beautiful in.
his personage, pleasant in conversation, of great vivacity,
and of a most agreeable natural behaviour." — ^ Besides
these excellencies, be wrote,'* says Mr. Btowne, ** the
finest hand I ever saw."* » - .
THYNNE (Francis), an antiquary, and herald, of the
^ iixteenth century, descended from an ancient branch of
the noble family now having the title of marquis of Bath,
%ras the son of William Thynne, chief clerk of the kitchen,
and afterwards marquis of the household to Henry VIIL
He was born at Strettbn, in Shropshire, and educated at
Tunbridge school, under Mr. Proctor, the learned, master,,
who is gratefully remembered by him as one of the Englisb
historians. From thence he was sent to Magdalen college^
Oxford, where he was entered a commoner ; and, as him<^
1 Nicboli's Bowycr, an article from the accurate pen of Mr, VXWf^. — Lettera
by Emines^ Persooa, 1813, 3 Tois. Sro.<— Biog. Brit, note on the Life of Smiifii
UieeditQrofBcdt««-'KicoliOB'8Z«eUera» ToL i. p. 105.
T H Y N N E. J«
tdf ioforms'tisi was afterwards a member of Liocoln's Infi.
Camden, in tbe preface to bis JBritannia, gives him the^
ample character c^ having prosecuted the study of anti«
quittes with gr^ak honour* In that ofheraldic and genealo-
gical pursuits, be was particularly an enthusiast, and prer
seuted a petition to lord Burleigh, then presiding at th^
liead of tbe commission for executing the office of es^rl
marshal, requesting to be admitted into the college of he«
raids, and offering himself to tbe strictest examination.
This was accordingly instituted, and his merit being act
ktK)wledged, be was preferred to be blanche lyon pour*
auivaply after which, when he was fifty-seven years or age^
be was^ on April 22, i602, with great ceremony, creat94
Lancaster herald at arms, having previously obtained a p^«
tent for that office^ dated Oct. 23, 44 Eliz. Wood, Jq
his ** Atfaeoae,** and Hearne, after him, place tbe de^th of
Mr. Tbynne in 1611, but it must have happened sooneri
since he never surrendered his patent, and, that granted
to ills successor in office bears date Nov. 1608^ which wa^
more probably the year of his death.
Hearne published ^^ A discourse of the Dutye and Officeof
aa He^aulde of Armesy ' written by Thynne, tbe 3d day of
Marcby 1^0>^k In l^^l were printed nis <* Histories con*
ceroing. Ambassadors and their Functions," dedicated to hi#
good f fiend WiHiami lord Cobham. He continued ^be
Chronicle^ known by tbe name pf Holingsbed's^ finishing
the annals t>f Scotland, from 1586 down to where they now
end. H^ drew up a list of English cardinals, added to tho
reign of Mary I* He wrote the catalogue of English liis-
torical writers; but his ^* Discourses'' upon the earls of
Leicester, archbishops of Canterbury, lords Cobham, ^nd
the catalogue of tbe wardens of tbe Cuique ports, were
suppressed. He also wrote tbe history of Dover Castle
ami the Cinque Points; the genealogical history of tbe
Cobbams; discourses of arms, concerning tbe. Bath and
bachelor knights ; tbe history and lives of the lord trea^
sttrers, mentioned in a manuscript life of him in the col-
lection of sir Joseph AylofFe, hart. Numerous as tl\ese
works are, yet there are various other literary productions
.of lus : some of them are preserved in tbe Cotton library,
others were possessed by Anstis, sen. garter. His heraldic
collections are in the college of arms, and in tbe Ash-
molean Museum at Oxford. Some of his manuscripts are
collections of antiquities, sepulchral inscriptions, taken by
4i« THYNNR
Him from E^nglish cliurches, and dsewbercf. ' He intefiifea
to have |)ublisbed an edition of Chaucefs ^orfcf, btit db-
clioing that, gave bis labours relative to it'to'l^pegbt; 'i^6
published them in bis edition of that poet'^i wdrk^^ iViiti'Uik
own notes^ and^ose of his father, who printed an bU}^}6fi
of this at>cient writer in 1542. Thynn'e bad m'eatit'lo btive
written a comment upon the text, and sonde Yer^es df iill
are prefixed to Speght*8 edition.' . . .in.^i^
THYSIUS (Antony), a celebrated Dutcli j^HMH^^f,
born about 1603, at Harderwyck, was professor of poetry
and eloquence at Leyden, and librarian toitbat uriiVersflfy.
He died in 1670. Besides being an excellent cornmeniatoV
on ancient authors, he published several other productiot^sf^
as 1. " Historia Navalis ;** a history of the naval wars be-
tween the Putch and the Spaniards, 165t, 4to. 2.***C6np['-
pendium Uistoris iBatavics,^^ 1645. 3. ^* Ex'ercitationes
Jliliscellaiiea>','* these are dissertations on sacred history,
mnd on mythology, 1639, ]2mo. 4. Two tracts on 'ib^
government and on the laws of Athens, subjoined to •^ ?o-
stelli^ de Kepublica, sen Magistratibus Atheuiensiuni ;**
and published also in Gronovius^s collectibti. 5. Editions
of many classic authors, as Paterculus; ll66S^ ^Salla'st,
'l665 ; Valerius Maximus, 16^70, which is ftiig best v^/iorditi
edition;' Seneca^s tragedies, 1651, Wnd Lactahti^sJ V&Si'i
Anlus Gellius. 1661, all at Ley den. fe.'Ao edition C«
Tolydore Vergirs flistory of Ertglahd: • ' '' ' ' ' '' ' '"'''
^ TIBALm, otherwise PfeLLEGRlNO,inferfiiA'eWV(ttisi,
was. of Milanese extraction, but probably k'hati^ 6t ^8^
'tbgna, and from the date of his earliest pictur^ khowh^tb
*iis, the Nativity in the palace Bdrghe$6* at Rofoe, ^palnteH
1^49, in his twenty-second year, tnm^V h^i^ beerif^odrn' in
1527. He entered the school of Bagnac^vallo, a^d ei)-
deavoufed to ifa^fove biAself, accotdffli'* tb^VWsAfi, by
designing from the picttired of'th^t hiasterlit tb~^ ft^fectt^iV
of S. Michele in Bbsco rbut^depaned'fe^'ifofAe''i(i^l3*f,
cbteily to study th^ wprk^ of ;Mi£bA<^),^f^g|ej^. ., T!w^ ^
#as pfttfdtvised l^ Monsf]g^ anerw«iHPdtf cairdifilil Boffffi^ * wtK>
^ sent him back to Bologna to combjeftf^iftife'mfip^^f Ifis
'pfttace, at present tbe Academical tAStUiu&i^. deK»»lite4(pRky
hU bicturesj and the prfecipal tttbiioifleirt? of 'Ms^^aft^te
/ s
T I B AX D X 5»
f ti^y rf. thpygb ^1^ Carracci seeixied to prc/eft jif bbjiects of
Aii^^ta^n k>c,jiii»o)selyes,and their scholars, the pajntings
,%v^ii which jae bafl tilled the sides and compartments oi that
])Qblf '^bapfsl qppstrujcied by him in S. Giacopo of th^e Aa«
^^^tia^friar^v.r': . . ^
, ..I'r^ip BolpgM-jhe went to Loretto, and in the church *
,tb^ce huitt ana ornamented a. cbapei with stuccos and
paintings ; from thence he was called to Ancona to operate
in,, the ph^rche^ of S. Ago^tino and Ciriaco^ iu the last of
^yhlch he painted a Christ highly relieved and larger than
life; the. Merchants^ ball received its stuccos and paintings
^rqm bis hand. He superintended the' fortifications of the
j)taQe as miluarj architect, about 1560; and two years
afterwards came to Pavia, where, by the order of gardinal
J^orrgmeo, be constructed the palace of the Sapienza ; be
then visited Milan, built the temple of S. Fidele, and be-
fpxe U70 was elected architect of t|ie cathedral. AftQ^
iliseQcumbering the dome of numerous empty gothic ino*
iiufiients, siepuTchral urns, and trophies, and embenishinj?
it IQ their s(ead with various elegant chapels and a majestjfe
.choir; Pellegrino was commissioned by Berardino Marti*
Tano, > SpaQJiard in the confidence of Philip II. to pr^par^i
^.designs and. platis for the Escurial. He followtd th^i
' Ihimself to Spain in 159$, and superintended'. that enor-
'^oys fipibric ,41s <^rchi tec t and painter, , during nine year's f ,
when, satiated with^gjiory, riches, and honours, be re^iiriic^
to Milaon; wbere.be died at %x\ advanced" ag^^ aQ^\>waa
bufi^4 in a tomb which be had selected foir biii^self Mq his
,^ej5cendapts in the. dome. The precise year!of nis^^de^^
4^, disputed, bjut bis demise may safely tie p,l2uc;|ed !uiif^^
^the,p9alifiGatip,pf JClement. Vlu. zxi\ ^ sodp think '4b9Ul
1592 ' • • -,'*.-:*'/ .^f '>l
,^^ I?eUe|Jri«W| had V.brpther, I)Qmepico Tibaldi^^w^^^ Wjas
yWf 5*^^%4'i V^ ^^ a»j ^ arcpUect and^'^n
fpgfa^p^^ Jpl9an^,;rfhat.>e..w j^mer ,of ^i^^rtt .we
nis " Historia c!e la ordeo \\-p, Gero-^ ilrin^ in ^aib,' may oe nK«\irige toatia
eaipioyed by Pbilip Ii. : a compilation toria brieve dell Augustissinia Cas»
^from tbit work tnr Mazzolari, waapub^* . d'Austria, ^c. CQp \% detcriptione delta
=fl&iiP^Af?''B(a?/JM;^&a^ ^li^ iV " raVa al i6QxMi^Tii^^m^¥^t 41
said of Pell«i8RS^iikfeWife \^'tt^' i»ptlpns/> 4tQ; . mM%1 ^^"^^ '* '
FrJMoesoo dc Lv Stntos, in hti «< Pe- • -" '^ ^^ ^ '^
360 T I B A L D I.
are told hy Jiis epitaph in the church dell' Aonunciata) )m%
epitaphs are doubtful autboritiesy and of Domeniqo thp^k
is not even a portrait renoaining. In engraving be was>ch0
iAaster of Agostino Caracci.
Pellegrino Tibaldi is considered, and with sufficieBt.^i!-
dence from his works, as the greatest designer of the Bo^
lognese and Lombard schools. He approaches the line of
Michael Angelo nearer than all the rest of hW imitators j
but, as he had decidedly adopted the technic without always
penetrating the moral principles of his model, the manner
of the master frequently became the stifle pf the piipil;
thoughvit cannot be denied that he often united energy of
attitude and grandeur of line with sublimity of conceptioiii
and dignity of motive. Of these he has given no where
jDore signal proofs than in the cielings and compartments
4A the Academical Institute at Bologna; they represent
various scenes of the Odyssey in a kind of monumental
etyle, which it would be improper to judge by the esta-
blished rules of regular history. Polypheme waking under:
the pangs of the fiery 'point nestling itself into his eye,
though with a sentiment of original expression, is evidently:
imitated from the new-created figure of Adam in the Sis-
lina; but the same Cyclops groping at the entrance of bis
•cave to prevent the escape of Ulysses and bis associates^
is in conception of the whole, and in the detail of all the
parts, a self-invented being ; a form, than which Michael
Angelo himself never conceived one of savage energy^
, provoked by sufferings and revenge, with expression, attt*
tude, and limbs, more in unison. With these may be
placed that wonder of foreshortening, of conglobation, and
eccentricity, the figure of Elpenor on one of the archi-
traves of the Salotto, represented in the mpraent when^
yet dreaming, he loses his hold and is precipitated from
the roo£ The air of originality which this figure every
wrhere presents, and the elegance with which the imitator
has reversed the figure in the Last Judgment of M, Apgelo^
from which he borrowed the principal limb of hjs,ojvn>
place him on a level with the inventor.^
It was, however, less for the powers exerted by Pellet
^ino in the decoration^ of the Institute, thab forthe,ecIec-^^
tic principle which they discovered in bis subseque|i{ .
works, that the Carracci gave him the epithet of ^* MicheU
^9gio^^fanBato,V ,and. ^oipmended . ^ r ^ <^> .. Oit* (^
'' Del Tibaldi il decoro €^ 11 foadamento/*
T I B A L D I. 361
iPbe compositions of the chapel Poggi in S. Giaconio,
Wht^re the imitation of Michael Angelo is blended with that
df Raphael, Coiteggio, Daniel di Volterrai &c. contain th<$
rudiments of their own system.
Pellegrino Tib^di is more known by his works in frescOit
than by his pictures in oil, which are extremely scarce:
one of the earliest is the Nativity already mentioned, in
the palace IBorghese, of which the cartoon still exists in a
private collection of drawings. It is painted in a sober
unaffected tone ; and, considered as the work of an artist
zealous of his line, with great mellowness of touch. Th^
figures of this are considerably less than the size of life;
but there are pictures of his to be met with of diminutive
dimensions, with all the finish of miniatures, though ric&
in figures, touched with great spirit and equal vivacity of
colour : they are generally set off by back-grounds drawa
from his favourite branch of art, architecture.'
TIBULLUS (Albius), a Latin poet, is. supposed to have
been born at Rome, in the year of Rome 690, six yeara
after the birth of Virgil, and one after that of Horace.. Hig
father was of the equestrian order ; and he himself set out
into the world with all the advantages of fortune, and the
greatest accomplishments of mind and person. Among
the great men of his age, he singled out Messala Corvinus
for his patron ; who was a brave and accomplished Romaq^
admired by Cicero, mentioned with great respect by Horace^
and ranked by Quintilian among the masters of oratory,'
He was to TibuUus, what Maecenas was to Horace. Thj*
poet had a country seat at Pedum, a town in Latium not
fii'r from Rome. He was a great sufFe.rer in the civil wars^'
yet does not seem to have been concerned in any party. .
He was, like Ovid, a man devoted to ease and pleasure;
and his time was divided between the Muses and his
mistresses. He seems indeed to have abandoned himself
entirely to the passion of love, as some think, even to the
neglect of his affairs. His regard for Messala, however^
miide him forget bis love of ease and pleasure, and follow
that^nobleaian into Gaul, who was there victorious, and
bad a triumph decreed him upon his return to Ronie. lie ,
was attending Messala on a second expedition to Syria,
when he fell sick by the way, and was forced to stay in the
1 Pifl^'iRftoB, bf Fuseli. — StruU'f Dict--Arg«nTnie, vol. II.--Reyi)d(is*i
Worki.
^ « < . .... • * ;
Mi T I B U L L U a
blMd of PbceBcia or Corcyra. On this «cct»ioiii be conr*
fK>9ed the third elegy of the fourtb^ book, «tid desired tbdl
if he should die of his illoess, he might have this epitikpli
engraven on his monument : . -. . :
*' Hie jacet immiti consumptus mort« Tlbulhis, ' -
Messalam terra dum sequiturque tnari.**' * >• '^
Though he recovered from this attack, death did not spair^
him much longer, but carried him off in theforty-fburiH
year of his age. ' ' ^''
i\s to his character, Horace, with whom he was intf-
ihately acquainted, as well as with the other wits of the
Augustan age, gives him that of a fine writer and good
critic :
. . '' AXhi, Dostrorum serqionum candide judex,
* Quid nunc te dicam facere in regione Pedana ^ '
Scribere quod Cass! Parmensis opuscula vincat.*' -
' Epist. iv.fib.l8.
Nor is Ovid sparing of his praises of TibuUus ; the ninth
elegy of the third book is written to bewail his death.
There Ovid finely describes the sweetness and elej;anc& of
this poet's elegies, by introducing Cupid antl Venu$ t6
inourn over him ; after which he places him in' the Etysiati
fields, in company with Calvus, Catullus, and Gallus. The
best critics have preferred TibuUus even to Ovid biitiself^
for elegance and correctness of style ; and C^uintilTaii sets
bim at the head of all the writers in elegy. *^'lii elegy,?
says he, ** we challenge also the Greeks, in which Way of
Writing, TibuUus, according to my iudgmerit, is-by fat
ihe most neat and elegant. Some indeed givie Propertius
the preference ; Ovid is more indecent than either of thenr,
as Gailus is more harsh and unpolished*" There is cer-
tainly in his poems an admirable mixture of passion arid
purity, of simplicity and elegance, "and' be ts thoa^bt to
surpass ^Uothers not only in tenderness and sentitti^iti^'Bdrt
in graceful ease and harmony of '^etn\)er», "^Bef has^Ieft
four books of** Elegies.** His panegyric iiifort^'MfessaffJir^
censured by Scaliger, and suspected hd^to^'bfe^'hls^itfla
the snidH pieces at the end bf the fburth t»i(ibk, -it*ibh 1S<6ft
ligercdlis *^ hard, languid, andtbugh^^^^eftb^ dd t^Ot«^-
Ibng toTibullns, or never received his list cfbft^ciicftis."^*
" Tills diitiio^ ha$ usually b6en if>rirtted1n %b% saitie^*&n«4
with tJatuHus^ and Propertius; and onfe oFthS'b^stedteibife
of him in conjunction witbtlienn is that by Greevius, *^ cuoft
notis variorum/' Ley den^ 1^89, in 2 vols. 8vo, But h«
T I B U L L U & tsS
WM^ftcrwartifly 11) ITOS^ publisbjBd separately ^ Aoiater-
llatQ,' in 1 vol. 4to, by Janus firouckbusms^ a v^)r |K>litf^
a(i]|fi!«iegattt critic^ who corrected many places from ib^
best manuscripts, and added his own to the notes ysMioruok
This editiguii^ v^ry neat, and adorned with copper- plates.
An excellent edition in quarto was published by Vuipius,
<l j)fpfesjsoD al; Padua (who also published Catullus and Pro«
per^it^s)^ la 1749. Tins was long esteemed the, best, aki(jl
IS so still if we take splendour into the account; but two
editions Jn dvo^ have since, been published by the cele«
brated professor Ueyne^ of which the second of 1777 is^
for us^f one of the best editions of a classic author that has
ever appeared. Tibullus has been translated into English
with most success by Grainger, but some have thought it
easy to' suppose a better transfusion of his spirit into ouir
language. I
TICKELL (Thomas), son of the rev. Richard Tickell,
was borri in 1686 at Bridekirk inCumberlaad ; and in April
1701 became a member of Queen^s college^ in Oxford; m
J 70S be was made M. A. and two years afterwards was
chosea fellow ; -for which^ as he did not comply with tb^
. ^^tatutes'bj takiag orders, he obtained a dispensation froni
the crown. He held his fellowsliip till 1726, and then va^
^.atea it by marry i^og in that year, at Dublin. Tickeli waf»
not one of those scholars who wear away their lives id
closets ; be entered early into the world, and was long busy
in pu}>Uc ajBTairs, iu wbicb he was initiated under the par
tronage of Addison, whose notice he is said to ba^ve gained
by bis versjes ift praise of ** Ro^amoncL" He pi'oduce^
another pi^pq'jgdf the^ same kind at the appearance <»
^^ Cato,'' witb eqii^J skill, but qot equal happiness. Wben
|tbe mini^stera of .q^9^o Anne wer^ negociating witi^ France,
Tic^U pubbsl^ed| *^,Tbe Prospect of Peace,'* a poem, qf
«^bicb .^be, t^i^^pcj was. to (jrecljalqai the nation from th0>
jiiidg^pf 'iy)n<ji|§^,to, "t^e jpl^^jUr^ of tranquiUity. 'Mr.
A4di#ai;y %)raef e^ Jie lifU;^. we men tljen ia po^^er^ 'su&-
i(pi«'d ^bjs ./^ieAd^p^^^ py^r the pu^Wfc splri.^, an4
eW?>qif*JP *V^fiPStftqif'\4MVb ;pr?i^e^ of ti^lr^ poeonj,
^^^^«R» m^l hav4qgioi^ wished tp- peruse i;, Jt)r.. Jobiir
*ftWiWs,ffi^icfc|ii^/^l^irecfived^ ^rid fo^ipd 'f ft P^pc^.«^ *>e
•^[i lull ■ .ovd alcy ^ n: ,\.;v;-L ,•»,•-,/. '^ui ", :n-j?oj:^;- cr:.j- '
S€# T I C K It L L;
work 6t geniuir, being general and indefinitei is rarefy -
gratified. It was read at that time with so much favour
that six editions were sold. At the arrival of king GeofgQ
lie sung " The Royal Progress ;'* which, being inserted in
the ** Spectator/' is well knbwn. The poetical incident of
most importance in Tickell's life was his publication, of
tb<^ first book of tbe ^' Iliad/* as translated bj^himself, in
apparent opposition to Pope's " Homer," of which the first
part made its entrance into the world at the same time.
Addison declared that tl^ rival versions were both good ;
biit that TickelPs was the best that ever was made ; and vAih
Addison those wits who were his adherents and followers,
wiere certain to concur. Pope does not appear to have
been much dismayed ; ^^ for," says he, " I have the town,
that is, the mob, on my side." But he remarks, that it
is common for the smaller party to make up in diligence
what they want in numbers ;" he " appeals to the people
as his proper judges ; and if they are not inclined to con^
demn him, he is in little care about the high-flyers at But*
ton's." Pope did not long think. Addison an impartial
judge;, for he considered him as the writer of TickeJPs
version. The reasons for his suspicion we shall literally
transcribe from Mr. Spence's collection. " There . had
been a coldness between Mr. Addison and me for some
time ; and we had not been in company together forag<t6d
while, any where but at Button's cofTee-faouse, where' I
used to see him almost every day. On fais txieeting me
' itbere, one day in particular, he took me aside, andnaid
be should be glad to dine with me at such a tavern^ if I
stayed till those people were' gone (Budgell and Philips).
We went accordingly ; and after dinner Mr* Addison said
^ that be had wanted for some time to talk with me ; t&at
bis friend Tickell had formerly, whilst at Oxford, tranidat^d
tbe first book of the Iliad ; that he tlesigned to print ^t^
and bad desired him to look it over ; that he must tbei^
fore beg that I would not desire him to look over my first
book, because, if he did, it would have tbe air of double-
dealing.^ I assured him that < 1 did not at all take it ill of
JAr. Hckell that he was going to publish his translation;
that he certain!}^ had as much right to translate any author
as myself; and that publishing both was entering on a fair
^atage• I then added, that Iwould not desire bim to. look
over my first book of the ^ Iliad,' because he had looked
over Mr. Tickell's; but cpuld liisli to have the benefit of
*r I C K R. I. I^ s«$
J
bis observations oa my second^ which I had then 'fini9he4»
aad whjch Mr. Tickell had not touched upon,* Accojrd«
i<^gly I sent him the second book the next morning ; and
Air, Addison a few days after > returned it, with very higk
€oiiUDandatiQns.-^So<»n after it waa generally known that
JUr. Tickell was pnblishing the first book of the ^ Iliad/ J
^et Dn Young in the street; and, upon our falling inta
ihat^suhject, the doctor expressed a great deal of surprise
at Tickeirs having had such a translation so long by him*
He saidi that * it was inconceivable to him, and that there
smist be some mistake in the matter; that each used to
communicate to the other whatever verses they wrote, even
Xo the least things ; that Tickell could not have been bustedl
in so long a work there without his knowing somethiog 9f
the matter; and ihat he had never heard a single word of
• it till on thig occasion.' This surprise of Dr. Young, to«
gether with what Steele had said against Tickell in relatioii
^othis aflPair, makes it highly probable chat there was some
. miderbaiul dealing in that business ; and indeed. TickeU.
himself, who is a very fair worthy man, has since in a
inanner as good as owned it to me* — [When it was intro-
duced into a conversation between Mn Tickell and Mr.
Pope by a third person, .Tickell did not deny it ; ^icli»
considering his hopour and . zeal for his departed friend,
was the. same as owning it.]'^ Upon these suspicions, with
. 'Which Dr* Warbnf'ton bints that other circumstances con-
purred. Pope always, in his '< Art of Sinking,*' quotes this
book as the work< of Addison. (See Pope, vol. XXV* p.
468.) When the Hanover succession was disputed, TickeU
f ^ve what assistance his pen would supply. His *^ Letter
-to Avignoo*' stands high among party-poems ; it expresses
^sontempt without coarseness, and superioriwy without in*
aolence. It had the success, which it deserved, being five
times printed^ He was now intimately united to Mr. Ad*-
^dison, who, when he-went into Ireland as secretary to the
lord Sunderland, took him thither, and employed him in
f^ttblip business; and, when (1717) afterwards he rose to
be secretary of state, made him under-secretary. >Their
^endship seiems to have continued without abatement ; for
. wben Addison died, he left him the charge of publishing
bis works,;, with asolemn recommendation to the patronage
of Craggs. . To these works he prefixed an elegy on the
author, which could owe none plf its beauties t«) the assist-
ance which might be suspected to have .strengtheaied or
W6 f I C K E L t:
Mibettfibed his earlier compositiens $ but tteiiber He nbr
Addison ever produced nobler lines tbati are eontattKed^iii
the third and fourth paragraphs, nor isa more imbKnie dr^
More elegant (iineral poem to be found in the #bole toi»-
p9LS9 of EngKsh literature. He was aflerwsrds (in June
4724) made secretaiy to the lords justices of Irebndv 4
place of great ' honour ; in wWh he continued tilt 1740»
'when he died April 23, at Bach. 1\> Ticfaell cannot be
refused a high place among the minor poets ; nor sbonld it
he forgotten that be was one of the conttilmloni to %ht
** Spectator/* With respect to his persoftai tdmraotef) be
is said to have been a man of gay convex satioo^ at least' a
temperate loter of wine and company/ and- in bis domestit
relations without censure* * ■■;
TICKELL (Richard), an ingenious . writer^ wha iwH
appeared as an author about niSj in a poem entitled^
^* The Project/* is supposed to have been a descendant of
the preceding, or mtber of his brother Richard Tickel^
esq. who was appointed secretary at war in 1724, and held
that post till his death in 1740. Another account states
that our author was the son of Richard Tickell, esq. who
died in 1795, who was the son of Addison's friend* ^Sooft
ifter the appearance of Mr. Ticheirs' <^ Project,*' lift
** Wreath of Fashion^' was publisbed, and was alio wed- 1^
liave considerable naerit. But that which raised Mm to
immediate celebrity was bis admirable political potophtet,
called ^< Anticipation ;*' in which, with the most sucoes»*
ful humour, he imitated the ananner of the principal speaki-
ers then in parliament, and defeated thef force of tbe avgu^
ment of th6 opposition, by pi^eoccupying tbem. This ap*
peared in 1778. Two other political pamphlets ar^ attri*
buted to him; namely, '^The English Green-bos/' 177^
and <' Common^place Arguments,*' in 1780* ' He pvoduoed
also for the theatre, an alteration.of Allan Ramsay's ^^Qea^
tie Shepherd,'' which was acted at' Drfiry4ane^ in 17St'|i
and "Tbe Carnival of Venice," a comic opera, writtien h^
bimsdf, and acted tbe same year ; but of these two ^Me4
only the songs were printed. I '
Mr. Tickell was twice married, first in- 1780 tO msA
Mary Linley, sister to Mrs. Sheridan, by whom he had
three children. After her death he married a daughter
^ Life by Johni on. — Biog. Brit Suppl.«-BowIes's edition of Pope. See Index*
— Speace*$ Anecdoteg, Mit:. ^ J
Tr h O K ELL. U1
f^f captfAn Leigh) of tba Berriogton^ £ast-Iiidiamaii^ wb^
survived bim. His death, which happei>ed Nov. 4| 1793^
vwa« occasioned by a fall frpm the window of bis apartr
Jttents at Hainpton-'Court ; in consequence of ivhicb be es*
f»ir0d, even before Mrs. Tickell could reach the spot, tbougU
.«he b/ad lefl bim only for a moment. He bad been for soma
tipe one of ibe coromissioners of tbe>staQ3p-office. ^
. TIEDEMANN (Dieterigh), a modern German pbila*
^of^bepef considerable eminence^ was born ApriL 3, 174S|
al BremefY^orcje, in the duchy of Bremen, of which place
his feil^er was a burgomasier* His father intended bim for
the study of divioity, but he devoted the principal part of
bis^wly years ti> the study of the classics, and soon. made
great progress in the learned languages* As be .became
0iore acquainted with French and Geripan literature and'
]>l^ik>sopny, he gave up all thoughts of studying divinity
«ritb a view to the churchy imbibing by degrees the fashion^
able infidelity .of his contemporaries. In X772 he published
tit Riga- his ^* Essay on the Origin of Languages/' and ii}
i^776, biy ^^ System of the Stoic Philosophy/^ >a work that
has bieeo much praised abroad, and in which be was eof
4iM)uraged by the celebrated Heyne, wlio about the. saoe
liiiie procured for him the professorship of the Gj;eek and
l»9iUn Mr^gijag^)^ in the Collegium Caroiinum 9X Cassel.
'file ' was HOW} >ve are told, inclined to. materialism, but
enred by the essays and conversation of the learned Tetans*
!Id 177s be published his ^* Invi^stigatiou of Mae, 3 voln* ;
ifi 1780, <<The iirst Philosophers of Greece," and com«
. meeced' bis ^^ Spirit of Speculative Philosophy/' .
. Jn h7S6, he^ together with tbe^tber teachers of the coir
Jege^ wa^reipoved to Marburg^ and appointed professor 4)f
phiiosoipby* . Hex§ be taught w|tb applause logic, metapby -t
l^ics^ ^eopirjoal psjpbology^ Abe. l^w of nature, moral pbi-*
i^sophy^ lbe.:hii|tory of philosophy and of man^ and ex*
j)|iHned the /ptr^ef^k; -^la^^i^* Of tiiese he is i^aid to have
^Of ited; pr^^pallj? io. the lustory.of philosophy, and em-
4^|iic9i 99yo^4^eyi* His religiooi . we are told, consisted i 11
moral purity and rectitude of conduct: be attached no im-*
|)Qr^anqe,>o .external tvror&hip, thoi^gb he did not deny its
4ditai^^ge& to. the great body of the people. He was an
^P!fteo)y/^t9 f very^kind of fanaticism^ a word which we doubt
cot was in his creed comprehensive enough to embrace the
1 Gent. Mfg.Tsl. I^XIII.— 6i«s. Dian.
S68 T T E D E MA M N.
doctrines of revealed religion. It is more tcT hU httndur^
bowever, that he was a man of most extensive learning,
particularly in the Greek language. His last performaBO^
was a translation of Denon*s 'travels in Egypt, illustrated
irith notes. He died May 24, 1803, in the fifty-fifth yeac
of his age. A proUx account of his studies and his philo-
sophy appeared soon after in the foreign journals, from
which we have abridged the present article. His works
have never been niuch known in this country, and were not
all very favourably received in his own. '
TILENUS (Daniel), a learned protestant divine of the
French church, was born at Goldberg in Silesia, Feb. 4, 1565.
He came into France about i 590, and was naturalized by
Henry IV. He at first distinguished himself as an opponent
of the tenets of Arminius, but afterwards changed his opiaioo,
and enlisted on the side of the remonstrants. His principal
controversy was with Peter Du Moulin, which was carried on
with so much warmth, that those who were friends to the
peace of the church, and admired both writers for their
respective excellencies, interposed to reconcile them, or
pot a stop to the dispi^te. James I. of England, amoog
others, wrote a letter in 1614 to the synod of Tonoeins oa
this subject, which with the answer and proceedings of that
assembly, may be seen in Quick's '^ Synodicon," vol. I.
Tilenus had, before this, been appointed by the mareschal
de Bouillon, to be professor at the college of Sedan, whidi
de Bouillon had founded, but about 1619, or 1620, Tilo-
nus was obliged to resign in consequence of persisting in bis
peculiar sentiments, and came to Paris, where he lived on his
property. He afterwards had a personal controversy at a
country house near Orleans, with John Cameioil, divinity
professor at Saumur, concerning the subject of grace and
free will. This lasted five days, and an account of it was
published, under the title of <' Collatio inter Tileoum fc
Cameronem, &c.'* (See Camirom). Some time after,
Tilenus addressed a letter to the Scotch nation, disapprov«-
ing of the presbyterian, and commending the episcopal form
of the reformed church, as established in England. This
pleased king James so much, who hated presbyterianisin,
that he invited the author to England, where he received
him very graciously, and offered him a pension. Tile<-
niM accepted the offer, and only begged leav# to returat
• Sm also Diet. BIfl*
^ ; T I L E N U S/ $69.
to Fitftice to settle bis af&ifs ; but his cbftracterbecoloiing^
hy 8OBI0 means obnoxious in this country, he was dis-
eonrarged from returning, and died at Paris, Aug. 1, l£r33.
His latter .days were spent in defending the Arminian te-
.pels against the reformed church of France, and he wrote
severai books, the titles of which may now be dispensed
ivitfa, but may;^be found in our authorities. ^
• TILLEMANS (Peter), a landscape-painter, who had
l^t works that sustain their character even in capital coi«
lections, was born at Antwerp about 16S4, and made him*
ae)f tt painter, though he studied under very indifferent
masters. In 1708, he was brought to England, with his
brother-iurlaw, Casteels, by one Turner, a dealer in pic-
tures^ And was employed by him in copying Bourgognon
and other masters, in which he succeeded admirably, par-
ticularly Teniers, of whom he preserved all the freedom
and spirit. He generally painted landscapes with small
figures,. sea*ports and views, but when he came to be
known, he was patronized by several men of quality, and
drew views of their seats, huntings, races, and horses ia. <
perfection. In this way he was much employed, both in:
the west and. north of England, and in Wales, and drew
ni^ny prospects for Bridges's History of Northamptonshire.
T))e duke of Deyopsbire, in whose collection is a fine view
of Qh^di^ortk by Tillemans, and lord Byron, were his chief
p^tr^s.. He '.also instructed the latter in his art, who did
grpat 2 cicc^dit to his ipasten After labouring many y^rs
upder, s^Q aathgia^ forwbif^h he chiefly resided at Rich-
n^ofid»vhiP died at< Norton in Saffblk, Dec. 3, 1734, and was
biiried ,in the cburch.iof Stow-l>angtoft. * •
.TIUI,EM0NT.(Lew^3 Sebastjan Le Nain db), whom
LJAvQCfijt^prQnQiiiicas ojne of the most judicious and accu-
i^^^^riticsiavd historians that France has produced, was
bgirntiiijl.P^ilp Novb 30^., 1^37. His fatUer, John Le Nain,
vas.9»#st(^ Qf 1^ ^quest9. . Abput the age of ten, he was
sentt9i^l|e &m(|U%'>€^i^iAfy of (he Port Royal, where his
at|;eQtiqf),to ii^tructiqn, and hia proficiency, were very ex-
tr%prdinary, and where hie very e^rly became fond of the
study I of bisfpry. ^This partiality seems to have been
first ejj^cited Jby aperusal of Baronius, .and while thus en[i-
ploye4 he was perpetually putting questions to his master
' Morern— Iftrandt't History of the Reformatioo.-— Quick's Synodicon.-— Diet.
Pist.
t Walpole't Aneedotei.
Vol. XXIX. Bb
$70 T I L L E M O N T.
Nicole, who at first gave him such answers as came in bis
bead at the moment, but soon found that his papil was not
so easily satisfied ; and Nicole, although by no means ig-
norant of history, used to dread his approach, lest be might
ask questions for which he was not fully prepared/ At the
, age of e'ghteen Tillemont began to read the fathers, the
Fives of the apostles, and their successors in the primitive
church, and drew up for hi.mself an account of early eccle-
siastical history, in the manner of Usher's Annals, a book
be much admired, and formed his own somewhat on the
same plan. In the mean time he was successfully in-
structed in other branches ; but it was a considerable time
before he made choice of a profession. In this he was at
last influenced by M. Choart de Buzanval, bishop of
Beauvais, who determined him in favour of the church,
and gave him the tonsure. About 1665, he went to re-*
side with M. Herniant, a canon of the cathedral of Beau-
vais, and remained there five or six years. He then re-
turned to Parifi, and lodged with M. Thomas de Fossd, an
old school-fellow, for about two years ; but although in all
these situations he was constantly employed in study, and
bad the quiet enjoyment of his time, be removed to the
country, and, after receiving the other orders of his
church, and being ordained priest in 1676, he settled at
Tillemont, whence he took his name, about a league from
Paris. About this time be was employed, along with bis
friend M. de Sacy, on a life of St. Louis, and two years
after he travelled in Flanders and Holland. After hia re-
turn, he continued his studies, and, in 1690^ began to
publish his ** History of the Emperors,'* wliicb was very
favourably received, and made the public more anxious to
see his history of the church, on which it was well l^nown
he had been for some time employed: His ** History of
the Emperors'' was, in fact, a part of his ecclesiastical
history ; but when he printed a volume, as a specimen, it
fell into the hands of a licenser of the pfress, who made so
many petty objections, that M. Tillemont determined to
suppress the work rather than submit to the proposed al-
terations and omissions, as none of the objections were in
any way contrary to the received doctrines of the church.
He then, by the advice of his friends, published the his-
tory of the emperors separately; and there being no oc-
casion in this case for a theological licenser, he published
vol. I. in 1690, 4to; and completed^ the work in five vols*
T I L L E M O N T. «7l
\
in 1701, which had abundant success; was reprinted at
Brussels, aiid translated into English. This Aras followed by
his ecclesiasticalhistory, *^ M emoires pour servir a THistoir^
ecclesiastique des six premiers siecles,'* &c. 1693, &c. com^'
pleted in sixteen volumes, quarto. Extreme accuracy of
facts and dates constitute the great merit of this work, and
the want of a more methodical arrangement, and of a bet-*'
ter style, its chief objections. Dupin wishes he had reduced
his work to the form of annals, in imitation of Baronius; and
this opinion having been conveyed to M. Tillemodt, he
^aid he could not think of going over the materials anew,
but was very willing to give his manuscripts to any persoa
who would take the trouble to put them in the form of an-
nals. No such person offering his services, M. Tillemont
proceeded in his own way, in which he met afterwards
with very little opposition, except a short controversy, of
no great importance, with father Lamy.
' Tilleniont was intimate with M. Hermant, doctor of the
fk>rbonne, l^aillet, Nicole, and many other learned men^
who frequently consulted him. To a complete knowledge
of ecclesiastical history, he joined an exemplary humility,
and regularity of conduct. His humility, indeed, was so
great, that Bbssuet, seeing one of his letters to father
Lamy, besought him, *^ not to be always upon his knees
before his adversary, but raise himself now and then up.''
He was solicited to push himself in the church, and his
friend the bishop of Beauvais wished to have him for his
successor : but Tillemont, regardless of dignities, wished
for nothing but retirement, and there his perpetual watch-
ingt and austerities brought him into a state of languor,
which terminated in a disease, of which he died, January
lo, 169S, aged sixty-one. He was interred at Port-royal
agreeably to his desire, but when that abbey was destroyed
in 1711, his remains were removed to St» Andr^ d6s Arcs,
bis parish church.
M. Troncfaai, canon of Laval, published Tillemont's life
in 1711, 12mo, At the end of this, are ^' pious reflections,
and instructive Letters,^' by M. de Tillemont, from which
we learn that be was a zealous devotee of the church of
Rome. The ^* Life of St. Louis,** by M. de la Chaise, was
compiled from his f* Memoirs;*' and many writers of the
lives of the fathers found their best materials in that same
work. He left in MS. a Memoir concerning William de
Saint- Amour, and the disputes between the DomiBicaM
B B 2
S7« T I L L E M O N T.
and the university; a life of Isabella, sister of St. Louis;
remarks on the*breviaries'of Maiis and Paris; a legend for
the breviary of Evreux, and the history of the Sicilian
kings of the house of Anjou.
His brother PfiiER L£ Nain de Tillemont was bom
Marcij 25, 1640, at Paris. Having chosen the ecclesias-
tical profession, he entered at St. Victor at Paris, but re-
tired to la Trappe in 1668, being enamoured of the auste-
rities o( that order, and was a long time sub-prior. He
died there in 1713, aged seventy-three. His works are,
*^ Essai de V Histoire de Pordre de Citeaux," 9 vols. 12mo;
'^ Homeiies sur Jeremie,*' 2 vols. 8vo; a French translation
of St. Dorotheus, a father of the Greek church, 8vo ; *^ The
Life of M. de Ranee, abbot and reformer of la Trappe,"
3 vols. l2mo. I'his life was revised by the celebrated M«
Bossuet, but not published as le Nain wrote it; some sati-
rical strokes being inserted, of which the author was inca-
pable. ^^ Relation de la vie et de la mort.de plusieurs
Religieux de la 1 rappe,'' 6 vols. 12mo; ^'Elevations a
Dit u pour se preparer a la Mort ;*' two small tracts, one
entitled, " De l*6tat du monde apr^s le Jugement dernier;'*
the other, '* Sur le Scandale qui put arriver m£me dans le
Monast. le mieux regl^s,^* &c. These works, says L'Avo-
cat, contain a spirit of true piety, but little criticism, and
their style is too diffuse. The author^s life has been writ-
ten by M. Darnaudin, in 12mo. ^
TILJLOTSON (John), archbishop of Canterbury, was
descended of a family anciently of the name of Tilston, of
Tilston in Cheshire, and born at Sowerby in Yorkshire,
in Oct. 1630. His father, Mr. Robert Tillotson, was^a con-
siderable clothier there, a man of good understanding, and
uncommon knowledge of the Scriptures ; but so zealously
attached to the system of Calvin^ as not to be moderated
by the reasonings of his son, whom he lived to see dean of
Canterbury. He gave bis son, however, a liberal educa-
tion, who, after passing through a school, was sent iti 1647
to Cambridge, being then seventeen ; and admitted a pen-
sioner of Clare-hall. He took his bachelor of arts degree
in 1650, and his master's in 1654, having been chosen
feDow of his college in 1651.
His first education and impressions were among Puritans;
from whose principles he gradually seceded, and is said to
^ Ghauf(pie ia art Nain.— PerraoU's Lei Hommes Itlustres.— L*AvooaV
T I L L O T S O N. 873
»
have felt a great repugnance to read the works usually put
into the hands of youth. Mr. Chillingworth's works are
said to have first given his mind a new bias, and directed
nim to a new method of study, and about the same time he
entered into friendship with some ^reat men, which con-
tributed riot a little to give him new views of theological
matters. Cambridge then could boast of the celebrated
names of Dr Cudworth, master of Christ's-colie-^re ; Dn
More, and Dr. Rust, afterwards bishop of Dromore in
Ireland, fellows of the same ; Dr. Whichcot, provost of
King's; Dr. Worthington, master of Jesus ; and Mr. John
Smith, author of the " Select Discourses,*' fellow-^of
Queen's. Tillotson enjoyed also a close and intimate
^friendship with Dr. Wilkins, afterwards bishop of Cluster;
he adopted all the best studies of this great man, but so as
to perfect every one of them; for, though Wilkins had
more general knowledge, yet Tillotson was the greater
divine.
In 1656, Tillotson left hi's college, and went upon invi-
tation to Edmund Prideaux, esq. of Ford-abbey in Devon-
shire, to be tutor to hitf son. Prideaux had been commis-,
sioner of the great seal under the I6ng parliament, and was
then attorney-general to the protector Cromwell. How
long he continued in this station does not appear; but he
was in London at ihe time of Cromwell's death, Sept. 3,
165S ; &nd was present about a week after at a Very re-
markable scene in Whitehall palace, which we have already
related from Burnet in our account of Dr. Owen. The
ti.me of his going into orders, and by whom he was or-
dained,' are particulars not known. Some have supposed,
that he was curate to Dr. Wilkins at St. Lawrence Jewry,
before the restoration ; but Wilkins wasN^ot admitted to
that vicarage till 1*662. The first sermon of his that ap-
peared in print was in Sept. 1661 : it was preached at the
morning exercise at Cripplegate, on *♦ Matth. vii. 12." and
published among a collection with that title, but not ad-
mitted among his works till the edition of 1752. At the
time of preaching this sermon he was still among the Pres-
byterians, whose cominissiooers he attended, though as an
auditor only, at the conference held at the Savoy for the
review of the Liturgy, in July 1661 ; but he immediately
submitted to the act of uniformity, which commejnced on
St. Bartholomew's*day the year following. Upon thus
becoming a. preacher in the church, he was very little dis-
S74 T I L L O T S O N.
posed to follow the patterns then set him, or indeed of
former times ; and therefore. formed one to himself, which
was long esteemed as a model, ^e certainly began his
course of divinity with the true foundation of it, an exact
study of the Scriptures, on which be spent four or five
years. He then applied himself to the reading of %ll the
ancient philosophers and writers upon ethics, and among
the fathers chiefly St. Basil and $t. Chrysostom, with Epitr
co]3ius among the moderns, whom he made the pattern
both of his principles and eloquence. With these pre*
parations, he set himself to compose the greatest variety qf
sermons that any divine had yet undertaken.
His first o^ce in the church was the curacy of Cheshunt
in Hertfordshire, in 1661 and 1662; where he is said, by
bis mild and gentle behaviour, which was natural. to him,
and persuasive eloquence, to have prevailed with an old
Oliverian soldier, who preached among the Anabaptist^
there in a red coat, and was much followed, to desist from
that, and betake himself to some other employmeotr The
short distance of Cheshunt from London allowing him often
to visit his friends there, he was frequently invited into
their pulpits. Accordingly we find that his sermon on
Eccles. xii. 1. ^^ Upon the advantages of an early piety,^*
was preached at St. Lawrence Jewry in 1662; Dec. the
1 6th of which year, he was elected minister of the ac^oining
parish of St. Mary Aldermanbury, upon the deprivation of
Mr. Edmund Calamy. He declined this, but did not con-
tinue long without the offer of another beneBce, which he
accepted, being presented, in June 1663, to the rectory
of Keddington in Suffolk. His residence there, however,
was but short, being called to London by the society of
Lincoln's-Inn, who chose him their preacher the 26th fol-
lowing: his election was owing to his being accidentally
heard at St. Lawrence Jewry, by Mr, Atkyns, one of the
benchers of that Inn, and afterwards lord chief baron of
the Exchequer. He determined to live among them, and
therefore immediately resigned his living in Suffolk ; but
his preaching was so little relished there at first, that ht^
fot some time entertained thoughts of leaving them. They
maintained, that ^^ since Mr. Tillotson came, Jesus Christ
had not bieen preached among them." To this accusation,
he seems to allude in his sermon against evil-speaking,
preached near thirty years after; towards the close of
which. he says: ^^ I foresee what will be said, because I
T I L L O T S O N. 8T5
have heard it fio often sai^ in the like case, that there is
not one. word of Jesus Christ in all this ; no more is there
in the text: and yet I hope that Jesus Christ is truly
preached, when his will and laws, and the duties enjoined by
the Christian religion, are inculcated upon us.**
Theiyear aft^r, 1664, he was chosen Tuesday lecturer at
St. Lawrence Jewry : and being now settled in town, and
having established the character of an excellent jpreacher^*
be contributed his share to oppose the two growing evils
of Charles the Second^s reign, atheism and popery. He
preached a sermon before the lord mayor and court of alder-
men at St. Paul's, in 166^^, " On the wisdom of being re*
ligibus ;" which was pjublished in 1664, much enlarged^
and has been allowed to be one of the most elegant, per«
spicuous, and convincing defences of religion, m our own
or any other language, in 1664, John Sargeant (see Sar*
oeant), who had deserted from the church of England to
that of Rome, published a book, called '^ Sure footing in
Christianity; or, Rational Discourses on the rule of Faith.''
This being highly praised by the abettors of popery, TiU
lotson answered it, in a piece entitled ^* The rule of Faith,'*
which was printed in 1666, .and inscribed to Dr. Stilling*
fleet, with whom be was intimately acquainted. Sargeant
replied to this, and also in another pief:e attacked a passage
in Tillotson's sermon ^*On the)¥isdom of being religious;'*
' which sermon, as well as his ^' Rule of Faitb,'* Tillotson
defended in the preface to the first volume of his sermons^
printed in 1671, Svo.
The same year, 1666, he took a doctor of divinity^s de-
gree ; and in 1668 preached the sermon at the consecration
of Wilkins to the bishopric of Chester. He was related to
Wiikins, by having, Feb. 23, 1664, married his daughter-
in-law, Elizabeth French, who was niece to Oliver Crom«>
well; for she was. the daughter of Dr. Peter French, canon
of Christ church in Oxford, by Robina, sister to Cromwell,
which Robina was re* married, about 165^, to Dr. Wilkrns,
then warden of Wadham college. In 1670, he was made
a prebendary of Canterbury; and, in 1672, advanced to
the deanery of that church : he had some time before been
preferred to a prebend in the church of St. Paul. He had
now been some years chaplain to the king, who is yet sup-
posed, by Burnet and others, to have had no kindness for
liim; his zeal against popery was too great for him cobe
mttch of a favourite at conrt. When a declaration for
S76 T I L L O T S O N.
liberty of conscience was published in 1 672, with a riew tm
indulge the papists, the bishops were alarmed, and directed
their clergy to preach against popery; the king complained
to archbishop Sheldon of this, as doqe on purpose to in-
flame the people, and alienate them from himself and his
government ; on which that prelate called together some of
the clergy, to consider what he should say to his majesty,
if be pressed him any farther on that head. Dr. Tillotson
' suggested this answer, tbat, ** since his majesty professed
the protestant religion, it would be a thing without precC'^
den^ that be should forbid his clergy to preach in defence
of it.*' In the mean time, he observed great moderation
towards the protestant dissenters, and, early in 166S, had
joined in a treaty for a comprehension of such as could be
brought into the communion of the church ; but this at*
tempt proved abortive, as did another made in 1674. In
1675, he published ** The Principles of Natural Religion,
by bishop Wilkins/' who bad died at his house in 1672,
and committed all his papers to him, to dispose of as he
pleased. The first twelve chapters only having been tran-
scribed by Wilkins for the press, be finished the remainder
out of the bishop's papers, an.d wrote a preface. In 16S0,
' he published " The Treatise of the Pope's Supremacy, by
Dr. Barrow," who dying in 1677, left all his manuscripts to
the care of *Dr. Tillotson. lie had the year before converted
Charles earl of Shrewsbury, afterwards created a duke by
king William, to whom he was secretary of state, froni
popery to the protestant religion.
On the 2d of April, 1680^ he preached before the king
at Whitehall, a sermon on Josh. xxiv. 15, which was soon
after published by his majesty's special command, under
the title of ** The Protestant Religion vindicated from the
charge of singularity and novelty." But this discourse
happened to contain some incidental assertions, which of-
fended all parties, particularly the following passage : ^* I
cannot think, tilt I be better informed, which I am always
ready to be, that any pretence of conscience warrants any
man, that is not extraordinarily commissioned, as the apos-
tles and first publishers of the Gospel were, and cannot
justify that commission by miracles as they did, to affront
the e&tablished religion of a nation, though it be false ; and
openly to draw men off from the profession of it, in con**
teftipt of the magistrate and the law. All that persons of a
different religion can in such a case reasonably pretend to.
T I L L O T S O N. 377
is to enjoy the private liberty and exercise of their own
conscience aind religion ; for which they ought to be very
thankful, and to forbear the open making of proselytes to
their own religion, though they be never so sure that thej
are in the right, till they have either an extraordinary com-
mission from God to that purpose, or the providence of
God makes way for it by the permission of the magistrate."
Dr. Hickes, who wrote a virulent libel against Tillotson after
his death, styles this downright Hobbism ; and tells us^
that a witty lord, standing at the king^s elboW when it was
delivered, said, ** Sir, do you hear Mr. Hobbes in the puU
{)it ?" Dr. Calamy*s account is, that the king having slept
the most part of the time while the sermon was delivered,
a certain nobleman stepped up to him, as soon as. it wa^
over, and said, *^ It is pity your majesty slept, for we have
had the rarest piece of Hobbism that ever you heard in
your life." To which the king answered, ** Odds fish, he
shall print it then ;" and immediately gave orders to that
purpose.. Some animadversions were made upon it, and
printed ; but it does not appear that the dean took any
further notice, except only to apolo>gize privately among
bis friends, for having advanced an assertion which be saw
could not be maintained. He excused himself by the hurry
he was in, being called unexpectedly, and out of turn, to
preach. It is indeed surprising that a man of Tillotson's
good sense should be hurried, by his zeal against popery,
.to advance against the papists what equally struck at oui^
first reformers.
In 1682, the dean gave the pliblic, from the manuscripti
of bishop Wilkins, a volume in 8vo, of fifteen sermons ;
which he introduced with a' preface, in defence of that pre-
late's character, against the reflections cast upon it in the
>' Historia & antiquitates universitatis Oxoniensis.*' This
was printed in 1674, under the inspection of bishop Fell^
who is supposed to have made the alterations and additions,
which are seen in that edition of Anthony Wood's work.
The task of preparing. " Dr. Barrow's Sermons" for the
press, which had employed the dean for several years, and
icost him as much pains as would have produced many* more
of bis own, was now finished ; and the edition published at
London in 1633, folio. The laborious office of an editor
of such voluminous writings as those of Barrow, under*
taken by one who had many years before appeared to so
much advantage as an original writer, was as clear an evu
$78 T I L L O T S O. N.
dence of modesty, as it was of sincere friendsbip, in- Dr.
Tillotfon. The discovery of the Kye-honse plot the same
year opened a melancholy scene, in which he bad a large
share of distress, on account of bis friendship for lord Rus-
sel. He and l)r. Burnet were sent for by that lord, and
both attended him till bis death : and it is remarkable, that
they both urged bim.to disown the principle of resisting
the powers above, for which they were severely censured^
and doubtless afterwards felt reason to censure themselves.
He published a discourse agieiinst *' transubstantiation,*' in
the latter end of king Charles's reign, and another against
^^ purgatory" in the beginning of king James's. The for-
mer debate upon that doctrine gave occasion to several
tracts on both sides of the question, published during the
Gontroverby with the papists, which subsisted through king
James's reign ; and which produced so many pieces, that
the vast collection, in three volumes, folio« published many
years ago, under the direction of Gibson, bishop of Lon^
don, is only a part of those written by protestants^
During the debate in parliament concerning the settle-
ment of the crown on king William for life, the dean was
consulted upon that point by the princess Anne of Den*
mark ; who was pressed by the Jacobites to form an opposr*
tion ; and who, till lady Russel and Dr. Tillotson had dis*
coursed with her, had refused to give her consent to it, as
prejudicial to her own right. He was afterwards admitted
into an high degree of confidence with: king William and
queen Mary ; and their majesties bad the greatest reason to
confide in him, for he was a true friend to their establish-
ment on the throne of England. The vacancies of some
bishoprics soon turned the thoughts of bis majesty and his
ministers upon the dean ; but a bishopric was so far from
being agreeable to bim, that he used all possible solicita*
lions to avoid it. He had been appointed clerk of the closet
to the kiug, the 27th of March, 1689 ; in August he was
appointed by the chapter of his cathedral, to exercise the
archiepiscopal jurisdiction of the province of Canterbury,
devolved to himself and that body, on the 1st of that month,
by the suspension of Sancroft, for refusing the new oaths ;
and the king soon fixed upon him to succeed him. Tillot*
son's desires and ambition had never extended further than
to the exchange of his deanery of Canterbury for that of
St. Paul's, which was. granted him in September, upon the
promotion of Stillingfle^t to the bishopric of Worcester :
T I L L O T S O N. S7f
\
buty at the very tim^ that he kissed the king's hand for this,
bis majesty named the archbishopric to him. There is a
letter of his to lady Russel, dated April 19, 1689, which
shews how he stood affected to this proposal, and also clears
bishop Burnet from many a grievous censure, as if he nim-
^eif had had a view to the archbishopric. After acquainting
her ladyship with the disposal of several church prefer-
ments, he proceeds : ^* but now begins my tropble. After
J had kissed the king's hand for the deanery of St. Paul's, I
gave bis majesty my most humble thanks, and told him^
that now he bad set me at ease for the remainder of my life*
He replied, No such matter, I assure you, and spoke plainly
about a great pl^ce, which I dread to think of; and said, it
was necessary for his service, and be must charge it upon
. my conscience. Just as he had said this, he was called to
supper, and I had only time to say, that when his majesty
was at leisure, I did believe I could satisfy him, that it would
be most for his service that I should continue in the station
in which he had now placed me. This hath brought me into*
a real difficulty ; for, on the one hand, it is hard to decline
his majesty's commands, and much harder yet to stand out
against so much goodness as his majesty is pleased to use
towards me: on the other, I can neither bring my inclina-
tion nor my judgment to it. This I owe to the bishop of
' l^alisbury, one of the best and worst friends I know ; best
for his singular good opinion ef me, and the worst for direct-
ing the king to this method, -which I know he did; as if
his lordship and I had concerted the matter, how to finish
this foolish piece of dissimulation, in running away from a
bishopric to catch an archbishopric. This fine device hath
thrown me so far into the briars, that, without his majesty's
great goodness, I shall never get oflP without a scratched
face. And now I will tell your ladyship the bottom of my
heart. I have of a long time, I thank God for it, devoted
Jtiyself to the public service, without any regard for myself,
and to that end have done the best I could, in the best
manner I was able ; of late God hath been pleased, by very
severe ways, but in great goodness to me, to wean me per-
fejctly from the love of this world ;" (he alludes here, not
only to the death of his friend lord Russel, but to the loss of
two daughters, which were all his children;) *^ so that
worldly greatness is now not only undesirable, but distaste-
ful to me. And I do verily believe, that I shall be able to
do as moch or more good in my present stationi than in »
8S0 T I L L O T 8 O N.
higher, and shall not have one jot less interest or inflnenee
upon an J others to any good purpose: for the people oa-
turally love a man that will'take great pains and little pre*
ferment. But, on the other hand, if I could force my in*
ciination to take this great place, I foresee that I should
sink under it, grow melancholy and good for nothing, and,
after a little while, die as a fool dies.'*
A man of Dr. Tillotson*s disposition and temper, which
jwas mild, gentle, and humane, had certainly the greatest
reason to dread the archbishopric ; since whoever should
succeed Sancroft must be exposed to tlie attacks of the
Nonjurors. Accordingly, he made all the struggle, and all
the opposition to it, which a subject could make against his
king ; and, when all would not do, he accepted it with the
greatest reluctance. Of this we have the following ac*
count, in another letter to lady Russel, dated October the
25th, 1690; for there was ever a strict intimacy and cor-
respondence between this lady and Dr. TiHotson, after the
ideath of lord Russel, and there passed several letters be-
tween them upon this occasion. *^ I waited upon the king
at Kensington, and he took me into his closet, where 1 told
him, that 1 could not but have a deep sense of his majesty's
great grace and favour to me, not only to offer me the best
thing he had to give, but to press it so earnestly upon me.
I said, I would not presume to argue the matter any further,
but I hoped he would give me leave t^^be still his humble
and earnest petitioner to spare me in that thing. He an-
swered, he would do so if he could, but he knew not what
to do if I refused him. Upon that I told him, that I ten-
dered my life to him, and did humbly devote it to be dis-
posed of as he thought fit : he was graciously pleased to
sa>-, it was the best news had come to him this great while.
I did not kneel down to kiss his hand, for, without that, I
doubt I am too sure of it, but requested of him, that he
would defer the declaration of it, and let it be a secret for
some time. He said, he thought it might not be amiss to
defer it till the parliament was up. I begged further of
him, that he would not make me a wedge to drive out the
present archbishop; that some time before I was nomi*
nated, his majesty would be pleased to declare in council,
that, since his lenity had not had any better effect, he would
wait no more, but wduld dispose of their places. This I
told him I humbly desired, that I might not be thought to
^.ny thing harsb» or which might reflect upon me : fov
TIL L .O T S >0 N. J8l
t|Ow that his majesty bad thought fit to advance me to this
station, my reputation was become his interest. He said
he was sensible of it, and thought it reasonable to do as I
desired. I craved leave of him to mention one .thing more,
which in justice to my family, especially my wife, I ought
to do,- that I should be more than undone by the great and
necessary charge of coming into this place, and must there-
fore be an humble petitiouer to his majesty, that, if it should
please God to take me out of the world, that I must un-
avoidably leave my wife a beggar, he would not suffer her lo
be so ; and that he would graciously be pleased to cousiider,
thatthe widow of an archbishop of Canterbury, which would
now be an odd figure « in England, could not decently be
supported by so little as would have contented her very^
well if I had died a dean. To this he gave a very gracious,
answer, I promise you to take care of her.'' — His remark to
the king, itbat ^' the widow of an archbishop would now be
an o^d figure in England,'' was founded upon this fact, that
only two, who had filled the see of Canterbury, had hitherto
been married, Cranmer and Parker.
The king's nomination of him to the archbishopric was.
agreed between them, as it appears, ^o be postponed till
after the breaking up of the session of parliament, whicti-
was prorogued the 5th of January 169.1 ; and then it was-
thought proper to defer it still longer, till the king should
return from Holland, whither he was then going. Hear*,
rived at Whitehall the 13th of April, and nominated TiU
.' lotson to the council on the 23d, who was consecrated the
31st of May, being Whitsunday, in Bow-church, by Mews,
bishop of Winchester, Lloyd, bishop of St. Asaph, Burnet,
* bishop of Sarum, Stillingfleet, bishop of Worcester, Iron*
side, bishop of Bristol, and Hough, bishop of Oxford, in
the presence of the duke of Norfolk, the ^narquis of Car-
marthen, lord-president of the council, the earl of Devon-
shire, the earl of Dorset, the earl of Macclesfield, the'
carl of Fauconberg, and other persons . of rank ; and
four days after his consecration was sworn of the privy-
council. His promotion was attended with the usual com*
pUments of congratulation, out of respect either to him-,
self or his station, which, however, were soon followed by
a very opposite treatment from the nonjuring party ; the
greatest part of whoin> from the moment of his acceptance
of the archbishopric, pursued him with an unrelenting
rage^ which lasted during his life, and was by no means
312 T I L L O T S O N.
•
appeased after bis death. Before his consecration, the
learned Mr. Dudwell, who was afterwards deprived of Cam-
den's historical lecture at Oxford, wrote him a letter, dated
the 12tb of May, to dissuade him from being, says be, ** the
aggressor in the new«designed schism, in erecting another
altar against the hitherto acknowledged altar of ydur de-*
prived fathers and brethren. If their places be not vacant,
the new consecration must, by the nature of the spiritual
monarchy, be null and invalid, and schi»matical." This
letter of Mr. Dodweli was written with much greater mild-
ness and moderation than another which was sent to the
archbishop's lady for him, and a copy of it to the countess
of Derby, for the queen ; and printed soon after. It called
upon him to reconcile his acting since the Revolution with
the principles either of natural or revealed religion, or with
those of his own letter to lord Russel, which was reprinted
upon this occasioo. The writer of it is said, by Dr. Hickes,.
to be a person of great candour and judgment, and once a
great admirer of the archbishop, though he became so much
prejudiced against him as to declare after his death to Dr.
Hickes, that he thought him ^^an atheist, as much as a
man could be, though the gravest certainly,'' said he, ** that
ever was." But these and other libels were so far from
exasperating the archbishop %gainst those who were con^
cerned in dispersing them, that when some were seized on
that account, he used all his interest with the government
le screen them from punishment.
After he had been settled about a year in his see, he
found himself confirmed in the notion he had always enter-
Uined, that the circumstances attending grandeur make it
not near so eligible, with regard to the possessor's own
ease and happiness, as persons at a distance from' it are apt
to imagine. To this purpose he entered reflections in
short-hand in his common-place book, under the title of
** Some scattered thoughts of my own upon several subjects
and occasions, begun this 15th of March, 1691-2, to be
transcribed :'' and his remarks concerning a public and
splendid way of living, compared with a private and retired
li#e, deserve to be inserted, as they did not result frooa
spleen and disappointment, but from the experience of one
who at the time actually possessed the highest honburs of
his country, in his own profession. .** One would be apt
tp wonder^" says he, " that " Nehemiah should reckons
biigir bill of jfare) and a vast number of promiscuous guest% .
T I L L O T S O N. 88S
among his virtues and good deeds, for which he desires
God to remember him ; but, upon better consideration^
besides the bounty, and sometimes charity of a great table,
provided there be nothing of vanity or ostentatioir in it,
there may be exercised two very considerable virtues ; one
in temperance, and the other self-denial, in a man's being
contented, for the sake of the- public, to deny himself so
much, as to sit down every day to a feast, and to eat con«
tinually in a crowd, and almost never to be alone, espe-
cially when, as it often happens, a great part of the com«
pany that a man must have is the company that a man would
not have. I doubt it will prove but a melancholy business
when a man comes to die, to have made a great noise and
bustle in the world, and to have been known far and near,
but all this while to have been hid and concealed from him*
self. It is a very odd and fantastical sort of life, for a man
to be continually from home, and most of all a stranger at
his own house. It is surely an uneasy thing to sit alwayg
in a frame, and to be perpetually upon a man's guard, not
to be able to speak a careless word, or to use a negligent
posture, without observation and censure. Men are apt to
think that they who are in the highest places, and have the
most power) have most liberty to say and do what they
please; but it is quite otbeHvise, for they have the least
liberty, because they are most observed. It is not mioe^
own observation^: a much wiser man, I mean Tully, says^
^ In maxim! qu&que fortun! minimum licere ;' that is, they
that are in the highest and greatest condition have, of all
others, the least liberty." All these, and many more, are
the evils which attend on greatness; and the envy that
pursues it is generally the result of ignorance and vanity.
Dr. Tillotson, fromv^his first advancement to the archi«
episcopal see, had begun to form several designs for the
good of the church and religion in general ; and in these
be was encouraged by their majesties. With this view he
joined with the queen in engaging the bishop of Salisbury
to draw up his ^^ Discourse of the Pastoral Care," in order
to prepare the way for perfecting some parts of our eccle^
siastical constitution. This was bishop Burnet's favourite
tract, and it was published in 1692. In the few Duomeet*
of his leisure, Tillotson revised his own sermons; and, in
1693, published four of them, concerning the divinity and
incarnation of our blessed Saviour. His chief design in
this was to remove the imputation of Socioianisa^ wbioll
S84 T I L L O T S O N.
hftd long beeri) and was then more than ever^ fixed itjMm
bim by those who did not love his principles, and thought
that his defending religion upon what were called rationai
grounds, and his holding friendship and correspondemie
with Locke, Limborch, Le Clerc, and others who did the
same, were circumstances liable to suspicion. Of this he
indirectly complains in one of his sermons : ** I koow not
bow it comes to pass, but so it is, that every one that offers
to give a reasonable account of his faith, and to estaUiah
religion upon rational principles, is presently branded for
a Socinian ; of which we have a sad instanqe in that
incomparable person, Mr. Chiliingworth, the glory of this
age and nation, who for no other cause that I know of) Imt
his worthy and successful attempts to make Christian re-
ligion reasonable, ainl to discover those firm and solid foun*
dations upon which our faith is built, hath been requited
with this black and odious character. But if this be So-
cinianism, for a man to inquire into the grounds, and rea-
sons of the Christian religion, and to endeavour to, give, a
satisfactory account why he believes it, I know no way but
that all considerate inquisitive men, that are ajboy^ fancy
and enthusiasm, must be either Socinians or Atb^)^ts. .
» The good of the church, >ud tbc^ rfsfor^atiojn of ^11
abuses among the clergy, were, the coi|^Untif>bj^ect of the
archbishop's thoughts, and, anxofig. otber resolutions .^ad
projects for this purpose, que was^ to oblige,tthe.crergy to
a more strict reisidence upon their cures : but there waa
such an evil and active spirit at work against nim, that
fault was. found with every thing he said pif did, and all
opportunities were taken to blast and defaine hiin^ which
made a •considerable impression on bis spjrfts^.so that he
grew very uneasy in his high post. The.mo^icq an^ pa^ty
rage, which he bad felt iD some measur^,b^q^re,^bipke out^
after his advancement, in ail fornas.of opep insult. One
day, while a gentleman was with him^ who c^^e to pay bis.
compliments, a packet was brought in, sealed and directed
to him, upon opening which there aq»peared *a mask, but
nothing . written. The archbishop, without any signs of
emotion, threw it carelessly among his papers on the table j^
hot o/i the gentleman's expressing great surprise at the
affrptit, he only smiled, and said, that/Hhis.was a geql^lft
itebuke, (ioiApared with some others, that lay there in black
and white,'' pointing to the papers uppn the table* Yet
ajl this injurious treatment^ and all the calumnies spread
/
T I L L O T S O N. 88S
agaiDst hiiQ^ caold never provoke bim to the least temper
M revenge; nor did be ever indulge himself in any of
these liberties of speaking about otbers, which were to so
•nraieasaralile a degree made use Qf agaiost himself : and
upon a bundle of libels found among hi^ papers after bis
deatli, be put no other inscription than this, ^< These are
libdsy^ I pray God forgive them, I do f ."
He concurred again with the queen, in engaging the
bishop of Salisbury to undertake his *^ Exposition of the
tbirty^ttine Articles of the Church of England ;'' which that
indefistigable prelate performed in less than a year, though it
wwA not published till 16 9i^. He sent the manuscript to the
nrcbbisbopi who, bavingrevisedandaltereditin several places^
returned it, with his judgment, in the following letter :
**My Lord, Lambeth-house, October 23, 1694.
'* I have, with great pleasure and satisfaction, read over
the great volume you sent me, and am astonished to see so
vast a work begun and finished in so short a time. In tb^
article of the Trinity you .have said all that, I tfatnk^ can
tie said upon so obscure and difficult an argument. The
iSocinians have just now published an answer to us all, but
I have not had a sight of it. The negative articles against
the church of Borne you have very fully explained, and
with great learning and judgment : concerning these you
will meet with no opposition among ourselves. The great-
est danger was to be apprehended from the points in dif-
ference between the Calvinists and Remonstrants, in which
you have shewn not only great skill and moderation, but
great prudence, in contenting yourself to represent both
sides impartially, without any positive declaration of your
own judgment. The account given of Athanasius^s creed
seems to me no wise satisfacto^; I wish we were well rid
of it. I pray God to preserve your lordship, to do more
such services to the church. 1 am, my lord,
" Your*s most affiectionately, " Jo. Cant."
* TIte Mhmht% aMcdqU from tfaie tbt archbitbop, ' art my own penonal
RicbardsooiMia wiU ferthtr coofirm the friends i aud, which ii mare, whoor
excetleaee 6f hii temper. *' Arch- I have myitlf made sach (for they
beacon Recvea* of ^ Norwich, makiof meant to he my enemiet) by Uie use
a visit ooce to archhithoip Tillotton« I have made of thote hinta which their
he obaervea id bis library one shelf malice hath suggested to me, and from
of Vooks of rarious forms and sizes, which 1 have received more proit than
all richly hoimd* and Anely gilt and from the advice of my hast and mott
lettered : and asked, whatextraordioary cordial friends ; and therefore you see
authors they were so remarkably dist I have rewarded them accordingly/'
liagttished by his grace. • Those/ sAid
Vot.XXIX. C c
3^6 TILLOTSON.
He did Dot.k>ng survive the writing of. ftbit letter r&ci
Nov. 1 nth fojlowiog, he was suddenly seized witb nn illnesi^
wbicbi turning to a dead palsy, put an end to bis life on lU^
S4tb, in tbe sixty-iiftb year of his age. He was atteadtfd
the two Itiat nights of his illness by his dear friend Mr.
Nelson^ in whose arms be expired. Tbe sorrow for biis
death was more universal than ever was known for a^ub^
jeet : and his funeral was attended by a numerous ttrain of
coaches, filled with persons of the first quality, who w«nf:
Tolttntarily to assist at tbe solemnity. His faoeral-serBioii
was preached by the bishop of Salisbury; and, being. aooa
after published, was remarked on by Dr. Hickes, in a<pieoe
entitled, *^ Some Discourses upon Dr. Burnet and. Dr. TiU
lotson, &€.'' The acrimony of this piece is scafceto.be
snatched among the invectives of any age or language : bi-
shop Burnet, however, gave a strong and clear answer to
these discourses, in some Reflections on them ; and shewed
them to be, what th^y really are, a malicious and iscurrilou^
lib^l. But whatever attempts were made against arch-
bishop Tillotson, his character may safely be trusteci to
posterity ; for bis life was not only free from blemishes^
but exemplary in all parts of it, as appears from facu
founded on indisputable authority. In bis domestic cos^
lations, friendships, and the whole commerce of busioess,
be was eaay and humble, frank and open, tender-hearted
and bountiful to such an. extent, that, while be was in a prir.
vate nation, be laid aside two tenths of bis income for cha-
ritable uses. He despised money, too much, insomuch that
if the king had oot forgiven his first-fruits, bis debts coul^
not have be^o paid ; and he left nothing to bis family but
tbe copy of bis posUmmous sermons, which were sold for
2500 guineas; a 'poor maintenance tor the widow of an
archbishop, if the king had not inpreased it by an annuity
of 400/; in 1695^ and the addition ^f 200L ti^ore in'l698.
The death of the archbishop was Ja^niented >by Mr* Locke,
in a letter to Limborch, not only as a considerable loss to
himself of a aeaious and candid inquirev after truth, wliom
he consulted freely upon all doubts in theological subjects,
and of a friend, whose sincerii.y be had experienced for
many years, but likewise jas a very important ^^oe to the
l^ngUsh option, arid the whole body of tbe reformed churches.
He had published in his life-time as many sermons as, with
bis *' Rule of faith,'* amotinted to one volume in folio ; and
as many were published after his death, by his chaplain^
t i L L O t S O N. ui
lOk; Barker,. «» tmounted to two more. They hav^ been
often printed, and translated into several languages ; and
tfad reputation of them in foreign countries wdsi partly owing
t|BM. Le CieK, who, in his ^< Bibliotheque Chois6e far
1(^0 V' g^^^ ^^ account of the second* edition, in 1699^
folio, of those that were published in his life-time. He
declares there, that ^^the archbishop's merit was above any
commendation'^ which he could give ; that it was formed
front the union of an extraordinary clearness of head, a
great |>enetititioo, an exquisite talent of reasoning, a pro«^
found knowledge of true divinity^ a solid piety, a most sin-
gular perspiciMtyand^unafFected eleganceof style^ witib every
other. quality tbac oould be desired in a man of his order ; and
tbatj v^ereas compositions of this kind are commonly merely
rhetorical II nd popular declamation, and much better to W
beard' from che pulpit, than to be read jn print, his are for
thc'iBOst part exact dissertations, and clipable of bearing
the test of the most rigoreiis examination."
As>good sense, sound reasoning, and profdund knowledge,
justly entitled archbishop Tillotson to the character of at:
great and exeellent divine, so copiousness of style, and easd
of composition, have made him alsQ esteemed and admired
aaan oratorv Yet a polite writer of our own country, Mel-^
moth,' in '^ Fitaosborne's Letters,^' cannot allow, this to him^
bu^ on the 'contrary, ^'thinks that no man had ever less
pretensions to genuine oratory, than this celebrated preacher..
One cai^not' indeed but regret," says he, ^'tfaat Dr. Tilbt-^
son,, who'abounds with such noUe and generous sentimental
should "want the art of setting them off with all jthe advah^
ta^^ they deserve i that the sublime in morals should not
be ^attended with a suitable elevation of language. The
truth, however, is, his wondst'arefrequently ill chosen,. and
al^post always ill placed; his* periods 4re both tedious and
un^armonioHB'; as bis metapbon are generally mean, and
omn ridiculous." He imputes this chiefly to bis ^.< having
had no sort of notion of rhetorical num.ber8,". which seems,
indeed,, to have been in some meHsure the case; and, as. far
as this can detract from the ebaracterof a/ complete orator,i<
it is necessary <to make some abatement :• yiet- there is cer-
tainly great cc^ousness, and, aa this getitldman^lows, .'^ a
noble simplicity,*' in his diacpurses* As for. Ins language,
notwithstanding^ seme' exceptionable passages with regard
to the use of metaphors, incident to the best authors, Dry-
den frequently owned with pl^a^ure, that, if he had any
cc 2
iM T I L L O T S O N.
ulent for English pme (as c^ruioly be IukI a vary grmt
one), it wM owing to bis having oAeo read the writinga of
archbishop Tlllotson. Addisoo likewise coasidered Tilbi*
son's writings as th^ chief standard of our language i and
accoidingly marked the particular phrases in ihe sermons
published daring bis Hfe-time, as tbe ground-work of an
English dictionary, which be bad projected. But there are
some very just sentiments of TilloCson in one of Warbuv*
ton's letters, which deserve more attention. Tillotson, War*-
burton says, ** was certainly a virtuous, pious, humane, and
moderate man, which last quality was a kind of rarity in
those times. His notions of civil society were but confused
and imperfect, as appears in tbe affair of lord Russel. As
tp religion, be was aosong the class of latitudinarian divines*
-—I think the sermons published in bis life*time are fine
moral discourses. They bear indeed the character of their
author, simple, elegant, candid, clear, and rational. No
orator in the Greek and Romao sense ^of tbe word, like
Taylor ; nor a discourser in their sense, like Barrow: free
firoui their irregularities, but not aMe to reach their heights.
On which account I prefer them iufinitely to him. You
'cannot sleep with Taylor; you cannot forbear thinking with
Barrow. But you may be much at your ease in tbe midst
of a long lecture from Tiliotson : clear, and rational, and
equable as he is. Perhaps tbe last quality may account
for it.^'
Tillotson^s sermons have been often reprinted in folio
and 16nBOc to the last edition iu folio is prefixed a good
Ufa of ^io^ compiled with car« and judgmeoi, by the rtr.
Or. Birch> from which me have extracted the present-ac*
count. *
TILLY (John TzEaiCtAis, Couat de), son of Martin Tser-
dais, herediury sSn^hal of the county of Namur, was de-
scended from an ancient and iUostrieo^ family, H4ntb was
one of tbe seven patrician families of Brussels. ^ It isseid
that he was originally a Jesuit ; bu-t, going into tbe army,
he commanded tbe Bavarian troops under the duke Max-
imilian. He had a great share in tbe victory gained at
Prague, November S, 1620, over tbe uAfortunate elector
palatine Frederic. V. and afterwards defeated succasstmely
tbe armies of count Mansfeldt, the duke of Brunswick, and
tiie margnave of Baden Dourlaeh. At^abe battle of Lutt^r
^ I«tf« bj Birch •
TILLY. 989
in Lutienlmrgf 16S6| he conquered the Danbh army, which
their king commanded in person. In 1629, he was sent to
Liibeck, as plenipotentiary for concluding a peace with
Deditfark, had the sole command of the imperial forces the
following year, insfcetd of WaUtein, and took the city of
•Magdeburg by IMoirmy in 163 1, where his soldiers committed
the most horrid cruelties, barbarities, and ravages during
ttiree days. This unhappy city, after having been given
up to pillage, was destroyed by fire, and Bimost all the in-
habitants, men> women, and children, murdered in the most
inhaoian manner; a barbarous massacre, which will for
ever tarnt»h the' glory of this celebrated general. He then
^iikvaded Saxony, and took Leipsic ; but was defeated three
days after, Sept. 17, the same year, l^^l» by Gustavus
A4olphu8y king of Sweden. Having rallied his forces he
Depalsed Horn, chief of the protestant party. General
Tilly wi)s at length wounded by a cannon ball while de-
lending ifhcpassage of Lech against the Swedes, and died
of' his wound, April 30, 1632. Tilly is said to have been
reil^arlcbUe foi* two virtues, seldom found in his profession,
^he strictest chastity and temperaace. He was likewise
«ery poptilar with his troops, to whom he was always kind
and liberal, and at last (bequeathed sixty thousand crowns
tothe old regiment which had served under hinw^
TiMiSUS, the LocitlAN, was a philosophev' o^the Italtd
school, during the time of Plato, who was indebted to him,
among other Pythagoreans, for his acquaintancfe with the
dostrineof Pythagoras, and who wrote his dialogue, en*
tilled ^* Tifhwisf^' on the groutid of hift hoxiiki <^ On the Na-^
tmre oi TUngis.*- A small piece, which' he' #rote concern*
ing the ^^ Soul of the World,'' is preserved by Proclus, and
is in aone editkrns' prefixed to Plato's) ** Tiiliteus.'^ In this
treatise, tbotrgh general^ following Pythag6nas, he departs
from him in two partfteulai^s ; the -first, that instead of one
whole, or moMUl, he' supposes two^indepehdent causea of
nature, God, or mind^ the fountain of intelligent nature,
9Md -neoeafeity^ or matter,^ the^ souroe of bodies ; the second,
that be eiqplains thufe cause' of the formation of the v^orid,
f real the extetnalaeHibii of God upon matter, after the
patteni or ideas eti^ing in * bis own mind. From coo^r^
ing tiiis piece widi I^liito^ a 'dialogue, it Will- be ^und that
the Athenian 'pbiltiao]iher baa obscured tfa^ si m|>l^:doe trine
1 l^et Hift.
890 TIMANTHES.
of the Locrian with fancies drawn from bis ownr. imagiiift«
tion, or from the Egyptian schools. '
TIMANTHES, a celebrated Grecian painter, was bom
at Sicyon, or, according to some writers, at Citbnus) one
of tll^* Cyclades. He flourished towards the close of Alext^
ander the Great's reign, had a fertile inrention, andthe
art of conveying ideas to the spectators beyond what -bis
pictures represented. All the ancients bestow the highest
encomiums on that of Iphigenia prepared to be sacrificed*
In this celebrated picture the princess appeared with alllhe
charms and grace belonging to her sex, age, and rank,
with the dignity of a great soul devoting itself for its coun->
try, yet with the agitation which the approach of the sa*
crifice must necessarily cause. She ^as standing before
the altar, the high priest Chalcis attending, whose coun**-
tenance expressed that majestic sorrow becoming his office.
Menelaus, Iphigenia's uncle, Ulysses, Aja:!r, and the other
Grecian princes were present at the sad spectacle, and tiie
painter seemed to have so entirely exhausted every difi»
ferent species of grief, that he had no way left to deaoiibe
that of the father, Agamemnon ; but, by a stroke equailjr
ingenious and touching, he covered the face of this prince
with a veil, thus leaving the pitying spectator's imj^'gihation
to paint the dreadful situation of the unliappy parent. His
idea has been several times adopted with success, and it
has been the theme of unlimited praise from the orators
and historians of antiquity, but the justice of this praise
has been questioned by modern criticism, by sir Joshua
ileynolds, in his " Eighth < Discourse,** and by Mr. Fuseli,
in his ^* First Lecture,-' in which last, the question is eat«
amined elaborately and scrupulously.^
TIMON, the Petliasian, one of the chief disciples of
Pyrrho, flourished in the time of Ptolemy Pfailadelphus.
He early visited Megara, to be instructed by Sttipo in dia-
lectics, and afterwards removed to £lea, that he might be-
come a hearer of Pyrrho. He first professed philosophy at
Chalcedon, and afterwards at Athens, where be remsiaed
till'his death. He took so little pains to imrite disciplea to
his schooF, that it has been said of him, that, as the Sty^
thians shot flying, Timon gained pupils by vunning &6m
thetn. Tbis'indiflerence to the profession which be' bad
* Brucker. — Fabric. Bib!. Graec. — Saxii OooDiast.
* Pliny.— Reynolds's Works*-— JFu^fl^'s (iectures, 1801, 4to.
'''• • i .>.♦•::»
T I M O N. 391
msBttoied vnu probably oiriog to fats love of ease aiid indul-
gence ; for he was fond of rural retirement, aiKl was so
much addicted to wine, that be held a successful contest
With several celebrated champions in drinking. It was this
fUsposttion, probably, which tempted him to embrace the
indolcat doctrine of scepticism. Timou appears to have
Tiewed the opinions and disputes of the philosophers in the
same ludicrous point of light, in which Lucian afterwards
contemplated them ; for, like him, he wrote with sarcastic
humour against the whole body. His poem, entitled
^^ Silli,'' often quoted by the ancients, was a keen satire^
full of bitter invective both against men and doctrines. The
remiatning fragments of this poem have been industriously
collected by Henry Stephens, in his *^ Poesis Philosophica."
This Timon (ivho is not to be confounded with Timon the
misanthrope) lived to the age of ninety years. '
TINDAL (Dr. Matthew), an English deistical writer,
was the son of a clergyman of Beer-ferres, in Devonshire,
and born' about 1657. He became a commoner of Lincoln
college^ in Oxford, in 1672, where he had the famous Dr.
fitckes for his tutor, and thence removed to Exeter college.
in 1676 he took the degree of bachelor of arts, and was
afbeeivards elected fellow of All Souls college. In 1679 be
took a-baoheipr of laws degree ;- and in July 1685, became
a doctor in that faculty. In the reign of James II. he de-
clared himself a Roman catholic, but afterwards renounced
that religion. Wood says that he did not return to the
profeestant religion till after that king bad left the nation;
but, according to his own account, he returned to it before
that memorable epocha. In 1694 he published, at Lon-
don, in 4to, ^^ An Essay, concerning obedience to the su-
preme powers, and the duty of subjects, in. all revolutions;
with some considerations touching the present juncture of
affiiirs-;" and ^^ An Essay coucerning the Laws of Nations
and'the right of sovereigns," j&c. He published also some
totbep pamphlets ^on the same subjects, particularly one cour
cerrhng the doctrine ^of the Trinity and the Athanasian
creed; but unas first particularly noticed for a publication
which oame ont in 1706, with this title, ^^ The Rights of the
Gfaristian Cburdb aas^ted, against the Romish and all other
priests, > who daitn an independent power over it ; with a
^eface concerning the government of the Church of Eng-.
I Pipg. L»«rt«— Snicker.
392 T I N D A L.
land, as by law establisbed," 8to. Tindal was aware 6i
the offence this work would give^ and even took some plea-
sure in it ; for, as Dr. Hickes relates, be told a gentieinan
who found him at it wiib pen in hand, that <^ he was wriU
ing a book which would make the clei^^mad." Pei^mfte
few. books were ever published whiah they more reseated;
and, accordingly, numbers among tbemimmediateiywvotie
against it. Among the most distinguished of his aniwmrew
were, I. ^^Tfae Rights of the Clergy in the Christian Oborch
asserted in a sermon preached at Newport Pagaell in Book-
inghamshire, Sept. 2, 1706, at the primary vbitation uf Ihe
right reverend father in God, William lord bishop of Lift-
€oln } by W. Wotton, B. D." U. << The second part of the
Wolf stripped of Shepherd's cloathing, in answer to a late
book entitled The Righu of the Christian^Church assented,
pablished at London in March," 1707. III. ^* Two treatises^
one of the Christian Priesthood, the other of the dignity
of the Episcopal Order, formerly written, and tiow ^pv^
lished to obviate the erroneous opinions, fisUaeiotts reasos^
ings, and bold and false assertions, in « late book entitled
The Rights of the Christian Church ; with a Ui^e pDebteiy
discourse, wherein is contained an Answer .lo ti^^asdboDk;
all written by George Hickes, D. D.'* London, tf!07\ IV.
'^ A thorough examination of the false principlesand fal-
lacious arguments advanced against the Christian Chuick,
Priesthood, and Religion, in a late pernicious book, isonr**
cally entitled The Rights of the Christian Church aaserted-,
&c. ; in a dialogue between Demas and Hierarchar bumbiy
offered to the consideration of the nobility and gentiy of
England y by Samuel Hill, rector of Kilmington, and areb^
deacon of Wells.'' London, 1707, 8vo. V. "Three shert
treatises, viz. 1* A modest plea for the Ci^gy, &c.!S. A
Sermon of the Sacerdotal Benediction, &c. 3. A Discootse
published to undeceive the people in poir.t of Tithes^ &c. :
formerly printed, and now again published, by Dr.<7eorge
Hickes, in defence of the priesthood and true rights of the
church against the slanderous and reproachful treatment of
The Rights of the Christian Church,'' London^ 17e9y Svoi
VL *' Adversaria ; or truths opposed to some of the fiiise^
floods contained in a book called The Rights of 'tte Chris*
tian Church asserted," &c,; by ConyersPiaceyM«A.Lon*
don, 1709, 8vo. YIL << A Diabgue between Timodiy iand
Philatheus ; in which the principles and projects of a late
whimsical book entitled The Rights of the Christmo Churchy
T I N D A L. 398
&c« aire ftttriy stated, and answered in tbeir kinds, &c. :
written v|By^i a iayfidMi/' London^ 3 vols. 8vo. Mr. Oldis*
^wolrfek ivas tbe author. Swift al»o wrote '^ Remarks'' gn
Ttndftl's book, wiiicb are in his works, but were left un^
fiaisbed by tbe author. — But, whatever disturbance this
vv«rk might create at hof&ei and whatever prejudices Jt
oitgbt raise against its author, among tbe clergy of tbe
ebureb of England, some of the protestants abroad judged
vexy difierently, and e^eti spoke of it in terma of approba--
tioa and appiaose. Le Clerc gave an account of it in his
^^Btbliothequecfaoisie," which begins in these words :^^W^
bear diat thb book has made a greats noise. in England,
ami it is not at all surprising, since the author attacks, with
all his mighty the pretensions of those who are called high-*
eharrtoien ; - that is, of those who carry tbe rights of bi«
shops so far a% to make them ihdependent in' ecclesias*
%\{^i affairs of prince and people, and who consider every
thing that has been done to prevent the dependence of
she laity on bishops, as an usurpation of the laics agwnst
divine ri|^t;*'*-^I am far from taking part in any particular
disputes, whieh the learned of England may have' with one
another, concerning the independent power and authority
df their bishops, and farther still from desiring to hurt ia
any way the church of England, which I respect and ho-
^UMir as the most illustrious of all protestant efaurches ; but
Isam persuaded that the wise and m«»derate members of
diis ehurchi can never be alarmed at such a book as this,
as if the church was actnaUy in danger. I believe tb^
author, as himself says, had no design against the present
establtshaftent^ . whkh be approves, bat. only agaioat some
eseessive pretensions, which are even contrary to the laws
6f the land, and to the authority of the king and parlia-
iiamem. As I da# not know, nor have any connection -with
him, i have iio particular interest to serve by defeftdtfig
Um, and 'I do not ondertake it.**— His book is too full of
BiatteF isr me to give an exact abridgmeot of it, and they
tlvho understand English will do well to read the original :
they havenevarr read a bocd^ sa strong and so supported in
ftivMr of the principles which protestants on this side the
water hold in common.*'
Hie lower house of convocation, in queen Anne's feign,*
thought that sqcdva ebaracter of <^ The Rights of the Cbris^
UBLtk Chbrch," &c. from a man of Le Clerc's reputation far
parts Jind Itaaming, most bav^ no small inflnence in recom-*
SM T I N D A L.
mendinpf the booky and in sug^^esting favourable notions of
^be principles advanced in it; and therefore, in tbeir re*
presentation of the present state of religion, tbey judged
it expedient to give it this turn, namely, *^tbat tbose in*
fidels" (meaning Tindal and others) '* have procured ab«
stracts and commendations of tbeir own profane writings,
and probably drawn up by themselves, to be inserted in
foreign journals, and that they have translated them into
the English tongue, and. published tbem ber€^ at home, in
order to add the greater weight to tbeir wicked opinions.'*
Hence a notion prevailed in England, tbat Le Clerc had
been paid for the favourable account he gave of Tindal's
book; upon which he took occasion to declare, in a subse-
quent journal, that there never was a greater falsehood, and
protests as an honest man before God, ^' that, for making
mention of that or any other book, be had iieyer bad either
promise or reward." It wilt easily be imagined that, in
the course of this controversy, Dr. Tindai's antagonista
would object to him his variableness and mutabilityan mat^
ters of religion, and insult bim. not a little upon bis first
apostatizing to the church of Rome, upon the prospect of
a national conversion to Popery, and then, at the revalu«t
tion, reverting to Protestantism. To this be replied, iik^i
<' Coming, as most boys do, • a rasa tabula to the university^
and believing (his country education teaching bim^no
better) that all human and divine knowledge was to be. had
there, he quickly fell into the then f>revailing notion^ of
the high and independent powers of th^ clergy ; and nieet-*
ing with none, during his long ittay there, who* questioned
the truth of them, they by degrees became so fixed, and
riveted' in him, that he no more doubted of them tbaq^of
bis own being : and he perceived not the eonsequence of
them, till the Roman emissaries (who were busy in makiog
proselytes in the university in kiiig Jameses timd, and
knew how to torn the weapons of high church against themji
caused him to aee, that, upon these notions, a separation
from the church of Rome could not be justified; and thai
they who pretended to answer them as to those points, did
only shuffle, or talk backward and forward. This made
him, for seme small time^ go to the Popish mass^bouse^
till meeting, upon his going into the world, with people
who treated that notion of the independent power as it de-»
served) and finding the absurdities of Popery to be niuch
greater at hand than they appeared sit a distance^ he began
T I N D A L. ^95
to e^ramine the whole matter with all the aHendon he was
capable of; aifd then he quiekly found, andw^s surprised
lit the discovery, that all bh till then undoubted maxims
were so 4ar from having any solid foundation, that they
were built On as great a contradictiofi as can be, that of
two independent powers in the same society. Upon this
he returned, as be had good reason, to the church of Eng-
laiid, #7hich he found, by examining into her constitution,
disclaimed all that independent power he had been bred
up in the belief of; Candlemas 1687->8 being the last time
he saw any of the Popish tricks, the very next opportunity
(namely, Easter) he publicly received the sacrament (tb«
warden giving it him tirst) in his college chapel, &c. And
thus having made his escape from errors which prejudice
of education had drawn him into, be resolved to take no-
thing on trust for the future ; and, consequently, his no*,
tidns concerning our civil, as well as religious liberues^
became very different from those in which he was educated."
What Dr. Tindal says here may be true ; yet it is observ-
able, that his conversion to Popery, and re-conversion to
Protestantism, lay between February 1685, and February
16S8, that is, between the twenty->seventh and thirtieth
year of bis age ; and many will be ready to suspect, that a
man of his reasoning and inquiring turn mnst^ before then,
have been too much fixed and settled in his principles,
either to be a dupe of Popish missionaries, or then to dis-
cover first the absurdity and falsehood of fundamental prin*
eiples. In the mean time he endeavoured to defend hi#
work, in a '^ Defence of the Rights of the Christian Church
against a late visitation seritoon, entitled The Rights of the
clergy in the Christian Church asserted^ preached at New-
port-Pagnell in the county of Bucks by W. Wotton, B. D.
and made public at the command dnd desire of the bishop
of Lincoln, and the clergy of the deaneries of Buckingham
and Newport,'* London^ 1707, in 8vo, and in his" Second
Defence of the Rights of the Christian Church, occasioned
t»'y two late indictments against a bookseller and his servant
for selling one of the said booker. In a Letter from a genr
tleman in London to a clergyman in the country. To which
are added two tracts of Hugo Grotius on these questions ;
I. Whether the Sacranitent of the Lord's Supper may bo
administered where there are no pastors? 11. Whether it?
be necessary at all times to communicate with tihe, ^ymbolsi'
As also some tracts of Mr. John Hales of Eaton, viz. Of
99$ T I N D A. L.
the Lord's Sopper^ the Power of the Keys, of Scbiun^
&c.*' Londoo, 1707, in 8vo. In 1709 be published ^t
London in 8vOy a pamphlet entitled, ^' New High Cbar<^h
turned old Presbyterian ;*' and in 1710 several pamphlet^
viz. ** An High Cburcb Catechism ;*' ^* The jacobitisin^
perjury, and popery of High Church Priests^". *^Tbo^
merciful judgmenla of High Church-triumphant on offend«-
ing clergymen and others in the reign of Cbaries I." ' I^
1711 and 1712 be published at London in Svo^. ** The N«^
tion vindicated from the aspersions cast on it in a lale
pamphlet entitled^ A representation of the present State of
Religion^ with regard to the late excessave .growth qf inflr
delity^ heresy, and profanenessi as it passed the Lowe?
House of convocation/' in two parts. In 1716, and some
following years be published several other pampble4s»
mostly political, which attracted more pr less M^entioii}
but are now forgotten. He had hithei:to pi^ssed foi^w
enemy to the church of England, but.waa ftwn d^toi^iued
to show himself equally hostile to revealed religion, >iia4^Ni
X730,. published in 4to, his ^^ Christianity as,al4.a% ^
Creation, or the Gospel a Republicatioo of the Hs^^n of
Nature/' It might have been expected from tJi^ ititle«^
this book, that bis purpose was to prove theGpspel pert
fectly agreeable t^ the law of nature i to provjp, that it b$^
set the principles of natural reiigjiop in the olearesi Ughi^aMdi
was intended to publish and confirm it anew^ after itb«d:bl^tn
very much obscured and de£sced thrc^ugh the corruptiofi igf
mankind. We tfao^ld-be further con&medjo this suppo^i
sltion from his acknowledging, that' ^VCbristitinity. itself
stripped of the addi|io^s wbiqb policy, «aistake, aed ibe
qircumstances of time, have miide tq itj^, is, a most, bolji i^^t
ligion, and that all its dh^ctrin^s , plainly >h^^^ tbemselvea
to be the will of an infiniteJiy wis^^andjgq!(^.G.od>s'Vfoi
thisf and several declarations of a sii^iiltr .^l^uie^ k» mis^Ma
in his work ; and Accprdiogly distis^piffie^ J|i«aself aod.bb
friends with the title of ^' Christian £M^st|»"n X<^^b#ever
Examines his bqok attentively wiU i^pdilba^i^i^ is c^nijl^
pla|isible appearance, inteiided to cqih^t bit f^l design f
\«hich was to set aside all rev^^d K»ligion» I>y .showings
thai; there neither is, nor. c^n bf,. a^jieitlfiriial Ke^tlktiifii
at all, distinct from what He ci^llf. f^ th^^ttjpffial.rev^atidai
of tbe law of nature in .th§ b<Ntr|s «pf aiU M^n]ulid ;" land
accordingly bis refuter^y the o^sfc i;onsid«mWe < of whMa*
T I N D A L. S97
waii Dr. Conybeare, afterwards bishop of Bristol, Foster,
and Leland, hare very justly treated him as a Deist. If
appears from a letter written by the rev. Mr. Jonas Proast
to Dr. Hickes, and printed in Hickes's " Preliminary Dis-
course" cited above, that Tindal espoused this principle
very early in life ; and that he was known to espouse it
long before even his ** Rights of Ae Christian Church*' #as
l^ublished. The letter bears date the 2d of July, 170^,
and is in the following terms :
•* Reverend Sir,
<' It is now, as I guess, between eleven and twelve years
since Dr. Tindal erpressied himself to me at All-sonls-col-
lege in such a manner as I related Co Mr. F-— ^ — , concern-
ing religion. - At which I was the less stirprised, because I
knew at that time both his own inclination, and what sort
of <^ompany he frequented when at London, which was
lisuaHy a great part 'of the year : but not foreseeing then
Uny occasion there might be for my remembering all that
was then said about that matter, I took no care to charge
my iti^mofy with it< ' However, it could not be niuch, hav-
ing passed in our walking but a very few turns in the col-
lage quadrangle just before dinner, where t then tinex-
pected^y met with the doctor, newly returned after ji
pft^tty long absence' from ttib college. What occasion t^e
ddotor took for so declaring himself, wfaeth(j^r the mention
of some book or pamphlet then newly come forth, or some-
what else, I am not able at this distance to recollect : but
the stibstance and effect of what he said I do very clearly
and distinctly remember to have been, chat there aeither is
ti0t can be any revealed Teligion j that God has giveh man
reason for bis guide ;- that'this guide is sufficient for man*s
directions without rdvelation; and that thet'efore, since
God does n<i»thfng in vain^ there ban "be no such thing as
remelatiofi : t6 which he added, that he made no doubt but
thitt within such a nudiber of years as be then mentioned,
and I do «ot now distinctly remember, all tiien of seiise
trould atttlei in natural religion. Thus much I do so' per-
fectly remember, that I can attest it^ not with my blind
oply^ as i now do, but upen iqy oath likewise, if required ;
which ye€ I should not so forwardiy ofier against a p^son,
who> for augbt i know, never did any personal injury,- were
I not convjuoed of the need there is of it, in respect to
some weak persons, who, having entertained too favour-
39S T I N D A L.
able an opinion of the doctor and hie principles, are upen
that account the more apt to be misled by him.
** I am. Reverend Sir,
« Your most humble servant,
" Jonas Proast/*
He died in London, August 16, 1733, fellow of AH Seut^
college, and k appears that the faculties of bis miodwc^
welt ; for, although be was about seventy-three when he*
published his ** Christianity as old as the Creation,"' yet he
left a second volume of that work in manuscript, by way of
general reply to all his answerers, the publication of which'
was prevented by Gibson bishop of London. He was, indis*^-
putably, a man of great reasoning powers and much learn^^
ing, but had all the trick and diiingenuousness of writers^
on his side of the question.
He was interred in Clerkenwell church, and was follow*
ed, among others, by Eustace BudgeH, who is thought to
have forged his will, and thus defrauded his nephew,iJ'th6
subject of our next article.*
. "i'lNDAL (Nicholas), nephew to the preceding, was
born in 1687, and was entered of Exeter college, Oxford,'
where he took his des:ree of M. A« in June 1713. ^ He wa^-
presented to the rectory of Atverstoke in Hampshire, by
the bishop of Winchestef*, and to the vicartige "of Great'
Waltham, near Chelmsford, Essex, 1722, by Trinity colk^'
lege, Oxford, of which he had become a fellow. ' He quitted
this last living in 1740, on being presented to the rectdry
of Coibourne in the Isle of Wights He bad p^evtou^y, itt
1738, being appointed by sir Charles Wager, 'ehapUin to
Greenwich hospital, where he died June«27, 1774, at the
advanced age of eighty-seven. ^ - ^*
In 1724, he published in monthly numbers, " Antiqui^^
ties sacred and profane, being a Dissertation on the excel-^
lency of the history of the Hebrews above that of any^Wer^
nation," &c. a translation from Calmet. He aUd htghni^^
history of Essex, of which he- pu^liabed^ a sftia^i'pait,^ itr
two quarto numbers, proposing to complete it 'ifi thr^^
quarto volumes, at one guineal eaoh ; but left tbisun^r-^
taking, in 1726, for the translat ion of RiSipln^s " History^ of
England," whfch has served 'to perpetuate his name; wfiA
was indeed a work of great Utility, -and ^ siivetess*^ Tbi^
* Biogr. Bnt.--Crn. pict^r-.SwiftXWorlj8,— Bowlfpjs^cdit^ oC Fopc?.-r-tfr5i
lasd's Deislical writer*.' *•
T I N D A L. 399
trwarlalion, originally published in 1726, Svo, and; dedicated
to Thomas lord Howard baron of Effingham^ was reprinted
in weekly numbers^ in 1732 and 1733, .2 Vols, folio ; the
first of which was inscribed, in a manly dedication, to Fre-
derick prince of Wales, who rewarded Mr. Tindal with a
gold inedal worth forty guineas. The second volume of
the 8vo edition had been inscribed to sir Charles Ws^er,
when the translator was chaplain on board the Torbay in
th^ Bay of RQvel in the Gulph of Finland.^ VoK IVt is de-
dicated to tlie same,, from the saqie place, 1127.. Vol. YI.
fnom. Great WaUham, 1728, to the English factors at Lisr
bon, where tb^ translatQi: officiated as^chaplain five months
ia the absQtM^e of Mr. Sims. The *' Continuation"' was like-
i^lsa published in we/ekly numbers, which began in 1744,
and was completed March 25, 1747, which is the date o^
the dedic^btion to the bte duke of Cumberland. When the
" History" was published, Mr. Tindal was *' Vicar of Great
Waltbam." In the ** Continuation'* he is called *^ Rector
of Alverstoke, and chaplain to the royal hospital at Green-
wich.'* This last .was printed in two volumes, but Js aq*
companied with a recommendatiou to bind it in three;
volf Illi^ to contain the reign. and medals of king William ;
vol. IV. fl)Q7*eign of queen Ajnne ; . and vol. V. the reign of
kipg George. I. with the medals of .q.ueen Anne and. king
George ; a summary of the History of. EngUnd, and the
inc|ex^ A second qdition of the " Continus^tioo" appeared
ii) 1751^; aad anew edition of the whole, in 1757, 21 vols.
8vo. Both i^ the Trs^nslation aifd Continuation be was ma«
terially .fssristed by Mr. Morant; and the 9aie of both so far
exceeded the expectations of Messrs. Knaptonf the book-
sellers, that they complimented Tindal with a present of
200/, In 1727, he trapsli^d the te^t printed with Mr.
Morant's translation of the notes of Mess, de Beauspbre and
L'JCnfai^t on St. Matthew's Gospel. On the disc^yery of
the ^imposition practised on his uncle, ha entered into a
cpntroversy with Budgell who bad cheated Jbim ; and pub-
lisbed, among other things^, a pamphlet entitled ^' A Copy
of th^ Will of Dr# Matthew Tindal, with an account of
what passed concerning the same between Mrs. Lucy Price,
Eu&tace Budgell,: esq. and Mr. Nicholas Tindal," 1733,
8jiro.: By tliis, will 2000 guineas, and the MS. of a second
volume of ** Christianity as old as the Creation," were be-
vqtieathed to Mr. Budgell ; and only a small residue to his
nephew, whom, by a regular will, he bad not long before
400 T I N D A L.
afypoirrted his sole hein The transaction is alluded tm in
the weli-koowQ lines of Pope :
*' Let Budgell charge low €rrub*8treet on mv quiff,
And write whate"^ he please, except my WiH/*
Indeed no person at that time seems to have entertained
any doubt of the will being a forgery ; and perhaps Bud-
gelPs guilt became mpre obvious from the awkiVard at-
tenlpts be made to defend himself in his periodical publica-
tion called ** The Bee/' Mr. TindaPs last publication was
a translation of ^^ Prince Cantemir^s History of the Othman
Empire/* folio. He was also editor of ** A Guide to Clas-
sical Learning, or Polymetis abridged,- for Schools;*' a
publication of much use, and which has passed through se^
veral editions. A portrait of him is prefixed to the second'
volume of his translation of Rapin. He had been elected
a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in Feb. 1736/ but
resigned it in June 1740.'
TINDALE. SeeTYNDALE.
TINTORETTO (Giacopo), a celebrated Italian painter,
called Tintoretto, because he was a dyer's son, for his
real name was RoBUSfl, was born at Venice in 1>512. He
was a disciple of Titian, who, having observed something
extraordinary in his genius, dismissed him from his family,
lest he should become his rival. He still, however, pur-
sued Titian*s manner of colouring, as the most natural,
and studied Michael Angelo's style of design, as the most
correct Venice was the place of his constant abode, where
lie was made a citizen, and wonderfully beloved* He was
called the Furious Tintoret, foi^ his bold manner ^f paint-
ing with strong lights and deep shades, and for the rapidity
of his genius. Our information respecting bis personal
history, detached from his public character, is but scanty;
we are told that h6 was extremely pleasant and affable, and
delighted so much in painting afid music, his 'beloved stu-
dies, that he would hardly suffer himself to taste any other
pleasures. He died in 1594, aged eighty-two.
It might be wished, says Mr. Fuseli, whose elaborate opi-
nion of Tintoretto, we shall now transcribe, that the mean
jealousy of Titian, and its meaner consequence, the ex-
pulsion of Tintoretto from his school, had been less authen-
ticated. What has been said of Milton, that at certain pe-
riods he was hut one of the people, might be true of Titian
whenever he was not before his canvas, Foliy^ always a
A Nichols's Bowyer.
TINT OR E T T O. 40t
ji prtocipaly if not the chiefs ingredient in the character of
jealousy and ambition, generally runs into the extremes it
wishes to avoid, and accelerates the effects it labours to
repress. The genius of Tintoretto was not to be circum-
scribed by the walls of bis master^s study; and to one who^
1^ under his eye, had the hardiness to think, and to choose
for himself what he should adopt or not of his method, dis«
;. mission was in fact emancipation. He now boldly aimed at
Z erecting himself into the head of a new school, which should
^ improve the principles of that established by Titian, and
'^' supply its defects ; he wrote over the door of hisapariment^
"! •' the design of Michael Angelo and the colour of Titian ;'*
'^^ and this vast idea, the conception of an ardent and intrepid
*^' mind, he strove to substantiate by a course of studies
* equally marked by discretion and obstinate perseverance.
* Ttie diy was given to Titian, the night ^to Michael Angelo.
The artificial light of the lamp taught him those decided
masses, that energy of chiaroscuro, which generally stamps
each, group and single figure in his works* Whether be
f enjoyed the personal friendship of Michael Angelo (as Bot-
^ tari thinks) ;nay be doubted ; jthat he procured casts from
- his (tatues, s^nd copies from bis frescoes, is evident from
^^ the incredible number of his designs after the former, and
^ the various imitations and hints with which his works
r' abound, from the latter. He modelled in wax and clay,
1^ and studied anatomy and the life to make himself master
e- of the body, its proportions, its springs of motion, its fore-
t shortenings, and those appearances which the Italians dis-
i'- tiuguish by the phrase of '^ di sotto in su." Add to this,
'% exuberant fertility of ideas, glowing fancy, and the most
r: picturesque eye; and what results might not have. been
■^ expected from their union with such methods of study, had
uniformity of pursuit, and equal diligence in execution,
>: attended his practice ?
That it did for some time, the " Miracle of the Slave,*'
formerly in the Scuola. di S. Marco, and lafely at Paris,
which he painted at the age of thirty-six, and the ^^ Cru*
r clfixion'* in the Albergo of the Scuola di S. Rocco, are sig-
^ nal instances. The former unites, with equal ardour and
/ justness of conception, unexampled fierceness and rapidity
;; of execution,^ cprrectness and even dignity of forms, power-
t ful masses of light and shade, and a more than Titianesque
^ colour : with all the fury of a sketch it has all the roundnjes^
^ and decision of finish ; the canvas trembles : this is the
Vol. XXIX. Di>
l92 TINTORETTO.
Tivid abstraet'of that mossa which Agosttno Caracct exclo*
siFely ascribes to the Venetian school ; and here Tintoretto
has, as far perhaps as can be shewn, demonstrated what he
meant by wishing to embody with the forms and breadth
of Michael Angelo the glow and juice of Titian. If this
stupendous picture have any flaw, it is perhaps that, in
beholding it, the master appears to swim upon bis work,
and that S. Marc, and the miracle he descends to perform,
are eclipsed by the ostentatious power of the artist. This
is not what we feel when we contemplate the Capello Sis-
tina, the ^^Pietro Martire" of Titian, or the " Crucifixion**
mentioned before, by Tintoretto himself. The immediate
impression which it makes on every one who for the. first
time casts a glance on its immense scenery, is that of a
whole whose numberless parts are connected and subdued
by a louring, mournful, minacious tone. All seems to be
hushed in silence round the central figure of the Saviour
suspended on the cross, with his fainting mother, and a
group of male and female mourners at his feet ; an assem-
blage of colours that less imitate than rival nature, a scale
of hues for which Titian himself seldom offers a parallel,
yet all tinged by grief, all equally overcast by the lurid tone
that stains the whole, and like a meteor hangs in the sickly
air : whatever inequalities or derelictions of feeling, what-
ever improprieties of common-place, of modern and antique
costume, the master's rapidity admitted to fill his space
(and they are great), all vanish in the ppwer which com-
presses them into a single point, and we do not delect
them till we recover from our terror. With these the
** Resurrection" too in the Scuola di S. Itocco may be
placed, of which the magic chiaroscuro, the powerful blaze
of the vision contrasted with the dewy distant light of dawn,
and the transparence of the d^k massy foreground, are
but secondary beauties. If the " Resurrection" preserved
among the arrazzi of Raphael be superior in extent of
thought, in the choice of the characters admitted, the
figure of Christ himself is greatly surpassed by the ideal
forms and the serene dignity united to that resistless velo-
city which characterise Christ in the work of Tintoretto ;
whilst xht celestial airs and graces of the angels balance by
sublimity the dramatic variety displayed by Raphael.
But if Tintoretto, when he chose to exert his power, was
equal to the greatest names, it is to be lamented with
Agostr. Caracci that be was too often inferior to himself.
TINTORETTO. 403
when, goaded on by the rage of doing singly the work of
all, perverted by. a false ornamental principle, and de-
bauched by unexampled facility of execution, he gave
himself neither time to conceive, to judge, or to finish;
wben> content to snatch a whim if it had novelty, he turned
his subject into a farce, or trampled Its parts into undistin-
guished masses, and sacrificed mind, design, character, and
sense, to incongruous imagery, fugitive effect, and puerile
allurements : it was in such a fit that, in the *^ Temptation
of the Desert," he placed Christ on a tree ; hid him in a
crowd in the picture of the " Pool of Bethesda ;" and in
another turned the " Salutation of the Virgin*' into profane
irruption. It has already been observed that Tintoretto
was a learned designer, but his style was rather muscular
and robust than select and characteristic ; in his male forms
we every where recognize the Venetian model : the gondo-
liers of the canal furnished his heroes and apostles with
limbs and attitudes. In his females he aimed at something
ideal ; the ruling principle of their fortfls is agility, though
they are often too slender for action, and too contrasted for
grace. The principle of dispatch which generally ruled
him, eqiially influenced his colour. Now he gives us all
the impasto the juice and glow of Titian ; now little more
than a chiaroscuro tinged with fugitive glazings. The dark
primings which he is said to have preferred, as they assisted
his effects, perhaps accelerated the ruin of his tints. In
his touch, if he was ever equalled, he certainly has never
been excelled ; his work as a whole and in parts seems to
have been done at once.
Tintoretto had a son and a daughter, who both excelled
in the art of painting ; Marietta, the daughter, particularly.
She was so well instructed by her father in his own profes-
sion, as well as in music, that in both arts she acquired
great reputation ; and was especially eminent for an admi-
rable style in portraits. Sh^ married a German, and died
in 1590, aged thirty, equally lamented by her husband and
father ; and so much beloved by the latter, that he never
would consent she should leave him, though she bad been
invited by the emperor Maximilian, by Philip 11. king of
Spain, and several other princes, to their courts.
Dominico, hi^ son, gave great hopes in his youth, that he
would one day render the name of Tintoretto yet more il-
lustrious than his father had made it"; but, neglecting to
cultivate by study the talent which nature bad givon him^
DD 2
404 TINTORETTO.
he ,fell short of what was expected from him; He' was
more considerable for portraits than historical compositions;
and diet! in 1637, aged seventy-fiveJ
TIPTOFT (John), Earl of Worcester, a patron of
learning, and one of the few literary ornaments pf England
in the fifteenth century, was born at Everton, or Eversten, in
Cambridgeshire, and educated at Baliol college, Oxford*
He was son of the lord Tibetot, of Tiptoft,and Powys, and
was created a viscount and earl of Worcester by king
Henry VI. and appointed lord deputy of Ireland. By Ed-
ward IV. he was made knight of the garter, and constituted
justice of North Wales, for life. Dugdaie says, he was soon
after made constable of the Tower for life, and twice trea->
surer of the king's exchequer, but other historians say he
was twice Jord high constable, and twice lord treasurer:
the first time, according to Lud. Carbo, at twenty-five years
old ; and again deputy of Ireland for the duke of Clarence.
But whatever dispute there may be about his titles in the
state, there is no doubt that he was eminently at the head
of literature, and so masterly an orator, that be drew tean
from the eyes of pope Pius II. otherwise i£neas Sylvius, a
munificent patron of letters. This was on pronouncing an
oration before the pontiff when hevisited Rome, through
a curiosity of seeing the Vatican library, after he had re*
sided at Padua and Venice, and made great purchases of
books. He is said to have given MSS. to the value of 500
marks to duke Humphrey's library at Oxford* He was
about this time on his return from a pilgrimage to Jerusa-
lem, which expedition is partly attributed to the suspence
of his lordship's mind between gratitude to king Henry and
loyalty to king Edward ; but he seems not to have been
much influenced by the former, in the opinion of lord Or*
ford. It is certain that Richard Nevil, earl of Warwick,
did not ascribe much gratitude to him, nor did Worcester
confide much in any merit of that sort; for^ absconding
during the short restoration of Henry^ and being taken con-
cealed in a tree in Weybridge-forest in Huntingdonsbiirey
he was brought to London, accused of cruelty in his ad*
•ministration of Ireland, particularly towards two infant aoos
of the earl of Desmond, and condemned and beheaded at
the Tower in 1470. For his imputed offences, some au-
thors ^re inclined to allow a foundation, but in these tur<«
> Pilkington, by Faseli.— Argenville, toI. I.— Sir J. ReynoIdf*fi Workii
T I P T O F T. 405
bulent times malice and political intrigue are supposed to
have frequently had a share in fallen greatness. Pennant,
however, is of opinion that all his love for the sciences did
not protect him from imbibing the temper of the unhappy
times he lived in.
Caxton, who was his printer, says that he ** in his tyme
ilowred in vertue and cunnyng, and to whom he knew none
lyke emong the^ lordes of the temporalite in science and
moral .vertue.*' He translated ** Cicero de Amicitia,'^ and
'^Two Declarations made by Publius Cornelius Scipio, and
Gayus Flamyneus, competitors for the love of Lucrece,'*
which he dedicated to Edward IV. He also wrote some
other orations and epistles, and Englished ^* CeaserVCom*
mentaries, as touching British affairs,*' published without
the name of printer, place, or date, but supposed to be
J)rinted by Rastell, from its type. The margin contains
the original Latin in Roman character. ' In. the reign of
Edward IV. he drew up ** Orders for placing the nobility
io all proceedings,'' and ^'Orders and Statutes for justs
and triumphs," both MSS. in the Cotton library. In the
Asbmolean collection are ^* Ordinances, statutes, and rules,
made by John Tiptoft, earle of Worcester, and constable
of England, by the king's commandment, at Windsor, to
be observed in all manner of justes of peirs within the
realm of England, &c." Th^se ordinances were again re-
vived in the 4tb of Elizabeth, and are printed in Mr. Park's
edition of Harrington's ^* Nugee Antiquse." He is also said
to have written '* A petition against the Lollards," and an
, ** Oration to the citizens of Padua." In the MSS. belong-
ing to the cathedral of Lincoln, lord Orford mentions a vo-
lume of sbme twenty epistles, of which four are written by
our earl, and the rest addressed to him ; but the late Mr.
Gough, after a careful search, could not find them in that
collection.*
TIRABOSCHI (Jerome), one of the most valuable Ita-
lian writers of the last century, was born at Bergamo, in
the Venetian states, Dec. J8, 173i. He was sent to the
Jesuits^ College at Monza ; and when his course of edncs(-
tion was completed in i746, he entered into the otder of
that society. In 1754, wh^n in his twenty-third year, he
was appointed preceptor of grammar, and afterwards of
> Royal and Noble Aothors, by Park.*- Fuller's Worthies.— Oldys'i Libra-
tUja, p. 255.— UUnd.— Bal«.— Piti and TanD«r.«-Woou'9 iiist. et Antiq.
/
406 T I R A B O 8 C H I,
rhetoric^ in the college of Brera, in Milan. In that sta-
tion, in 1755, be republisheil, for the use of his ptipiis,
the vvelUknawn vocabulary of bis late culieaguey father
Mandosipy '^ Vocabbiorio Italiano e Latino del P. Man-*
dosio accrescinto e correttu*'; and, from 1756 to 1760» be
wrotQ several orations and other fugitive pieces, in which
wight be perceived the bent of his mind towards civil and
literary history. Of these Fabroni mentions only one as
having been published, ^* De Patrise Oratio,'* Milan, 1759«
During his professorship he was appointed assistant keeper
of the copious and valuable library of the college of Brera^
and began to collect original and curious records from
'printed books and manuscripts. His knovvledge of books
had already recommended him to the esteem of the lUus-*
trious count Firmian, then Austrian plenipotentiary in
Lombardy ; and it is not improbable that he might have a
share in the compilation of the catalogue.of the vast and
curious library of that justly renowned patron of letters^
which was afterwards printed at Milan in 1783, .in nine parts
or volumes, 4to.
The first remarkable work of Tiraboschi, and that which
procured him a great reputation, was his *' Vetera Humi«
l^atorum monumenta annotationibus ac dissertatiouibus,
prodromis illustrata,*' Milan, 1766, 3 vols. 4to ; a work which
throws much light on the ecclesiastical, civil, and literary
history of the middle ages. Soon after this publication, be
was appointed librarian of the ducal libraVy at Modena, to.
which he accordingly removed in 1770, and in the follow-
ing year published the first volume of bi$ justly celebrated
** History of Italian Literature," which was continued by
successive publications, and the twelfth and la^t volume
appeared in 1732. The plan of this work was very exten-
sive; schools, academies, museums, libraries, priiitipg-of-
fices, travellers, patrons, collectors, artists, and, in short,
whatever was directly or indirecily connected with the his-
tory of the sciences, and literature in Italy, had their ap-
propriate places in this elaborate undertaking, in which, it
has been justly said, that the author discov^ers uncommon
penetration, prodigious learning, great industry, a re-
fined spirit of criticism, with much facility of composition
and elegance of style. Its importance was. therefore soon
felt all.over Europe. In the same order as they appeared
at Modena, the several volumes were soon republished in
Florence, Home, and Naples ; two abridgments also were'
T I R A B O S C H r. 407
finade'of the work, one in France, by Landi, another in
Germany; and the literary reviews in every part of Eorope
seemed to want words to express their applause. Among
other effects, not very remote, this work has tended to re-
vive, in this country, a taste for Italian literature, which
has been successfully cultivated of late yeard by Messrs.
Matthias, Roscoe, and others. Mr. Matthias, it is well
known,, has lately republished what regards Italian poetry,
from Tiraboschi, in four volumes, judiciously divided into
seven chapters : the first of these explains the common
principles of Italian and Provencal poetry ; the second re-
lates the state and vicissitudes of the Prpvengal poetry
from the year 1183 to 1300; the third gives the progress
of Italian poetry during the same period; th^ fourth ex-
hibits, its history from 1300 to 1400 ; the fifth, a similar
account of the improvements which took place from 1400
to 1500; and the sixth and seven4:h are devoted to the de-
scription of the two subsequent periods — from 1500 to
1600, and from 1600 to 1700, the latterof which constitur
ted the limits of Tiraboschi's general history. This elegant
work is a suitable companion to Mr. Matthias's former pub-
lications, his " Select Sonnets and Canzonets" from Pe-
trarch ; his '* Lyric Productions of the most celebrated poeti?
of Italy," and his new edition of Crescembini.
Tirabosehi's work encountered some criticisms during th^
progress of publication ; and it would not be surprizing to
iind many blemishes in such a vast undertaking. Of thes^
criticisms, where just, he availed himself in his second edi-
tion, but entered into no controversy, unless with the Spa-
nish ex- Jesuit Lampillas. Tiraboschi was of opinion, that
the Spaniards had been greatly instrumental in the corrup-
tion of taste in Italy ; and on this principle he had, in his
work,' severely criticised Martial, Seneca, and Lucan, all
Spaniards by birth. This excited the patriotic zeal of some
of the Spanish ex*Jesuits settled in Italy, and especially of
Lampillas, who wrote an ^'Apologetic Essay on Spanish
Literature," which Tiraboschi answered.
Before this great work had been completed, Tiraboschi
began his " Modenese Library," or memoirs of the Mode-
nese writers, in 6 vols. 4to, the last of which appeared in
1786. This work alone might have secured him the repu-
tation of one of ^he ablest bibliographers in Europe ; but un-
fortunately, for the sake of rendering it mofe complete, be
joined to it, iu the sixth volume^ several notices of painu
» ^
40« T I R A B O S C H I.
ers^ sculptors, engravers, i^rcbitects, and even musicianf,
born in that state, and as be possessed neither accurate
information, nor a sound judgment on these subjects, his
work, in this part, proved notoriously defective. While it.
was in progress, he published the ^^ History of the cele-
brated abbey of Nonantula,V 2 vols. fol. His last voluminous
work was the " Memorie Storiche Modanesi," 3 vols. 1793,
4to, containing a judicious collection of records relative to
the bishops of Modena and Reggio, to the family ef Pio,
lords of Carpi, and that of Pico, princes of Mirandula.
These works met with public approbation ; but that, from
the nature of the subjects, must be supposed limited to
bis own country.
Between the years 1771 and 1793, when his great work
appeared, he published many lesser performances ; and,
in 1773, undertook a literary magazine and review, under
the title of " Nuovo Giornale de' Letterati d* Italia," and
acted as editor from that time to 1790, when the whole
series amounted to forty-three volumes, octavo. In this
miscellany he inserted numberless very valuable papers {
the most remarkable of which were, perhaps, his ^' Ingfiii*
i:ies concerning the primitive discoverers of the Copernican
system ;'* ** The manuscript code of the Poetics of Vida ;''
"The origin of the Art of Printing;" and "The origin
of Rhyme." Among his lesser separate works, were his
" Life of the poet and statesman Fulvio Testi ;''. his ." Life
of S. Olympia ;" and some " Reflections on Genealogical
Writers."
It was likewise during the same interval that he was
promoted to higher literary and even civil honours, both
by the duke and the city of Modena. In 1780 the duke
appointed him superintendant of the cabinet of medakr,
and gave him the order of knighthood-, and in 17Si the
xity sent him the diploma of Modenese nobility, and de-
clared him one of the conservatoriy with as many prero-
gatives and privileges as were enjoyed by the natives
themselves. The city of Bergamo also, in 1785, ordered
that his portrait, with a proper inscription, should be placed
in the hail of the great council. It is almost superfluous
to add, that during the same period he was nominated a
member of the most distinguished academies in Italy. It
is seldom that literary merit is so amply rewarded, but his
country owed him much, for no man had done so much for
Its honour. His last labours were on a new edition of h\%
T I R A IB 0 S C H I. 40*
•* -History of Italian Literature/' published at Modena
from 1787 to 1794, 15 vols. 4to, the only one which is now
complete. This immediately preceded his death, at Mo^
dena, June 3, 1794, in the sixty-third year of his age.
• His death was highly regretted by ^vcry friend of learn-
ing. After a solemn funeral, performed in the ducal church
of St. Dominic, his remains were transferred to the parish
church of St. Faustina, in the suburbs, in which a monu*
ment was erected by his heirs. His moral character is said
to have been worthy of his literary fame. He left behind
him some manuscript writings, and had maintained an ex*
tensive correspondence with some of the most eminent
among his contemporaries, all whose letters were digested
by him in twenty-eight volumes, which are said to be full
of valuable matter. *
TIRAQUEAU (Andrew)^ or Tiraquellus, a learned
French lawyer/ of the sixteenth century, was a native of
Poitou, and became a counsellor in the parliament of Bour*
deaux, and alterwards in that of Paris. He laboured very
diligently to drive chicanery from the bar, and being em*
ployed by Francis I. and Henry II. in many affairs of con-
sequence, approved himself in all things a man of strict
and singular integrity. Though he must have been much
employed in public business, he was so diligent with hit
pen that his works amount to seven volumes in folio.
Frank. 1597. Tiraqueau died, at a very advanced age,
in 1574. Among his numerous works, those particularly
noticed are,' 1. ^^ Commentaries on Alexander ab Alexan*
dro," published separately, in two volumes folio, L^yden^
1673, 2. ** Commentarius de Nobilitate et jure primoge*
mtorum,^^ Leyden, 1617, folio. He was a married man,
and it is said that he produced a book and a child every
year, till there were twenty of each, or as some say thirty.
This, with the circumstance, of his being a water-drinker,
oecasfoned the following jocular epitaph: — ** Hie jacet,
qui aquam bibendo viginti liberos suscepit, vigioti libiloi
edidit. Si merum bibisset, totum orbem implevisset.'*
Here lies a man who, drinking only water.
Wrote twenty books, with each had son or daughter ;
Had be but used the juice of generous vats.
The world would scarce have held his books and brats. *
1 Life by Mr. Damiaoi in the Atheoacum, vol. V. — Life by Matthiai |"— aad
7abroni, vol. XVL
* GcD. DicU— Morei:L— -BuUsrt'fl Academic das Sciencai.
410 T I S I. .
TISI, or TISIO (Benvenuto), called II Garofalo, an
Italian artist, was born at Ferrara in 14S1. H^ left his
masters at Ferrara and Cremona, to go to Ilome, where he
entered the ffcbool of Raphael. He imitated his design,
the character of his faces, the expression, and much of his
colour, though he added something of a more inflamed and
stronger cast derived from the Ferrarese school. His pic-
tures of evangelic subjects abound at Rome, Bologna, and
other cities of Italy ; they are of different merit, and not
painted all by him. His large pictures, many of which
are in the Chigi gallery, are more genuine and more sin-
gular. The visitation of Mary in the palace Doria, is one
of the master-pieces in the collection. Tisi used to mark
his pictures with a painted violet, which the vulgar in Italy
call Garofalo, a flower allusive to his name. It does not
appear from Vasari, and others, that Garofalo had any share
in the works which were executed by the scholars of Ra-
phael under his direction. He returned to Ferrara, and
became the heaJ of that school, and died there in 1559,
aged seventy-eight. *
TITIAN, or TIZJANO (Veceluo), the great master
of colour, was born at the castle of Cador in Friuli, 1480.
His education under Sebastiano Zuccati, of Trevigi, and
afterwards under Giovanni Bellini, rendered him a diligent
and subtle observer of every object that strikes the senses :
ao that when at a maturer age he entered into a comlpeti-
tion of finish with Albert Durer, and painted at Ferrara the
picture of " Christ with the tribute-money," now at Dres^'
den, he excelled, in nicety of penciling, that master of
minuteness ; with this difference of result, that though the
hairs on the heads and hands of his figures might be count-
ed, though every pore of the flesh was discriminated, and
the objects reflected in the pupils of the eyes, the effect of
the whole was not diminished, but seemed to gain more
breath and grandeur by distance. To this work, however,
he made no companion, and at an early period appears to
have adopted that freer and less anxious method found by
Giorgione, his fellow-scholar first, and then his rival. Some
portraits painted by Titian during that short period can-
not be distinguished from those of Giorgione himself; but
he soon found a new style, perhaps less vapoury, not so
fiery nor so grand ; but sweeter — a style which ravishes
} Pilkinip^oD by FU£«n*
TITIAN./ 411
the beholder less by the novelty of its effect than by a
genuine representation of truth. The first work of this
style, all bis own, h the '^ Archangel Raphael leading To-
biah, in the sacristy of S. Marziale/* painted in his thirtieth
year^ and the ** Presentation of the Virgin" at the Cariti,
one of his richest and most numerous compositions remain-
iiig (for many perished hy fire), is said by Ridolfi to have
followed it at a very short interval.
To no coloiirist, before or after him, did Nature anveil
herself with that dignified familiarity in which she appeared
to Titian. His organ, universal, and equally fit for all her
exhibitions, rendered her simplest to ber most compound
appearances with equal purity and truth. He penetrated
the essence and the general principle of the substances he^
fore him, and on these established bis theory of colour*
He invented that breadth of local tint which no imitatioa
has attained ; by taking the predominant quality of colour
in an object, for the whole, painting fiesh which abounded
in demitints, entirely in demitints; and depriving of all
demitiuts, what had but few. He first expressed the nega«
tive -nature of shade. Perfect master of contrast,- of warm
and cold tints, he knetv by their balance, diffusion, and re-
call, to tone the whole. His are the charms of glazing,
and the mystery of reflexes, by which he detached, round-
ed, connected, or enriched, his objects. He was the first
who changed stuffs to drapery, gave it local value, and a
place, subordination, and effect. His harmony is less in-
debted to the force of light and shade, than to true gra-
dation of tone. His tone springs out of his subject, grave,
solemn,, gay, minacious, or soothing. His eye tinged Na-
ture with gold, without impairing her freshness. She dic-
tated his scenery. Landscape, whether it be considered-
as the transcript of a spot, or the rich combination of con-
genial objects, or as the scene of a phenomenon, as subject'
and as back-ground, dates, if not its origin, its real value,
from him. He is the father of portrait-painting 3 of re*
semblance with form, character with dignity, grace with
simplicity, and costume with taste.
In design Titian had a style, and in composition and
expression occasionally excelled, though on the whole
they were little more for him than vehicles of colour. That
he possessed the theory of the human frame, needs not to
be proved from the doubtful designs which he is said to
have furnifibed for the anf^tomical work of Vesalio -, that ha
4l« TITIAN.
4
had familiarised himself with the line of Michael Angela^
and burned with ambition to emulate it, is less evident
from adopting some of his attitudes in the pictures of
** Pietro Martire/' and the battle of Ghiaradadda^ than
from the elemental coneeptionsy the colossal style* and
daring foreshortehings, which astonish on the cieiing of the
Salute. In general, however, his mate forms have less se-
lection than sanguine health ; often too fleshy for character,
less elastic than muscular, and vigorous without grandeur.
tlis females are the fair, dimpled, Venetian race, soft
without delicacy, too full for elegance, for action too plump.
Titian Was abundantly honoured in his life-time. He
made three several portraits of the emperor Charles V.
who honoured him with knighthood, created him count
palatine, made all his descendants gentlemen, and assigned
hitn a considerable pension out of the chamber at Naples.
The respect of Charles V. for Titian was as gr^at as that
of Francis I. for Leonardo da Vinci ; and many particulars
of it are recorded. It is said, that the emperor one day
took up a pencil, which fell from the hand of this artist,
who was then drawing his picture; and that, upon the
compliment which Titian made him on this occasion, he
replied, ** Titian has merited to be served by Csssar.'* And*
when some lords of the emperor's court, not being able to
Conceal their jealousy of the preference he gave of Titian's
person and conversation to that of all his other courtiers,
the emperor freely told them, <*that he could never want
courtiers, but could not have Titian always with him.'*
Accordingly, he (reaped riches on him ; and whenever he
sent him money, which was usually a large sum, it was
with tihe compliment, that *^ his design was not to pay him
the value of bis pictures, because they were above any
price.'* He painted also his son Philip II. SoUman einpe-
rdi^ of the Turks, two' popes, three kings, two empresses,
sevetal queens, and almost all the princes of Italy^' toge-
th^ with the i^mous Aribsto aind Peter Areti'ne,«^io Were-
bis itvtiAifltte friin<b.«» Nay, so grelit was*tbe -name and re*-
putatib^^of Titikn, that th^e< was«bftrdly/<ci«|jerscln of ^ny
etHitieil^ei^i!^ living; ia Europe, from whom he did not re^^
(^ft^ifr'^sbflbe pfa^tfc&iat^ ni^^i of rfste«m'}^a»id'bistrih<iu^nat|
V%hibi^\^s«1$)^<<^iistttht^'r€Mkz>vo^ %fkAf
p,eQple.pf the beat quality. That he had his weaknesses,
we have ialready noticed in our account of^TpinjJ^rettO. He
i^as so happy in the constitution of bis body, that he had
TITIAN. 41S
I
I
never beei> sick till 1576 ; and then be died of the plague,
at the extraordinary age of ninety-nine. It has been re*
marked that we have many instances of the longevity of
painters Ninety is an extraordinary age for any man, but
Spinello lived beyond it. Carlo Cignani died at ninety*
one; Titian at the same age; M. Ang. Buonarotti at
oinety ; Leonardo da Vinci at seventy-five; Calabrese at
eighty-six ; Claude Lorraine at eighty-two ; Carlo Maratti
at eighty-eight, and prodigious numbers of eminent paia-*
ters from sixty upwards.
Titian left behind him two sons and a brother, of whom
Pomponioy the eldest, obtained preferment in the chi^rch.
Horatio, the youngest, painted several portraits, which
might stand in competition with those of his father. He
was celebrated also for many history pieces, which he
painted at Venice, in concurrence wiih Paul Veronese and
Tintoret. But bewitched at last with chemistry, and the
hopes of finding the philosopher's stone, be laid aside the
pencil; and having reduced what he got by his father to
nothing, died of the plague in the same year with him*
Francesco Vecelli, Titian's brother, was trained to arms ia
the Italian wars; but peace being restored, applied himself
afterwards to painting. He became so great a proficient
in it, that Titian grew jealous of him ; and fearing, lest in
time he should eclipse his reputation, sent him upon pre*
tended business to Ferdinand king of the Romans. After^
wards he followed another profession, and made cabinets
of ebony adorned with figures; which, however, did not
hinder him from painting now and then a portrait for. a
friend. '
TITLE Y (Walter), a polite scholar, was born in 1700,
aqd received his education at Westminster^ school, where
be Was much befriended by bishop Atteibury, who chose
him for his son's tutor, in which capacity he resided in the
bishop's famify about the time of the supposed plot ia
1722. From Westminster ]dr. Titley went off to Trinity-
college, Cambridge, in 1719, in which be for many years
held the lay- fellowship founded for a civilian^ He was
early in life sent envoy extraordinary to the court of Co*
penhagen^ where he died Feb* 176S^after a long resideuce^
very highly esteemed on accouui of his many amiable qua^
> PiUiagton bj Fuieli.-*ArgearUle» toL I.— Aflioabj'i lifts of
—Sir J. Rcynoldi*! V^orki.
the Paintert.
\
416 T I X I E R.
Nivernoisy whence be took the former of his latinized names.
,He was esteemed as a scholar in bis own time, which was
the commencement of the sixteenth century, and taught
polite literature in the college of Navarre, at Paris, ivith
considerable success. He died in 1522, and, as some say,
in great poverty. His writings were chiefly, if not entirely,
in Latin; and there are extant of them, 1. '* Epistles/*
Lyons, 1569, 8vo. 2. " Dialogues,'' Rott. 1651, 12mo,
published also with the epistles. 3. " Epigrams." 4. ** Epi-
thetorum Opus," Bas. 1592, 4to. There is an epitome of
this work published at London in 1657, 12mo. 5. ** Ek-
positio Nominuin." 6. An edition of the ** Opera Scripto-
rum de Claris Mulieribus," Paris, 1651, fol. This, how-
ever, as is evident, must have been a republication from
his edition. ^
TOALDO (Joseph), a learned Italian meteorologist,
was born in 1719, at Pianezza, in Vincenza, and educated
at Padua, where he took a degree as doctor of theology,
but was principally attached to mathematical studies. He
obtained in the mean time some ecclesiastical preferment,
and in 1762 was appointed professor of astronomy and me-f
teorology in the university of Padua, where bis talents were
well known. Here be procured an observatory to be built,
vhich was completed in 1774, and furnished with some
instruments from England. ' About three years after, be
Was elected an honorary member of our royal society, and
kad contributed some articles to the Philosophical Trans-
actions. He was first known throughout Europe by an in-
genious work on the influence of the heavenly bodies on'
the weather and atmosphere, ^^ Delia vera Influenza," &c*
1770, 4to, and became afterwards yet more known by his
" Meteorological Journal," which he began in 1773, and
continued till his death. His reputation was afterwards
extended by a variety of publications, separate, or in the
literary Journals, on meteorological subjects, of which
Fabroni has given a large list. He died in Nov. 1797, in
the seventy-ninth year of his age, and his private character
il5 said to have been no less estimable than his public. *
TODD (HuGH)j D.D. alearned English divine, vyas born in
1658, at Blencow iu Cumberland, became a poor scholar of
Queen^s college, Oxford, in 1672, and when B. A. taberdar
* Moreri.— Diet. Hist.
« Fabroai Vii« Itakrua^ toI. XVII.— Phaotophiciil
TODD. 417 ,
of that bouse. . He was elected fellow of University college*
Dec. 23, 1678; and proceeding M. A. July 2, 1679^ be-
came chaplain to Dr. Smith, bishop of Carlisle. He was ap-
pointed one of the four canon residentiaries of Carlisle, in
168*5; and the same year obtained the vicarage of Stan*
wix, which he resigned in 1688. He accumulated the de-
grees of B. and D. D. Dec. 12, 1692. By a petition pre-
sented to the House of Commons by Dr. Todd, requesting
to be heard by counsel before the bill ^< to avoid doubts
and questions touching statutes, &c." should pass, it ap-
pears that '^ the bishop of Carlisle (Dr. Nicolson) had cited
the dean and chapter before him in bis visitation held at
Carlisle in September 1707, and exhibited articles of in-
quiry against them; and the petitioner appeared, and
entered his protest against the bishop's power, being in-
formed, the right of local visitor was in the crown ; but the
said bishop, in an illegal manner, suspended the petitioner
ab officio et benejkio^ and afterwards excommunicated him.**
The apprehensions of Dr..Todd were, that, if the bill should
]»ass, it would *^ subject him to further inquiries and arbi-
trary censures of the bishop in his visitations." The bill
passed the Commons, with some amendments, March 17,
and received the royal assent March 20, J 708. He re-
signed his residentiaryship in 1720, which was then given ^*
to Dr. TuUie, and died vicar of Penrith in 1728. He was ^
also rector of Arthuret at the time of bis death. His pub- ^
licatiohs are, ^^ The description of Sweden,^' 1680, folio; |
'^ An Account of a Salt-spring and another medicinal ,
spring on the banks of the river Weare, or Ware, in the
bishopric of Durham,'"* 1684, Phil. Trans. No. 163 ; and
" The Life of Phocion,'* 1684. He left also in MS
'' Notitia Ecclesise Catliedralis Carliolensis : una cum Ca-
talogo Priorum, dum Coiiventualis erat, & Decanorujn &
Canonicorum quum Coliegiata. Notitia Prioratus de Wed-
derhalj ; cum Catalogo omnium Benefactorum qui ad am-
b.as has sacras iEdes struendas, dotandas, & ornandas, pecu-
niam, terras & ornamenta, vel aliquaalia beneficia, pie &
munifice contuleruiit.*' These two were written in 1688^
and dedicated by the author to the dean and chapter of Car-
lisle. They are now in the Lambeth library. He left also
in MS. ** A History of the Diocese of Carlisle, containing an
account of the Parishes, Abbeys, Nunneries, Churches,
Monuments, Epitaphs, Coats of Arms, Founders, Benefac-
tors, &c. with a perfect catalogue of the Bishops, Priors,
Vol. XXIX. Ee
i\% TOD D;
PeanSy Chancellors, Arch-^deacoos, Prebendaries, and df
all Rectors and Vicars of the several Parbbes in the sud
Diocese/* 1689* He was also one of the translators of
Piutarch*s Morals, and of Cornelius Nepoa. By Ballard'^a
MS letters in the Bodleian library it appears, that Or. Todd
sent a chartulary of Fountains Abbey to the University coU
lege library : and that he was solicited by Dr. Hickes to
assist in publishing some Saxon books \
TOLAND (John), an English writer, one of the founders
of modern Deism, was born Nov. 30, 1 669, in the moat
northern peninsula of Ireland, in the isthmus of which
stands Londonderry. His Christian name was Janua
Junius; but, the boys at school making a jest of it, the mas*
ter ordered him to be called John, which name he retained
ever after. Some say he was of a good family, but that bia
patients were Papists. This last particular we learn from
himself; for he tells us, that he *^ was educated from bis
cradle in the grossest Superstition and idolatry; but God
was pleased to make his own reason, and such as made use
of theirs, the happy instruments of bis conversion — for he
was not sixteen years old when he became as zealous against
Popery, as he ever since continued." Others have af«»
firmed, that his father was a Popish priest ; and this seems
to be the general opinion, although one of bis biographers
has somewhat hardily asserted, that ^* the contrary is no-
torious, and has been proved."
Fram the school at Redcastle near Londonderry, he went
in 1687 to the college of Glasgow in Scotland ; and, after
three years stay there, visited the univeiteity of Edinburgh^
where he was created master of arts in June 1690, and re-^
ceived the usual diploma or certificate from the professors.
He then went back to Glasgow, where he made biit a short
stay, and intended to have returned to Ireland ; but he
altered his mind, and came into England, '^ where, he tells
us, he lived in as good Protestant families as any in the
kingdom, till he went to the famous university of Leyden in
Holland, to perfect bis studies.'' There he was generously
supported by some eminent Dissenters in England, who had
conceived great hopes from his uncommon parts, and might
flatter themselves that in time he would be serviceable to
them in the quality of a minister ; for he had lived in their
communion ever since he forsook Popery, as he himself
I Kicolton's LeUerfl, where is a full account of hit contest with that prelate.^
— Willii's Cathedrals.— -HutcbJDSOD'i History of CumberUnd.— Ath. Ox. ¥oL 11.
T O )L A N D.
41f
o\trnsin effect in his ^'Apology.'' Id 1692, Mr. (after^
wards Dr.) Daniel Williams, a very eminent Dissenting mi-«
nister, having published a book entitled ^^ Gospel truth
stated and vindicated,'^ Mr. Toland sent it to the author oF
the '^ Bibliotheque universeile," and desired him to give an
abstract of it in that journal : at the same time he related
to him the history of that book, and of the controversy it
referred to. The journalist complied with his request
(vol. XXIII) ; and to the absti*act of Mr. Williams's book
be prefixed the letter be received from Mr. Toland, whom
he styles " student in divinity."
After having remained about two years at Leyden, he
came back to England, txnd soon after went to Oxford,
where, besides the conversation of learned men, he had the
advanti^e of the public library. He collected materials
upon various subjects, and composed some pieces ; aimong
others, a Dissertation to^ prove the received history of the
tragical death of Regulus, a ikble ; the substance, howev^,
of which he owns he took from Palmerius, who had exa-
mined the subject in his ^* Observationes in optimos fere
Authores Greeoos." Toland began likewise a work of
greater consequence, in which he undertook to show, that
there are no mysteries in the Christian religion ; but he
left Oxford iu 1695, before it was finished^ and went to
London, where he published it tiie next year in 12mo
with this title, ^' Christianity not mysterious : or, a
te'eatise shewing, that there is nothing in the Gospel
contrary to reason, nor above it, and that no Christian doc- •
triae can be properly called a mystery." For the founda-
tion of this proposition, Mr. Toland defines mystery, as he
says it is.always used in the New Testament, to be a thing
intelUgible in itself, but which could not be known with*
out a special revelation ; contending, as those do who have
since called themselves rational Christians^ that there is
nothing in the New Testament either against or above rea-
son. His treatise was no sooner abroad, than the public
were very much alarmed, and several books came out against
it*. It was even presented by the grand-jury of Middle-
* Among others Mr. Beconsall pab-
li8h«d ** The Christian Belief ; where-
jn is asserted and proved, that as there
is nothing in the gospel contrary to
feasody yet there are some doctrines
in it stboTe reason; and thfse being
•ecessarily enjoined us to beliere, are
properly called Mysteries : in answer
to a book intituled, Christianity not
mysterious." Mr. Beverly, a pregfoy-
terian minister, put out a pamphlet en-
titled, ** Christianity the great myii^
tery, in answer to a late treatisei,
Christianity not mysterioas ; <4Mt ift,
£ E 2
\
43«
T O LA N n.
•ex } hutf zs' nsttali without any effect io preventing tbe
tale.
This book being sent by the London booksellers inta
Ireland, made no less noise there than it had made in^
England ; and the clamour was much increased when he
went thither himself in 1697. Many particulars concerning
this affair are related in the correspondence between Mr,
Locke and Mr. Molyneux, which will serve also K> iHustrate
the temper and character of Toland himself, who was cer^
tainly a very extraordinary man. In a letter, dated Dublin,
April the 6th, 1697, Mr. Molyneux writes thus to Mr.
Locke : *^ In my last to you, there was a passage relating
to the author of ' Christianity not mysterious.' I did not
then think that he was so near me as within the bounds of
this city ; but I find since that he is come over hither, and
have bad the favour of a visit from him. I now under-
stand, as I intimated to you, that he was born in this coun-
try; but tjiat he hath been a great whileabroad, and bis
education was for some time under the great Le Clerc.
But that for which I c^n neyer honour him too much, is his
acquaintance and friendship to you, and the respect which
on all occasions he expresses for you. I propose a great
deal of satisfaction in his conversation : I take him to be a
candid free thinker, and a good scholar. But there is a
violent sort of spirit that reigns here, which begias alveady
to shew itself against him ; and, I believe^ will increase
daily ; for I find the clergy alarmed to a mighty degree
against him ; and last Sunday he had his welcome to this
cityt by bearing himself harangued against out of the
pulpit,, by a prelate of this country.*' In a letter, dated
May the 3d, Mr. Locke replies to Mr. Molyneux : ^M am
glad to hear that the gentleman does me the favour to
speak well of me on that side tlie water ^ I never deserved
jwt Above or contrary to reason : in
•ppotitlott to wirich it a«Kerted« Chris-
tiantty is above created reason in ita
pure state, and contrary to human
reason, as fallen and corrupted ; and
therefore in a pjroper sense Mystery.
Together with a pqstcript letter to the
^attaor,oD his second edition enlarged./'
It was also animadverted upoo by Mr.
John Norris, in bis '* Aocoiiot of Rea*
son and Faith in relation to the Mys-
teries of Christianity :" by Mr. Elys,
in his *' Letter to sir, Robert Hovrard,
witb animadversions upon a book call-
ed Christianity not mysterious :" by
Dr. Payne, in some "Sermons*' preaeb«
ed at Cansbridge : by bishop Stilfing*-
fleet, in his ** Viudication of the doc-
trine of the Trinity,?' Sec, : by the au-
thor of the ** Occasional Paper,* No;
HI. :" by Mr. Miller, in bif « Dis-
course of Conscience," &c. : by Mr.
Oailhard, in his book against the So«
cinians: by Synge, archbishop of
Tuam in Ireland, in bis ** Appendix
to the Gentleman's Religion :" and
by Mr. Brown, afterwards bisbpp •!
Cork.
^\
T O L A N D. 421
c
anther ef him, but that he should always have done isa on
this. If his exceeding great value of himself do fiot de-
prive the world of that usefulness that his parts, if rightly
conducted, might be of, I shall be very glad.-— I alwsiys
value men of parts and learning, and I think I cannot do too
much in procuring them friends and assistance : but there
may happen occasions that may make one stop one's
band ; and it is the hopes young men give, of what use they
will make of their parts, which is to me th^ encouragement
of being concerned for them : but if vanity increases with
age, I always fear, whither it will lead a man. I say this to
you, because you are my friend, for whom I have no re-
serves, and think I ought to talk freely, where you inquire,
and possibly may be concerned ; but I say it to you akme,
and desire it may go no farther. For the man I wish very
well, and could give you, if it needed, proofs that I do so,
and therefore I desire you to be kind to him ; but I must
leave it to your prudence in what way, and how far. If his
carriage with you gives you the promises of a steady useful
man, I know you will be forwaird enough of yourself, and
I shall be very gbd of it ; for it will be his fault alone, if he
prov« not a very valuable man, and have not you fdr his
friend.'* Mr. Molyneux thanks Mr. Locke for these hints
concerning Mr. Toland, in a letter dated May the STth,
and says, that " they perfectly agree with the apprehen-
sions he had conceived of him. Truly," says he, ^ to be
free, I do not think his management, since he came into
this city, has been so prudent. He has raised against him
the clamours of all parties ; and this not so much by his
difference of opinion, as by his unseasonable way of dis-
coursing, propagating, and maintaining it. CoflPee-hovises
^ and public tables are not proper places for serious dis«-
courses, relating to the most important truths : but when
also a tincture of vanity appears in the whole course of a
man's conversation^ it disgusts many that may otherwise
have a due value for his parts and learning. — Mr. To-
land also takes here a great liberty on all occasions^ to
vouch your patronage and friendship, which makes many,
that rail at him, rail also at you. I beUeve you will not ap*
prove of this, as far as I am able to judge, by your sbaking
him off, in your letter to the bishop of Worcester.** The
reader is requested to keep in mind these early discoveries
of Tolahd's vanity. They unfold his whole character.
Vanity was predominant with him from first to last; and if
#2S T O L A N O.
ibe lives of other infidels are examined with care, from
Toland to the last g^rbler of Toland in our own days, it will
be found that vanity was the ruling passion, and the inspirer
of those paradoxical opinions which they maintained with
obstinacy even when, it is to be feared, they did not believe
them themselves. It is with good reason, and certainly
with shrewdness and ability, that in a late ingenious work,
the life of Toland is sketched as an instance of one of the
'< victims of immoderate vanity *."
JStillingfleet, bishop of Worcester, in his " Vindication of
the doctine of the Trimty,V had taken occasion to animad-
vert on Mr. Toland's ** Christianity not mysterious ;** and,
as he supposed that Toland had borrowed some principles
from LocWs *^ Essay on human understanding,'* in sup*
port of his heretical doctrines, he bestowed some animaei"
.versions also on that work. This, and Mr. Toland's per-
sisting to represent him as his patron and friend, together
with his very exceptionable conduct, made Locke renounce
all regard for him, and almost disclaim the little counte-
iMiDce be had given him. To this purpose he expresses
Jiimself, in a letter dated the 15th of June: ^' As to the-
gentleman to whom you think my friendly admonishments
may be of advantage for his conduct hereafter, I must tell
you, that he is a man to whom I never writ in my life ;
and, I think, I shall not now begin : and as to his conduct,
|t is what I never so miich as spoke to him of; that is a
liberty to be taken only with friends and intimates, for
whose conduct one is mightily concerned, and in whose
affairs one interests himself. I cannot but wish well to all
jneti of parts and learning, and be ready to afibrd them all
Ibe eivUities and good offices in my power : but there
must be other qualities to bring me to a friendship, and
unite me in those stricter ties of- concern ; for I put a great
^eal of difference between those whom I thus receive into
my heart and afiection, and those whom I receive into my
chamber, and do not treat there with a perfect strangeness.
I perceive you think yourself under some obligation of pe^-
culiar respect to that person, upon the account Of my re-
commendation to you ; but certainly this comes fr<Mn no-
thing but your over-great tenderness to oblige me. For if
I did recommend him, you will find it was only as a man
of parts and learning for his age; but without any inten*
* D'hraeH's CalapiHici of AuitH>n^ vol. II.
. T O L A N a 42*
tioti that tbey should be ot any other consei^tience; or lead
you any farther^ than the other qualities you shall find in
bim shall recooimend him to you ; and therefore whatso-*
ever you shall, or shall not do, for him, I shall no way in-
terest myself in.** At that time Mr. Peter Brown, senior
fellow of Trinity college near Dublin, afterwards bishop of
Cork, having published a piece against Mr. Toland's book,
Mr. Molyneux sent it to Mr. Locke, with a letter dated the
SOtb of July : " The author, says he, ** is my acquaintance;
but two things I shall never forgive in his book : one is the
foul language and opprobrious names he gives Mr.Toland; .
the other is upon several occasions calling in the aid of the
civil magistrate, and delivering Mr.Toland up to secular
punishment. This indeed is a killing argument ; but some
will be apt to say, that where the strength of his reasoning
failed bin, there he flies to the strength of the sword.'* At
length the storm rose to such a height that Toland was
forced to retire from Ireland ; and the account which Mn
Molyneux gives of the manner of it, in a letter dated the
llih of September, would excite pity, were it not con-^
sidered as representing the natural consequences of his va-
nity. <^ Mr. Toland is- at last driven out of our kingdom :
the poor gentleman, by his imprudent management, had
raised such an universal outcry, that it was even dangerous
for a man to have been known once to converse with him.
This made all waty men of reputation decline seeing him,
insomuch that at last he wanted a meal's meat, as I am told,
and none would admit him to their tables. The little stock
of money which he brought into this country being ex-
hausted, he fell to borrowing from any one that would lend
bim half a crown ; and ran in debt for his wigs, cloaths,
and lodging, as I am informed. And last of all, to com-
plete his hardships, the parliament fell on his book ; voted
it to be burnt by the common hangman, and ordered the
author to be taken into custody of the sergeatnt at arms,
and to be prosecuted by the attorney-general at law. Here->
upon he is Bed out of this ki'ngdom, and none here knows
where he has directed his course.*' Many in England ap-
proved this conduct in the Irish parliament; and Dr. Sonth
m particular was so highly pleased with it, that he com-
plimented the archbbbop of Dublin upon it, in the dedi-
cation of his third volume of «* Sermons,** printed in 169S.
After teving condemned our remissness here in England,
for bearing with Dr. Sherlock, whose notions of the Tri*
424 T O L A N n. '
nity he cbargei with heresy, be adds, ^^ but, on the con^
trary, among you, when a certain Mahometan Christian
(no new thing of late) notorious for his blasphemous denial
of the mysteries of our religion, and his insufferable viru*
lence against the whole Christian priesthood, thought to
have found shelter among you, the parliament to their im«
mortal honour presjently sent him packing, and, without the
help of a faggot, soon made the kingdom too hot for him/^
As soon as Toland was in London, be published an apD-
logetical account of the treatn>ent he had received in Ire-f
land, entitled '< An Apology for. Mn Toland, &c. 1697;"
and was so little discouraged with what had hfqppened to
bim there, 4hat he continued to write and publish hia
thoughts on all subjects, without regarding in the least
who might, or who might not, be offended at him. He
bad published, in 1696, ^^ A discourse upon Coin%*' trans-
lated, from the Italian of signior Bernardo Davanzati, a
gentleman of Florence : he thought this seasonable, wbea
clipping of money was become a national grievance, and
several methods were proposed to remedy it. In 1698^
after the peace of Ryswick, during a great dispute among
politicians, concerning the forces to be kept on foot for
the quiet and security of the nation, many pamphlets ap-;
peared on that subject, some for, others against, a standing
army ; and Toland, who took up his pen among others,
proposed to reform the militia, in a pamphlet entitled
'^The Miliiia Reformed, &c.^' The same year, 1698, he
published ^^Ihe Life of Milton,'' which was prefixed toi
Milton's prose works, then collected in three volumes folio.
In this he asserted that the *^ Icon Basilike" was a spun*
ous production. This being represented by Dr. Blackall,
afterwards bishop of Exeter, as affecting the writings of
the New Testament, Toland vindicated himself in a piece
called, " Amytitor; or, a Defence of Milton's Life, 1699,'*
8vo. This Amyntor however did not give such satisfac-
tion, but that even Dr. Samuel Clarke and others thought
it necessary to animadvert oii it, as being an attack oh the
canon of the scripttires. Yet Toland had the confidence
afterwards (in the preface to his ** Nazarenus") to pretend
that his intention in his '' Amyntor'' was not to invali-
date, but to il;ustrate and confirm the canon of the New
Testament; which, as Leiand justly observes, may serve as
one instance, among the many that might be produced, of
the writer's sincerity. The siime year, 1699^ be published
TOLA.NiD^ 435
^ The Memoirs of Denzil lord Holies^ baron of Ifield in
Sussex, from 1641 to 1648," from a manuscript commu^
nicated to him by the late duke of Nevrcastle, who was on^
of bis patrons and benefactors.
' In 1700 be published Harrington^s ^'Oceana,'' and big
other works^ with his life in folio ; and about the same time
came out a pamphlet, entitled ^' Clito, a poem on the
force of eloquence." In this piece, under the character of
Adeisidemon, which signifies unsuperstitious, he promises
in effect not to leave off writing till he had detected knavery
and imposture of everj kind* In 1701 be published two
political pieces, one called ^' The Art of governing bj Par-
ties ;" the other ^[ Propositions for uniting the two East
India Companies." The same year, being informed that
the lower bouse of convocation had appointed a committee
to examiiie impious, heretical, and immoral books, and that
his ^^ Christianity not mysterious," and his ^< Amyntor,'*
were under their consideratioui be wrote two letters to
Dr. Hooper, the prolocutor, either to give such satisfac-
'tion as should induce them to stop their proceedings, or
desiring to be beard in his own defence, before they passed
any censure on his writings ; but, without paying any re-»
gard to this application, the committee extracted five pro-
positions out of his <^ Christianity not mysterious," and re-t
solved, that, ''in their judgment, the said book contained
pernicious principles, of dangerous consequence to the
Christian religion ; that it tended, and (as they conceived)
was written on a design, to subvert the fundamental articlea
of the Christian faitb ; and that the propositions extracted
from it, together with divers others of the same nature^
were pernicious, datigerous, scandalous, and destructive
of Christianity." Tbis representation was sent to the upper
bouse, which likewise appointed a committee to exannine
Toland^s book, and, upon receiving their report, unani-
mously determined to proceed (as far as they legally might)
against the work and the author: but, having taken the
opinions of sonie able lawyers upon the point, they were
obliged to declare, that they did not find, how, without a
licence from the king (which they had not yet received),
t bey could have sufficient authority to censure judicially
any such books. This declaration of the bishops gave oc-
casion to several pamphlets on the subject, and Toland
published a defence of himself, under the title of '' Vindi-
cius JLiberius,, or Mr. Toland's defence against the lower
4M T O L A N D.
li#use of cooYOcation, &c.** in which be gave foil icope !•
hiB vanity, and removed much of the disguise with which
lie had hitherto covered some of his principles both re-
ligious and political.
Upon the passing of an act of parliamenti in June 1701,
for settling the crown, after the decease of king William
and the princess Anne, and in default of their issue, upon
the princess Sophia, electress dowager of Hanover, and
the heirs of her body, being Protestants, Toland published
bis '^Anglia libera, or, the limitation and succession d
the crown of England explained and asserted, &c.'' 8vo ;
and when the earl of Macclesfield was sent to Hanover wit^
this act, Toland attended bim. He presented bis ** Anglia
libera** to her electoral highness, and was the first who bad
the honour of kissing her hand upon the act of succession.
The earl recommended bim particularly to her highness,
and he stayed there five or six weeks ; and on his depar-
ture he was presented with gold medals and pictures of the
electress dowager, the elector, the young prince, and the
queen of Prussia. He then made an excursion to the court
of Berlin, where he had a remarkable conversation with M.
Beausobre, upon the subject of religion, in the presence
of the queen of Prussia. Beausobre communicated an ac->
count of it to the authors of the ** Bibliotbeque Germa*
nique,*' who printed it in that journal ; and from thence
we learn, that it was concerning the autbority of the books
of the New Testament, which Mr. Toland, with his usual
self-sufficiency, undertook to question and invalidate. — On
the 11th of November, 1701, a proclamation was issued
•ut, for dissolving the parliament, and calling another to
Bieet in December. While the candidates wer^ making
interest in their respective countries, Toland pubttshed the
following advertisement in the Post-man : ^* There having
been a public report, as if Mr. Toland stood for Blecbingly
in Surrey, it is thought fit to advertise, that sir Robert
Clayton has given his interest in that borough to an emi-
Bent citizen, and that Mr. Toland hath no thoughts of
standing there or any where else.'* This advertisement
afforded matter of pleasantry to an anonymous writer, who
published a little pamphlet, entitled ** Modesty mistaken :
or, a Letter to Mr. Toland, upon his declining to appear
in the ensuing parliament.*'
In 1702 he published three pieces : ^* Paradoxes of state,
&c.*' in 4to ; ** Reasons for addressing his majesty to iu*
T O L A N D.
427
irite into England the electress dowager and elector of
Hanover;^* and bis ^' Vindicius liberius," already men*
tioned. After the publication of this book, he went to the
courts of Hanover and Berlio, where be was received very
graciously by the princess Sophia, and by the queen of
Prussia, both ladies, who delighted in conversing with men
of learning and penetration, whose notions were new or
uncommon. He had the honour to be often admitted to
their conversation ; and, as he made a longer stay at Berlin
than at Hanover, so he had frequent opportunities of wait*
ing upon the queen, who took a pleasure in asking him
questions, and hearing bis paradoxical opinions. After his
return therefore into England, he published in 1704 som«
philosophical letters; three of which were inscribed to
Serena, meaning the queen of Prussia, who, he assures us^
was pleased to ask his opinion concerning the subject of
them. The title runs thus: ^^ Letters to Serena, contain-
ing, 1. The origin and force of prejudices. 2. The history
of the souPs immortality among the heathens. 3. The origia
of idolatry, and reasons of heathenism; as also, 4. A letter to
a gentleman in Holland, shewing Spinoza^s system of philor
fiophy to be without any principle or foundation. 5. Mo'
tion essential to matter, in answer to some remarks by a
noble friend on the confutation of Spinoza. To which is
prefixed ai preface^ declaring the several occasions of wri-
ting them,'' Svo. About the same time he published an
^* English translation of the Life of iEsop, by M. de Me-
ziriac,^' and dedicated it to Anthony Collins, esq. It was
prefixed to <^ The fables of ^sop," with the moral reflec*
tions of M. Baudoin.
In 1705 he published several pamphlets : *^ Socinianism
truly stated, &c.'^ to which is prefixed, " Indifference in
disputes recommended by a Pantheist to an orthodox
friend," in 4to ; '< An account of the courts of Prussia and
Hanover,'* in 8vo; ** The ordinances, statutes, and privi-
leges of the academy erected by the king of Prussia in the
city of Berlin," translated from the original, in Svo ; " The
memorial of the state of England, in vindication of the
queen, the church, and the administration, &c.'' This
last was published, without the name of the Author, by the
direction of Mr. Harley, secretary of state; and afterwards
a defence of it was written, by order of the same person,
fcut for some reasons suppressed, after six or seven sheets
of it were printed. Mr. Harley was one of Tolaod's chief
42« T O L A N D.
patrons and benefactors, and used to employ him as a spy«
Harley having accidentally found, among other manur
scripts, a Latin oration, to excite the English to war
against the Freneh, communicated it to Toland, who pub-
lished it in 1707, with notes and a preface, under thit
title, '^Oratio Philippica ad excitandos contra Galliam
Britannos ; maxime vero, ne de pace dum victis pra;maturi
agatur: sanctiori Anglorum concilio exhibita, anno Christi
J5I4." Soon after be published, at the request of the
elector^s minister^ ^< The elector Palatine^s declaration in
favour of his Protestant subjects."
He set out for Germany in the spring of 1707, and went
first to Berlin ; but an incident too ludicrous to be men-
tioned, says Mr. Des Maizeaux, obliged him to leave that
place sooner than he expected. What that incident was
cannot now be gathered from his correspondence. From
thence be went to Hanover, on the territories of a neigh-
bouring prince. He proceeded to Dusseldorp, and was
^^■'y graciously received by the elector Palatine ; who, in
consideration of the English pamphlet he had published^
presented him with a gold chain and medal, and a purse
of an hundred ducats. He went afterwards to Vienna,
being commissioned by a famous French banker, then in
Holland, who wanted a powerful protection, to engage the
Imperial ministers to procure him the title of count of the
empire, for which he was ready to pay a good sum of
money; but they did not think fit to meddle with that
affair, and all his attempts proved unsuccessful. From
Vienna he visited Prague in Bohemia; and now, his money
being all spent, he was forced to make many shifts to get
back to Holland. Being at the Hague, he published, in
1709, a small volume, containing two Latin dissertations:
the first he called ^* Adeisidsemon ; sive, Titus Livius a
superstitione vindicatus ;" the second, ** Origines Judaicas ;
sive, Strabonis de Moyse & religione Judaica bistoria bre-
viter illustrata." In the first of these pieces, he endea-
vours to vindicate Livy from the imputation of superstition
and credulity, although his history abounds j with relatipns
of prodigies and portents ; in the second, he seems inclined
to prefer Strabo^s account of Moses and the Jewish religion
to the testimony of the Jews themselves. In this disserta*
Upn, also, he ridicules Huetius for affirming, in his *^ De-
monstratio evangelica," that many eminent persons in the
f^ Old Tdstament'^ are allegorized in the heathen inytbof
T O L A N 0. 42f
logy> ^nd that Moses^ for instance^ is understood by the
name of Bacchus, Typbo, Silenus, Priapus, Adonis, &c^
and, if he had never done any thing worse than this, it i»
probable that the convocation'would not have thought hicm
an object of their censure. Huetius, however, was greatly
provoked with this attack; and expressed his resentment
in a French letter, published in the "Journal of Trevoux,"
and afterwards printed with some dissertations of Huetius,
collected by the abb^ Tilladet.
He continired in Holland till 1710;' and, while be was
there, had the good fortune to get acquaife^ted with prince
Eugene, who gate him several marks of his generosity.
Upon bi« return to England, he was for some time sup*
ported by the liberality of Mr. Harley, and by his means
was enabled to keep a country-house at Epsom in Surrey.
He published, in 1711, " A Description of Epsom, with
the Humours and Politics of that Place./' He afterwards
lost the favour of this minister, and then wrote pamphlets
against him. He published in 1710, without his name, a
French piece relating to Dr. Sacheverell, " Lettre d'un
Anglois a un Hollandois au sujet du docteur Sacheverell :"
and tbe'three following in 1712: "A Letter against Popery,
particularly against admitting the authority of fathers or
councils in controversies of religion, by Sophia Charlotte,
tile late queen of Prussia ;" ^* Queen Anne^s reasons for
creating the electoral prince ef Hanover a peer of this
realm, by the title of duke of Cambridge;'* and, "The
grand Mystery laid open, viz. by dividing the Protestants
to weaken the Hanover succession, and, by defeating the.
succession, to extirpate the Protestant religion.^' At that
time he also undertook to publish a new edition of Cicero's
works by subscription, and gave an account of his plan in
a *^ Latin dissertation,'' which has been printed among his
posthumous pieces.
In 1713 he published ^< An Appeal to honest PeopUr
against wicked Priests," relating to SacheverelPs affair ; and
"another pamphlet called " Dunkirk or Dover, or, the
queen's honour, the nation's safety, the liberties of Europe,
and the peace of the world, all at stake, till that fort and
port be totally demolished by the French.", la 1714 he
published a piece which shewed that he was very attentive
to times and seasons, for it ran through ten editioi^ within
A quarter of a year : the title is, " The art o£ Restoring, or,
the piety and probity of general ^ouk in' bringing about
430 T O L A N D«
the last reBtorattoDy evidenced from lus own authentic let-
ters ; with a just account of sir Roger, who runs the par-
allel as far as he can/* This sir Roger was intended for
the earl of Oxford, who was supposed to be then project-
incr schemes for the restoration of the Pretender. The
same year, 1714, he produced ^^ A collection of Letters by
general Monk, relating to the restoration of the royal fa-
mily ;" ^* The Funeral Elegy of the princess Sophia,*' trans*
lated from the Latin ; and ** Reasons for naturalizing the
Jews in Great Britain and Ireland, on the same foot with
all other nations ; with a defence of the Jews against all
Tulgar prejudices in all countries. He prefixed to this an
ingenious, but ironical dedication to the superior clergy.
In 1717 he published *^ The Sute Anatomy of Great Bri-
tain," &c. ; which being answered by Dr. Fiddes, chaplain
to the earl of Oxford, and by Daniel De Foe, he produced
a second part, by way of vindication of the former.
He seems now to have quitted politics, and to have be<-
taken himself, in a great measure, to learned and theoio*
gical inquiries; for, in 1718^ he published a work of aboat
one hundred and fifty pages in 8vo, with this long title,
'^ Nazarenos ; or Jewish, Gentile, or Mahometan Qiris-
tianity ; containing the history of the ancient Gospel of
Barnabas, and the modern Gospel of the Mahometans, at-
tributed to the same apostle, this last Gospel being now
first made known among Christians. Also, the original
plan of Christianity occasionally explained in the Naza-
renei^ whereby divers controversies about this divine (but
highly perverted) institution may be happily terminated.
With the relation of an Irish manuscript of the four Gos-
pels, as likewise a summary of the ancient Irish Chris*
tianity, and the reality of the Keldees (an order of lay re-
kgious) against the two last bishops of Worcester." Wt
make no observation upon this work: the reader knows
enough of Toland to conclude that it was not written with
any friendly view to revelation. He published the! same
year << The Destiny of Rome ; or^ the speedy and finni
destruction of the Pope,*' &c.
In 1720 Dr. Hare, then dean of Worcester, published a
fourth edition of his visitation sermon, entitled ^^ Chuf ch
authority vindicated,'' &c. and subjoined a postscript^ in'
which, speaking of bishop Hoadly's writings, he has th^
following stroke at Mr. Toland : *^ It must be allowed hi«
lordship judges very tr4ily, when bi 9ay« ibev afre faint re*
T O L A N D, 431
semblances of Mr. Chillingworth ; for etivy itself must own
bis lordship bas some resemblance to that great man, just
such a one as Mr. Toland has to Mr. Looke, who^ in * Chris-
tianity not mysterious,' is often quoted to support no-
tions he never dreamed of.^' Toland, upon this, adver-*
Used against Dr. Hare, that be never named Locke in any
edition of that book, and was so far from often quoting htm,
that he bad not so much as brought one quotation out of
him. This was true, and Hare immediately corrected him-
self by another advertisement, in which he directs, '^ makes
great use of Mr. Locke's principles,'' to be read, instead of^
** is often quoted to support notions he never dreamed' of.'*
Dr. Hare's advertisement occasioned .the publishing of «
pamphlet with this title, /^ A short essay upon Lying, or,
a defence of a reverend dignitary, who suffers under the
persecution of Mr. Toland, for a lapsus calamL^^
Upon a dispute between the Irish and British houses of
lords, with respect to appeals, when the latter ordered a
bill to be brought in for the better securing the dependency
of the kingdom of Ireland upon the crown of Great Britain,
Mr. Toland published ^^ Reasons most humbly offered to
the House of Commons, why the bill sent down to them
should not pass into a Law," 1720. About this time he
printed a profane Latin tract, entitled ^^ Pantheisticon :
mve, formula celebrandse sodalitatis Socraticas, in tres par-
ticulas divisa : quae Pantheistarum, sive spdalium, conti-
nent; 1. Mores et axtomata. 2. Numen et pbilosophiam*
3. Libertatem et non fallentem legem neque fallendam.
Praemittitur de antiquis et novis eruditorum sodalitatibus,
ut et de universo infinite et aeterno, diatriba. Subjicitur
de duplici Pantheistarum philosophia sequenda, ac de virl
opttmi et ornatissimi idea, dissertatiuncula. Cosmopoli,
MDCCXX.'* He had subscribed himself a Pantheist, as we*
have seen, in a pamphlet published in 1705, and here we
have his doctrines £Lnd his creed explicitly set forth :, ^^ In
mundo omnia sunt unum, unumque ekt omne in omnibus*
Quod omne in omnibus, Deus est ; sternus ac immensus,
neque genitus, neque interiturus. In eo vivimus, move-
mur, et existimus. Ab eo natum est unumquidque, in
euinque denuo revoluturum ; omnium Jpse principium ec
finis.'* This is Pantheism, that is, it is atheism, or there
is no such thing. The author knew it very well ; and fear-
ing lest he might have gone too far, he got it printed se«
cretly^ at his own charge, and but a few copies^ which he
432 TOLA N D,
distributed with a view of receiving presents for tbenr.^
There is a short preface to this piece, under the name of
Janus Junius Eoganestus ; which, though it was his true
Christian name, and the name of his country, luis-Eogan
being the place of his birth, yet served for as good a cover
as any whatever, nobody in England being acquainted with
these particulars.
Some time after, but in the same year, 1 720, be pub*
lished another learned work, of about 250 pages in Svo,
including the preface, entitled ^^ Tetradymus/' This is
divided into four parts, each of which has a distinct title*
The first is called ** Hodegus ; or, the pillar of cloud and
fire that guided the Israelites in the Wilderness,* not mira-
culous, but, as faiihruliy related in Exodus, a thing equally
practised by other nations, and in those places not only
useful, but necessary.*' The second is called *' Clydo-
phorus ; or, of the exoteric and esoteric philosophy ;*' that
is, of the external and internal doctrine of the ancients ;
the one open and public, accommodated to popular pre-
judices and the established religions ; the other private and
secret, wherein, to the few capable and discreet, was taught
the real truth^stripped of all disguises. There is more display
of learning in this dissertation than in atiy work produced
by Toland ; though they ail of them displayjearning where^
the subject admits it. The title of the third is, *' Hypatia;.
or, the history of the Philosophic Lady, who was murdered,
at Alexandria, as was supposed at the instigation of the.
clergy." The fourth is called " Mangoneutes ;" or, A de-
fence of Nazarenus against Dr. Mangey, who had attacked
it. In the last of these tracts he inserted bis advertisement
against Dr. Hare, with the doctor^s answer.
In 1721, Dr. Hare published a book, entitled '^ Scrip-
ture vindicated from the Misrepresentations of the lord
bishop of Bangor ;^' in the preface of which, speaking of
the Constitutions of Carolina, he observes, that, by one of
the articles, none are excluded from settling in that coun-
try upon account of their opinions, ** but downright atheists,"
says he, ^' such as the impious author of the Pantheisticon ;^
and, at the bottom of the page, he refers us to a profane^
prayer, composed by Tobnd, a more perfect copy of which,
be afterwards, upon farther intelligence, inserted in the
errata. The prayer runs in these terms : *^ Omnipotena
tt sempiterne Bacche, qui humanam societatem maxume
in bibendo coQstituisti ; concede propitius^ utistoruoi ca*
T O L A N li. * 4S»
pita^ qui hestern^ compotatione gravantur, bodierha leven-
tur; idque fiat per pocula poculorum. Amen." Des Maw
, zeaux, however, affirms, that it was not composed by To-
land, who knew n )thing of i^; but by a person whose name
he forbears, on account of his profession; though he be-
lieves he only designed it as a ridicule on Mr. Toland's club
of Pantheistic philosophers, whom he injuriously imagined
to be all drunkards, whereas thiey are grave, sober, and
temperate men. This year, 1721, Toland published, and
it was the last thing he published, ** Letters of lord Shaftes**:
bury to Robert Molesworth, esq.'* afterwards lord Moles-
worth, with a large introduction by himself, 8vo.
He had, for above four years past, lived at Putney, from
whence he could conveniently go to London, and come
badk the same day ; btit, he used to spend most part of thef
winter in. London. Being in town about the middle of
December, he found himself very ill, having been out of
order for some time before : his appetite and strength
failed him ; and a physician, who was called to him, made
bim worse, by bringing a continual vomiting and looseness
upon him. He made a shift, however, to return to Put-
ney, where he grew better, and had some hopes of reco-
very. In this interval, he wrote *^ a dissertation to prove
the uncertainty of physic, and the danger of trusting our
lives to those who practise it.'* He was preparing some
other things, but death put an end to all his purposes, the
11th of March, 1722, in bis fifty-second year. We are
told that he behaved himself, throughout the whole course
of his sickness, with a true philosophical patience, and
looked upon death without the least perturbation of mind,
bidding farewell to those about him, aud telling them, ** he
was going to sleep." Some few days before be died, he
wrote his own epitaph *.
Toland was a man of uncommon abilities, and, perhaps,
* « H. S. E. Nee minis, nee malig est indexas,
JOANNES TOLANPUS, Quin. quam elegit, viaoi perageiet:
Qui in Hibcrnia prope Deriam iiatu's, Utili booestum aniefereng. •
lo SeoMa & Hibemia studuit. Spiritus eum aethereo patrf>.
Quod 0)(onii qnoque fecit adolescena; A quo prodiii olim, conjungitur :
Atque Oermania plus semel petita, Corpu8*item, naluioe cedens,
Virilem circa Londin<;m traofcgit InmaternogriBniio reponitur.
SBiatetn. Ipse vero aeteruum est resnrrecturua^
Oniniom literarum excultor, At idem futurus TOLANDUS
At linguarum plus de«em sclent. niinqaam.
Verilatis propugnator, NaUis Nov. 30.
Libertatis assertor : CiBtera ex scriptiy pete."
Kuitius antem sectatorauL cWenn,
V0L.XXIX. F>
*i* T. O L A N 0.
the most learned of all the infidel writers ; but bis systeflfi
being atheism^ if to own no God but tlie universe be
atheism, he was led to employ those great parts and learn«>
isg, very much to the offence and injury of society. Va«-
nity, and an immoderate desire to distinguish himsetf, were
predominant qualities in his composition, and his character
in many other respects was far from being a desirable one^
for neither were bis morals pure, nor his manners amiable.
In his political career, be baid all the selfishness of the com-
mon hireling.
- Hi( *^ Posthumous Works** were published in 1726, 2
vols. 8vo, and republished in 1747, with an account of his life
and writings by Des Matzeaux, the title of which runs as
£dllows : <<Tbe Miscellaneous Works of Mr. John Toland,
now first published from his original manuscripts, contain-
ing, 1. An history of the British Druids, with .a critical
Essay'on the ancient Celtic customs, literature, &o. to which
is added. An account of some curious British Antiquities*
2. An account of Jordano Bruno, and bis celebrated book
on the innunrierable worlds. 8. A disquisition concerning
those writings which by ±he ancients were, truly or falsely,
ascribed to Jesus Christ and his Apostles. 4. The secret
History of the South-Sea scheme. 5. A plan for a Na-»
tional Bank. 6. An essay on the Roman Education. 7.
The tragical death of Attilius Regulus proved to be a fiction*
8. Select Epistles from Pliny, translated into English. 9.
A diverting description of Epsom and its amusements. 10*
Four Memorials to the Earl of Shaftesbury, relating to af-
fairs of state in 1713 and 1714. II. Physic without pby«>
siciatis. 12. Letters on various subjects. 13» Cicero illus-*
tcatus, dissertatio Philologico^critica ; sive, Consilium de
toto edendo Cicerone, alia plane methodo quam bactenua
unquam factum. 14. Conjectura de prima typographic ori*
gine." '
At the end of Des Maizeaux's life there is ^' An Elegy
6n the late ingenious Mr. Toland," which, that biographer
says, was published a few days after bis death ; and he adds>
that it was a matter of doubt with some, whether the author
intended to praise or ridicule him. Few things can be
more weak than Des Maizeaux^s own defence of Toland.-—
There is a considerable collection of Toland*s MSS. in the
British Museum (Ayscough's Catalogue), but of little real
value.*
1 Life by Des Maizeaux.— Life by Moshein; see Bibl. Ofrmaalqaet, ▼ol. Vf.
and Mosheim's Hist.— /Sen. Di€t.^Biog. Britt^-Leiaad's beuUcid;WrU«n^
O* Israeli's Calamities. N '
V
-«r-o L E T;r fas
.TOLET (FRANCis)t a learned cardinal, was born in 1532,
at Cordova, and appointed professor of philosophy in the
university of Salamanca at the early age of fifteen, which
is not remarkable if, according to Dominic Soto, who was
^is master, ,he was a .^' monster of genius/' Having after-
wards entered the Jesuits' order, he was sent to Rome,
where be taught theology and philosophy with reputation,
and philosophised after the genuine manner of the Peripa-
tetic school. Paul V. chose father Tolet for his preacher,
«^nd he held the same ofEce under the succeeding pontiffs,
with that of theologian in ordinary, besides being en-
trusted with several important commissions. Pope Grer
gory XIII. appointed him judge and censor of bis own
works, and Clement VIII. raised him to the c^rdinaiate ia
1594, being the first Jesuit who held that digiHty. He is
said to have been a lover of justice and equity, and la-
boured with great z^al and success to reconcile Henry lY.
with the court of Rome. He died in that city in 1596,
aged sixty-four. Henry IV. out of gratitude, ordered a
solemn service to be performed for him at Paris and at
Ilonen. This learned cardinal left seyeral wqrks, the prin-
cipal are : '^Commentaries on St. John," Lyons, 1614, foL^'
** On St. Luke," Rome, 1600, folio ; " On St. Paul's Epis-
tle to the Romans," Rome, 1602, 4to; '^ A Summary of
cases of conscience, or instructioi) for prieste," Paris, 1619,
4to, translated into French, 4tp, and a great number of
ptber treatises.^
. TOLLET (Elizabeth), an ingenious English poetess,
was the daughter of George Toilet, esq. commissioner of
the navy in the reigns of .king William and queen. Anoe.
She was horn in 1694> and her father, observing her ex-
traordinary genius, gave her so excellent an educatioa
that, besides great skrll in music and drawing, she spoke
fluently and correctly the Latin, Italian, and French lan-
guages ; and well understood history, poetry, and the ma^
tl^ematicg. These qualifications were dignified by an un-
feigned piety, and the moral virtues, which she posse8se4
and practised in an eminent degree. The former part of
her life was speoliip the Tower pf London, wherp her far
tber had a &ottse; the latter at Stratford and Wesfthaoi.
S)[)e died on the 1st of February, 1754, aged sixty yearly
#nd ,w?is b^ri«4 at ^e latter place*
payaDi.— *Moreri.-*Saxii Onomast,
4iS T O L L E T.
In 1755, a volume of her poems wts prmted, some of
the best of which may be seen in Mr. Nichols's Collections
She was honoured with the friendship of sir Isaac New--
ton, who was much pleased with some of her first essays.
It h^ been observed, that a few of her poems have such a
philosophical cast, and so great a depth of thought, that
they will scarce be understood by common readers. Her
Latin poems are also written in a truly classical taste. She
would nbt suffer her works to appear till she herself wa9
beyond the reach of envy or applause. They abound with
sentiment and simplicity, and yet are far from being desti-
tute of spirit and poetical ornament.
Her estate, which was a considerable one, she left to
her youngest nephew. Her eldest nephew, Georoe Toilet,
of Betley, in Staffordshire, but formerly of Lincolo's-inn,
who was well known for his valuable notes ou Shakspeare,
died Oct. 21, 1779. << He was," says Mr. Cole, " a fel-
low'Commoner of King's college, and my contemporary
about 1745 ; a shy, reserved inan, and of no genteel ap-
pearance or behaviour.'
TOLLIUS (James), a physician and very learned man,
'was a native of Ingra, in the territory of Utrecht; and
taught the belles lettres in his own country with great repu-
tation and profit for some time. In 1684, the marquis of
Brandenburg i^pointed him professor of eloquence and
the Greek tongue. He made several journeys into dif-
ferent parts of Germany, Hungary, and Italy; of which
he has given some account in a posthumous work, pub-
lished udder the title of ** Epistolas Itinerariae, by Hennt-
nius, at Amsterdam, 1700, in 4to. It is said there are
some useful and curious things in these episHes. Tollius
was the.editor of tw^o ancient authors, of ** Aosonius, cum
notis variorum, 1671," 8vo; and of " Longinus, 1694,'*
4to, with a Latin version in the same page, and Boileau^s
French version in the opposite. On reading this excellent
edition Gibbon pronounced Tollius to be, ^' though a com-
mentator, a man of taste and genius." Much, however,
cannot be said for his judgment, as the title of the follow-
ing work may shew: ^^ Fortuita sacra^ftn quibus prseter
critica nonnulia tota fabularis bistoria Greca, Phoenicia,
^gyptiaca, ad chymiam pertinere asseritnr, I687," 8vo^
He pushed this extravagantnotion so far as to seek for tbp
> Ktehoif't Po«inf^ t«L VI«-»Bkl^. DrMli.-^ol«V MS Athens in Brit Mas*
. TOLL! U S. 4»7
secrets, of cbymistry and tbe pbilosopber^i stof^e in tbe fa*
bles of Paganism. Tbis does not shew a very sound judg-
ment; yet there is a great deal of learnings and some curious
things, in bis book. He died in 1696.
He bad a brother, named Cornelius Tollius, who was
also a very learned man. He wasj^orn at Utrecht, and in
tbe beginning of bis life was an amanuensis to Isaac Vos«>
bius : he was afterwards professor of eloquence and th«
Greek tongue at Harderwic, and secretary to the curators
of the acadeoly^ He published an ^* Appendix to Pieriua
Valerianus's treatise De Infelicitate Literatorum," Amst.
1707/ 12mo; and an edition of /^ Palasphatus/' which last
is a scarce and valuable work. Alexander Tollius was
also brother to the two persons above mentioned, and is
known in tbe literary world by an edition of ^^ Appian/*
1670, 2 vols. 8vo, which is much esteemed.^
TOLMACH, or TALMASH (Thomas), a brave Eng-
lisb officer, was descended of a family said to be more an-
cient than tbe Norman conquest. He was tbe son of sir
Lionel Tolmacb of Helmingbam in the county of Suffolk^
bart by Elisabeth, daughter and heir of William Murray,
earl of Dysart, afterwards married to John, duke of Lau-
derdale. His talents and education were improved by bis
travels, in which he spent several years, and after be en-
tered into tbe army, distinguished himself so much by skill
ftnd bravery, as vary soon to acquire promotion. But in
tbe reign of James IL whose measures he thought hostile
to tbe true interests of the kingdom, be resigned bis com-
mission, and went again abroad. Tbe same political prin-
ciples inclining bim to favour tbe revolution, be was, on
the accession of William III. appointed colonel of tbe
Coldstream regiment, which had been resigned by William,
earl of Craven, on account of his great age and infiroiities ;
Bud was soon advanced to the rank of lieutenant-general.
In 1691, be exerted himself with, uncommon bravery in
the passage over the river Shannon, at the taking of Ath-
Jone in Ireland, and in the battle of Aghrim. In 1693, be
attended king William to Flinders, and at the battle of
Landen agaihst tbe French, commanded by marshal Lux-*
emburg, When bis majesty himself was obliged to retire,
the lieutenant-general brought off the English foot with
great prudence, resolution, and success.
* Cbaofepie.— Burman Traject. Erudit. and his Sylloge Epntolarum.
♦S# T O L »i A C H.
' But, in June the year following, he fell in the unfortu-
nate attempt for destroying the harbour of Brest in France;
He bad formed this design, and taken care to be well in-
atructed in every circumstance relating to it. Six thousand
men seemed to be more than necessary for taking ^nd keep-
ing Cameret, a small netk of land, which lies in the mouth
of and commands the river of Brest The project and the
preparations were kept so secret, that there was not the
least suspicion till the hiring of transport-ships discovered
it. A proposition for that purpose had indeed been made
two yeai^s before to the earl of Nottingham ; who, among
other things, charged admiral Rnssel with having neglected
that scheme, when it was laid before him by some persons
who came from Brest. Whether the French apprehended
the design ' from that motion, or whether it was now be-
trayed to them by some who were in the secret ; it is cer-
tain, that they had such timely knowledge of it, as put
them upon their guard. The preparations were not quite
ready by the day that had been fixed ; and when all was
ready, they were stopt by a westerly wind for some time;
%o that they arrived a month later than was intended. They
found the place well fortified with many batteries, ^hich
Were raised in different lines upon the rocks,, that lay over
the place of descent ; and great numbers were posted there
to dispute their landing. When the English fleet came so
near as to see all this, the council of officers declared
kgainst making the attempt ; but the lieutenant-general
^s so possessed with the scheme, that he could not be
diverted from it. He imagined, that the men they sa#
were only a rabble brought together to make a shew;
though it proved, that there were regular bodies among
them, and that their numbers were double to his own. He
began with landing of six hundred men, and ptit himself
at the head of them, who followed him with great couirage ;
but they were so exposed to the enemies* fire, and could
do them so little harm, that the attempt was found abso*
lutely impracticable. Thie greatest part of those, who
landed, were killed or taken prisoners ; and not above ah
bundred of them came back. The lieutenant*s:eneral him-
^elf was shot ici the thigh, of which he died in a few days',
'extremely lamented. Thus failed a design, which, if it
had been undertaken before the French were so well pr^
pared to receive it^ might have been attended with success,
and ifoUowed with very important effects. In^ this manner
T O L M A C a: A99
bishop Bornet represeots the affair, who styles the lieute*
nant-geiieral a brave and generous man, and a. good officer^
very fit to animate and encourage inferior officers and sol-
diers. Another of our historians speaks of this affair in
somewhat a different strain, declaring, that the lieutenant-
general *^ feil a sacrifice in tiiis desperate attempt, being
destined, as some affirmed, tolbat fall by the envy of some
of his pretended friends." His body was brought to Eng-
land, and interred on the 30th of June, 1694> at Helmiug-
ham in Suffolic.
According to Dr. Brady, general Tolmacb was ^< sin-
gularly remarkable for all the accomplishments of a gentle-
man ; his conversation familiar and engaging, his wit lively
and penetrating, his judgment solid and discerning ; and
ail these adorned with a graceful person, a cheerful aspect,
and an inviting atn And if we consider him as a soldier,
be was vigorous and active ; surprisingly brave in the moat
dangerous emergencies, apd eagerly catching at all oppor-
tunities, in which he might signalize his courage without
forfeiting his judgment. But with all this, ardour of an
invincible courage, he was. not of an uneasy turbulent dis-
position, or apt to be engaged in idle quarrels ; for as the
sweetness of his nature, and the potiteaass of his educa-
tion, hindered him from offering an affront to any man ; so
the modest sense which he had of his own merit, would
not suffer him to suspect that any was intended him. ia
short, he may justly be characterized under the titleaof
a complete gentleman, a zealous lover of his country, and
an excellent general.'' ^ .
TOMASINI (Jam£S Philip), an Italian prelate and bio-
grapher, was born at Padua, Nov. 17, 1597, of. a noble
family, originally of Lucca. He was instructed in Greeks
Latin, and logic, by the learned divine and lawyer, Bene-
detti, of Legnano, and afterwards entered the congrega-
tion of the regular canons of St. George, in Alga, where
he studied philosophy and theology, and received the de-
gree of doctor in the lauer faculty at Padua^ in 1619. He
would then have made profession,, but the rules of the con-
gregation not permitting it, be employed himselfJn the
composition of his various works. At lengt|i his merit ad-
vanced him to the first situations in his order ; and when
be went to Romei as visitor, he was very favourably fe-
1 Birch's L}v«iw^Fuscrai Sermon ^y Brady, 4to.— 'Bumet'i Owr Timet.
440 T O M A S I N T.
t
ceiTed by many persons of eminence, and especially by
tpope Urban VIII. who would have appointed him to a
•bishopric in the island of Candy, but at his own request
this was exchanged for the see of Citta Nuova, in Istria,
to which he was consecrated in 1642. Study and the care
of his diocese occupied tt«e whole of his time until bis
death in 1654, in the fifty-seventh year of his age.
He wrote, 1. *^ lUustrium virorum Elogia iconibus exor-
i^ita,** Padua, 1630, 4to. The portraits in this volume
(which is by no means uncommon in this country) amount-
ing to forty-five, are well engraven, and taken from pic-
tures in his collection. The lives or eloges are short, but
accurate. He published a second volume in 1644, but this
is less common. 2. *^ Titus Livius Patavinus," ibid. 1630,
, 4to ; a life of Livy, of which a mu9h improved edition was
published at Amsterdam in 1670. He published also other
single lives, and had intended a biography of all the authors
of Padua, but published only & ** Prodromus Athenarum
Patavinarum," 1633, 4to. 3. '^ Petrarcha redivivus inte-
. gram Poetse celeberrimi vitam iconibus sere caelatis exhi-
bens," ibid. 1635, 4to, and reprinted with additions in
1650. 4, Clarissimee faeminse Cassandrae Fidelis Venetse
epistolffi et orationes posthumee/' &c. ibid. 1636, 12mo.
5. *^ Oe Donariisac Tabellis votivis liber singuiaris,'VUtin.
1639, 4to, reprinted and enlarged, at Padua, 1654, 4to,
and inserted by Grsvius in the 12th volume of his Koman
antiquities. 6. ** Laurse CeratsB Epistolse, cum notis et
' vita," &c. Padua, 4640, 12mo. 7. " Bibliotbecs Pauvina)
Manuscriptae publics^ et privatse^ quibus diversi scriptores
hactenus incogniti recensentur," ibid. 1639, 4to. 8.-*' Bib-
liothecse Venetse MSS. publics et privataB,'* U.tin. 1650,
4to. He wrote some other works on the antiquities of Pa-
- dua, and closed his labours with his ^^ Gymnasium Patavi-^
' num,*' 1654, 4to, a kind of history of the university of
Padua.'
TOMBES (John), one of the most learned Baptist di-
vines of the seventeenth century, was born at Bewdley in
Worcestershire in 1 603 ; and, being intended for the church,
was educated at the gmmmar<>scbool, where he made such
proficiency ^s to be thought fit for the unive^rsity at the age
of fifteen. He was accordingly sent to Magdalen4iail,
Oxford, at that time, and William. P^mble was bis tutpr^
^ Niceron, toI. XXIX.-7Moreri.— Saxii Onoqaa^ticon*
T O M B £ S. 441
Here he acquired such dUtinction for talents and learning,
tbaton his tutor's death in 1624, he was chosen to succeed
htm in the catechetical lecture in Magdalen-hall. This he
held with great approbation for about seven years, during
which he was, amongst other pupils, tutor to Mr. Wilkins,
afterwards bishop of Chester^ He then, we may presume,
took orders, and went to Worcester, and after that to Leo-
minster in Herefordshire, of which he had the living, and
became a very popular preacher, and when the living wa$
found insufficient fur a maintenance, lord Scudamore made
some addition to it. Tombes was, says his biographer,
among the first of theclergy of those times who endeavoured
a reformation in the church, that is, was an enemy to the
discipline or ceremonies, for which he suffered afterwards,
when the king's forces, came int6 that country ; and being
in 1641 obliged to leave it> he went to Bristol, where the
parliamentary general Fiennes^gave him the living of All
£aints. When Bristol was besieged by prince Rupert, the
year following, he removed again, to London with his fa-
mily, and there first communicated to some of the West-
minster divines,^ his scruples as to infant-baptism, and held
conferences with them on the subject, the result of which
was, that he made no converts, but was more confirmed
in his own opinions, and a sufferer too, for, being appointed
preacher at Fenchuroh, his congregation not only refused
to bear him, but to allow him any stipend. From this di-
lemma he was relieved for a time^ by a call to be preacher
at the Temple-church, provided he would abstain, in the
pulpit, from the controversy about infant-baptism. To this
be consented on these terms: first, that no one else should
preach for the baptising of infanjis in his pulpit; and, se-
condly, that no laws should be enacted to make the denial
of infant*baptism penal. , All this being agreed upon, he
continued to preach at the Temple for four years, and was
then dismissed for publishing a treatise against infant-bap-
tism. This was construed into a breach of his engagement,
but be endeavoured to defend it as necessary to bis charac-
ter, he being often attacked in the pulpit for those opi-
nions on the subject which he had communicated to the
Westminster assembly^ although they bad neither been
published, or answered, by that learn/ed body. .
After this be accepted an invitation from the people of
Bewdley, his native place, to be their minister ; and there
Jie DQtouly publicly avowed his sentidaents, but formed a
444 T O M M A S I.
great diligence to the Greek, Hebrew, and. Chaldaic lan-^
guageS| as well as to philosophy and ancient literature,
but his favourite study was theology, church history, and
especially the history of the oflSces and liturgies, valuable
editions and collections of which he published from time
to time. Cardinal Atbani, who had a great regard for him,
when he became pope appointed him first, qualificator of
the holy office, then consultor of the congregation of the
rites,* and lastly cardinal in May 18, 1712; but this la«t
honour, he did not long enjoy, dying Jan. 1, 1713, in the
sixty-fourth year of his age.
In the Vatican and other libraries, Toramasi discovered
many manuscripts of importance in ecclesiastical history,
and in [61^0 published, in .4to, a collection of MS formu-
laries of the Latin and Greek churches in the administra-
tion of the sacraments, under the title of ** Codices sa«
cramentorum nongentis annis vetustiores,'' and to each MS.
he prefixed a learned preface. In 1686 he published the
*' Responsoria & Antipbonaria," used in ancient times,
and particularly in the church of Rome, likewise accom-
panied with prefaces and curious notes. He then pub-
lished various missals, psalters, and rubrics of the eastern
cburchi and other liturgical antiquities ; and three volumes
of ^^Iheolagical Institutes,*' which form a collection of the
lesser works of the fathers, and were intended as an intro-
duction to the study of theology. '
TON STALL. See TUNSTALL.
TOOKE (Andrew), a learned English schoolmaster,
was the second of five sons of Benjamin Tooke, citizen
and stationer of London, and born in 1673. He was edu-
cated at the Charterhouse-school, and in 1690 sent to
Clare-hall in Cambridge, where he took both the degrees
in arts, that of B. A. in 1693, and of M.A. in 1697. lu
1055, he was chosen usher of the Charterhouse-school;
and, in 1704, professor of geometry in Gresham college,
in the room of Dr. Hooke ; being recommended by a tes-
timonial from the master; Dr. Burnet, and other officers of
the Charterhouse. In Nov. following, he was chosen a
fellow of the Royal Society. In 1723, several thousand
pounds were left him by his elder brother, Mr. Benjamin
Tooke, a bookseller in Fleet-street ; yet, notwithstanding
this addition to his fortune, he still held bis place of usher
' Tiraboscbi.-^NiceroB, toI. III.— Moreri,
T O OK E, 445
in the Cbarterhouse^^chool, and was preferred to the mas«
terfthip of the school in 1728; and, the year after, inar->
rted |he widow of Dh Henry Levett, physician to the
Charterhouse. He then, as he was obliged by the statutes,
resigned his professorship of Gresham, and froofi that time
attended no other business but his school. This began to
be too much for him, for he had some yeafs before' declined
in his health, till at length be fell into a dropsy, which
carried him off, Jan. 20, 1731, in his fifty-eighth year. He
was buried in the Charter-house-chapel, in the middle of
which is placed a white marble monument, in the form of
a shield, against a piilar, with a Latin inscription upon it
to his memory. He had taken deacon*s orders, and some-
times preached, but devoted himself principally to the in-*
strucdon of youth, for which he was no less fitted by hi$
temper than learning.
He published some things for the benefit and assistances
of youth : as, "Synopsis Gnecae linguae;" "Ovid's Fasti,'*
from the Delphin edition, with an English interpretation
and notes ; and, " The Pantheon, or history of the hea-
then gods " This book was first written in Latin by Franciif
Pomey, a Jesuit, and translated into English by one who
conceals his name under initial letters. This translation
■
was afterwards revised and corrected, with the addition of;
a new index, cuts of the deities^ and other improvements,
by Mr. Tooke; and th^e tenth edition, printed in 1726,
was adorned with new cuts, copied from the sixth Latin
edition, published at Utrecht by Samuel Pitiscus, in 1701.
Mr. Tooke translated Pufiendorf 's " Whole Duty of Man
according to the law of nature,^' with the notes of Barbey-
rac, into English ; and bishop Gastreirs " Institutes of the
Christian Religion,*' into Latin. The supplement to the
account of Gresham college, inserted *iu liie second' ap-
pendix of " Stow's Survey of London,'* was written by him,
and given to the editor Mr. Strype. '
TOOKE (G£ORG£), of Popes, in the county of Hert-
ford, esq. born about 1595, was sent in the unfortunate
expedition against Cadiz in 1625, as captain of a band of
volunteers, sir Edward Cecil being both admiral of the.
fleet, and also lietttenaut-general and lord marshal of the
land-forces. On Sept. 3, they joined the fleet at Plyiifouth,
• Bioy. Brit. Supplement — ^Ward's Gresham Prdfessora. — Nichols** Bowyer»
where is an iiiterestfiog aecouut of the family of tbe Tookes, communicaieii U./
their itarucU desc«Q()attt, the rer. Wiliiam I'ouke, F.K. ^. &c.
*4& T O O K E.
where sir Samuel Argol, who had been employed' wkh 2M
sail against the Dunkirkers, came up with the admirm)» and
brought nine of their ships as prizes. Here they waited so
long for tlie arrival of the king (who knighted several of
the officers), that they did not weather the Lizard till
Oct. 9; and were 1.S days reaching Cadiz, occasioned by
a tempest, which Mr. Tooke, who appears to have been a
considerable actor in the expedition, has well described in'
a poem, of which it may be observed, en passant^ that the
versification is {perfectly in the vitiated taste of the times in
which it was written ; but the thoughts are just and manly,
the poetry strong and nervous, and the imagery every
where correspondent and true. In a mixture of prose and
verse, Mr. Tooke proceeds to describe the various distresses
of the fleet, both in their fruitless attack and unsuccessful
search of the plate-fleet. <* Loud complaints,'' says Hume *^
^ were made against the court, for entrusting so important
a command to a .man like Cecil, whom, though he pos-
sessed great experience, the people, judging by the event,
esteemed of very slender capacity.'' Nor did their mis-
fortunes cease with their voyage. A severe mortality at-
tended the ships after their arrival at Plymouth. ^' For my
own peculiar,"' says Mr. Tooke, <^ though outwardly I held
up, and fair awhile after, yet this forbearance wrought so
little quittance, that several diseases (hence contracted^
laid at length such peremptory fetters of a warm bed and a
cautious diet over me, that I was compelled to retire, and
verse myself out of that profession which I had formerly
been versed in for several yeairs together."
In consequence of these resolutions, he retired to his
paternal estate at Popes, where he pursued a learned inti«
oiacy with the famous Selden, the learned John Hales of
Eton college, Mr. John Greaves, and others ; the last of
whom, in Iftdi, dedicates«^^ A Description of the Grand
Seignior's Seraglio, or the Turkish Emperor's court," to
^* his honoured and truly noble friend, George Tooke,
esq." Here these extraordinary geniuses used to pass
their hours in the mutual improvement of their minds, and
the cultivation of the virtues ; while their fellow«ctlizens^
^ Tt is observable that Mr. Hume, nating in monarcbical principles earljr
t^roiighouthis whole " History," never imbibed. Cecil had had great expe*
mem ionf a complaint against the court rience, but never profited by any.
but he declares it to be ril-fouoded. This feature of character if not hdcob-
U« ttenu to do it from habit, origt<- voo in tho world. ""
T O O K E.
441
after knbruing their bands in civil carnage^ were engaged
in empty cjisputations and idle contests. In this retire-
iQent be bad the great affliction to lose his wife, a woman
of excellent virtues and uncommon endowments. On which
occasion he wrote various canzonets, and dedicated them
*' to the memory of bis deceased very dear wife, Anna
Tooke of Beere * "
In the same year Mr. Tooke had a proper opportunity of
testifying his grief and his friendship, by composing^* A
.brief epitaph payed to the merit of my learned kinsman
Mr. John Greaves, deceased the 7th of October, 1652v**
The manor of Popes had been in this family from 143$.
Mr. Thomas Tooke sold it in 1664 to Stephen £wre and
Joshua Lomax ; and they the next year to Daniel Sbottorr
den, of Eltbam in Kent, esq. He sold it to col. Thoma^
Taylor; and Taylor to sir David Mitcbel, who gave it to
his lady for life, and afterward3 tor his nephew John Mit^
cbel, esq. who was not many years ago the possessor. They
were likewise lords of the manor of Wormley in Hertford*
shire, and patrons of the rectory. For, we find by the
records, that Henry VIII. at the dissolution of the monas'*
tery of Ecclesia Sancta; Crucis de Waltham, or Waltham
Holy Cro^s, granted the manor of Wormley, and the ad<*
vowson of the rectory, to Edward North and his heirs, at
the rent of IL i3s. per ana. He sold it to Elizabeth Wood*
clifFe, from whom it came to William WoodcliSe of Lon*
don. This William, by Elizabeth bis wife, daughter of
Fisher of Longworth, left a daughter Angelot, married to
Walter Tooke, of Popes, in Hatfi^sld, esq. Thia Angefot,
as appears by her epitaph f on the north side of the cbao*
eel of Wormley cburob, was a second daughter^ in right of
* She lies buried in the parisli-church
of Wormley in Hertfordshire (of which
the famiiy of Tooke were patrons)*
with this inscription : " Here lieth the
body of Anna Tooke, eldest daughter
to Thomas Tooke, of Beere in East.
Kent, and wife of George Tooke, of
l^opes, in the county of Hertford, esq.
groaning under corruption till that
great day. She departed this life Oe-
(^ember 9, 1642.'*
f •* Here lieih interred the body of
Angelot Tooke, wife of Walter Tooke,
ff Popes, in the parish of Bishopi
latfidd, in the county of Hertford,
esq. who bad issue by him ei^ht sons
and four daughters. Which said Aa-
gelot was second daughter, surviving
sister, and co*heir of William Wood^
cliffe, citizen and mercer of Londoq,
esq. and Elizabeth his wife, daughter
of Fishlr, of Longwortb, in the
county; of Oxford, esq. which taif
William Woodcliffe was lord and pa^
tron of this manor of Wormley. Andf.
after the decease of William her hu»^
band, the said Elizabeth married Edr
ward Saxilby, esq. one of the baronii
of the Exchequer, who, together with
her two said husbands, lies also herp
buried. The said Angelot Tooke died
May th^ last, 159S."
44S T O O iC E*
wb^m ber husband presented to the living attemis^vkHuf^
It appears by Mr. Purvey's epitaph^ wbo married iQrd
Denny's sister, that he also was patron alterms vicihtis.
Hen^e it has been conjectured, that Mr. Purvey's fathery
John, married the elder sister i and they were sharers^ io
right of their wives, both of the manor and advowson, till
it fell entirely to Tooke, upon the elder sistex^s death*
The Purveys presented twice, and the Tookes four times ;
and the first presentation was Purvey's, as probably mar«>
rying the elder sister. Kalph Tooke succeeded his fath^er
Walter, and, dying without issue, was buried at £s«ing^*
don, and divided the estate between his brothers George,
and John. George sold his part to Richard WooUaston,
esq. who was gun-founder to Oliver Cromwell. He left a
son John ; and John, a son Richard, who conveyed it to.
William Fellows, esq. whose eldest son Coulston Fellows,
esq. succeeded to it. This Ralph Tooke died Decern*
ber 22, 1635, aged seventy-seven years. He married Jane,
the daughter ot Fdward Byth, of Smallfield in the county
of Surrey, esq. She died Dec. 8, . 1641. George Tooke,
our author, who had the other moiety, called Wormley*
bury, died possessed of it in 1675, aged, eighty years. His
device was a hedge*hog ; and under it bis family motto,
** Militia mea multiplex.*' On which in his old a^e be
Wrote, '' A key to the Hedge-^bog combatant ; and my
motto.***
TOOKE (Thomas), S. T. P. was born in East^Kent, the
soir of Mr. Thomas Tooke, of the family of the Tookes of
Beere. His father and grandfather were hearty sufferers
in the royal cause. Their enterprising zeal waa severely
punished by the prevuling party, and acknowledged at^the
restoration by such rewards as royal bands, tied down by
promi^b and compositions, could afford. His educatioa
was first at St. Paul's school^ chiefly under the care of Mr.
Fox, to whom he owed many obligations, and to whose
family he was a constant and generous benefactor. Thence
be went to Corpus^Christi-coUege, Cambridge ; and while
bachelor of arts was chosen fellow ; the learned Dc Spen-.
cer, and the body, having a just regard to his talenu and
improvement. It was about this period that he engaged int
the school of Bii»hop-Stortford, whose reputation was thea
in ruins, and had nothing to recommend it but the name
> Nicholt'g Bowytr,
T O O K E. 449
♦ s
' of Leigh, not yet out of mind. At the request of Dr.
Tooke, a new school was built by contributions of the gen-
tlemen of Hertfordshire and Essex, and of the young gen-
tlemen who had been educated at Bishop-Stortford. The
, school was thus raised to a great degree of fame, as the-
numbers of gentlemen, sent by Dr. Tooke to his own and
other colleges, at,tested ; and considerably increased the-
trade of the town, by such a beneficial concourse. He re-
vived the annual school-feast here, and charged his estate
with a yearly present to the preacher on that occasion.-
Dr. Tooke gave also to this school -library a legacy of ten
pounds for books, which are added to it; and procured a
great number of valuable authors from gentlemen that
were his scholars. By his interest and care the gallery in
the church, for the use of the school, was erected. He
gave by will to this church a chalice of 20/. value ; and
died May 4^ 1721, after more than thirty years intent
and successful labours here. He was buried in the parish^*
church of Laroborn in Essex, of which he had been rector
from 1707.'
TOOKE (John Horne), a man of very considerable
literary abilities, but more fanious as a political adventurer,
was the son of John Home, a poulterer in Newport-market,
and was born in Newport- street in June 17^. He Was
educated both at Westminster and Eton schools, and after
remaining at these seminaries about five or six years, was
sent to St. John's college, Cambridge, in 1755, which he
. quitted in 1758, after taking his bachelor's degree. Little
«eems to be known of his conduct or proficiency in his
studies, but his future works showed that the latter could
not have been neglected ; nor have we much accurate in-
formation as to his proceedings when he left college, dates,
evidently wrong, being assigned by all who have professed
to give any account of him. We can only, therefore, say
generally that he was for some time an u>>her at Mr. Jen--
nings's school at Blackheatb, that he took deacon's orders
at the request of his father, who had probably given him a
learned education With that view, and that he first served a
curacy in Kent. His own choice is said to have been the
law, £or which he was well qualified, but he was unable to
resist the importunities of his family, and therefore entered
Jnto the church, for which he undoubtedly was the most
• Niohyb't Bovyer.— Knigbt'* JUfe of Cel«t.
Vol. XXIX. Ge
450, T O O K E,
tnfit mM that ever disgrmced the profession. This wi« s.
radical error in bis outs^ end eventually the cause of
much of the obloquy wbich. attended bis life. It is^ as s
very acute wrker bas observed, very necessary to keep
steadily in view^ in order to form a correct and candid
estimate of his character, ^^ that be was from beginning to
end, a man labouring under great, perpetoal, irremove*
able civil disabilities." It was a real 'misfortune to a man
of an enterprizing disposition, and one regardless, as
Home Tooke was, of the meaus by which socb a disposition
may be indulged, to become a member of an order, in
which propriety and duty enjoin a sparing and pardaL in*
terference with the concerns of the worlds and in wbicb,
if propriety and doty are found too feeble restraints, the
law interposes with a strong arm, to curb profane activity
and unprofessional exertions.
The die, however, was cast. In 1760, Mr. Tooke re-
ceived priest^s orders, and was inducted to the cbapelry of
New Brentford, which bis father bad purchased for bim.
In what manner be performed the duties of this office, we
bave no c^tain information. What be thought of bis pro-
fession is less doubtful. In one of bis letters to Wilkes,
whom he hoped to gratify by such a declaration, he says,
'^ It is true I have suffered the infectious hand of a bishop
to be waved over me ; wbese imposition, like the 8<^ given
to Judas, is only a signal for the devil to enter ; but I hope
I have escaped the contagion ; and, if I bave n<^ if you
should at any time discover the black spot under the tongue,
pray kiadly assist me to conquer the prejudices of educa-
tion and profession." This letter was written while be was
travelling iu France as tutor to the sou of Mr. Elwes of
Beriuhire ; and on tbis expeditimi be threw off every ex*
temal appearance of the clerical character, which, however,
he resumed on bis return, and for some time continued to
officiate at Brentford.
Soon after his return be found his friend Wilkes a can*
didate to represent the county of Middlesex^ and not only
supported bis pretensions, but pledged his credit for his
expences, and in the hearing of his parishioners, declared
that, *^ in a cause so just and so holy, he would dye bif
blac^ coat red.'' He also laid hold of oth^ oppostunUies
to acquire a name with the party in oppgsitioo to the court.
Among these schemes be supported the widow Bigby in
an ^peal of blood. IVo brotbersy named Keiine4yi bad
/
TOO RiET 451
murdared Bigby^. a ivaufccktiaD^ snd were capitaUy coitt'
victed, but afterwards pardoned. It was suggested tii«b
this lenity wq» procured tbnoogh the ioterest of their sisV
ter, a well-kuowircoiicfeeeao, with a nobleman high in offioa.
If 6uoh was* the. fact^ and tit has often been asserted, and
never suffidantly^ contradicted, the royal mercy cotdd not
bave beeo worae^directed, nor through a more disgraceful
course. Bat in this iaiflair, Mr. Home was disappointed,
for the woman accepted a compensation in moTiey, and
desisted from bar suit ; and he, suspecting that the late
Mr. Murphy had negociated the arrangement, hated him
till the time of his death. His activity was also shown in
someaffeirs arising out of election slaughters, particularly
in the instances of Allen, Balfe, and M'Quirk. He was
chosen a freeman of Bedford, to' vex and oppose tl>e duke
of Bedford ; he is said to have prompted the sheriffs in
their proe^edings respecting the execution of two rioters,
Doyle and Valine: and he suggested the verbal reply
which alderman Beckford made to the king, recorded on
the monument of that mi^istrate in GuildlMill. He be*-,
came also the founder of the ^^ Society for supporting the
Bill of Rights,'^ but this eventually terminated in bis^dis-r
grace, as much at least as he could be disgraced bya se««
paration from Wilkes. In 1770 and 1771, th^se two pa-
triots amused the public by an epistolary controversy, illus«
trative of both their, characters ; but while' these iettera
amused, they also perplexed the public, for it became. ai
matter of great difficulty to ascertain which was the besti
or rather which was the worst character of tJie two. The
origin of the quarrel, however, was not discreditable to Mr*
Home. His first objection was that the << Society' for sup«4
porting the Bill of' Rights'" was, become merely an inatru*
ment for paying Wilkes's private debts, and tbi»<9bjection
might have been fatal to a society that had the public
good only in View; but Wilkes finally triumphed : for the
society of theBiil of Rights, like others since, never took
private charac|;er into consideration.
In 1771yibe went to Cambridge for the purpose of taking
the de^ee of M. A. which was granted to him, although
opposed by some of the members, and particularly by the
afterwards celebrated Dr. Pa^y. He now returned, -and
mixed, as much as he coul^, in the temporary politicks of
the. day. ^'Ic would* be- aa< tedious as useless to revive the
meo^ory ofiji)) bin MWfpapier efluiions. The most finished
GG2
4«S T O O K E.
specimen of bis composition it probably "to be foaod.in two
or three letters written in answer to the attacks of Juniiia :
and be hsd the boaour, which iti thpse days was deemed
DO inconsiderable one, of being the only knight that re*
turned with bis lance unbroken from a combat with that un-
known but terrible champion. If he wants the exquisite
polish and the brilliant invective of his adversary, that dex-
terous malignity which comes in with such effect to blacken
a character by insinuatiou, after invective has exhfiusted its
powers ; and above all, that welUsustained tone of austere
dignity which gives to Junius the air and authority of a
great personage in disguise ; he is superior to him^ in fa-
cilityi vivacity, and that appearance of plainness and sin-
cerity which is of such importance in controversial writings.
Soon after these controversies he resigned his living at
firentfordy and, as far as be could, the clerical character.
That he could not do so altogether, evidently soured bis
temper for the rest of his life, and prompted him to those
sallies of profaneness, and that general conduct, which
showed his contempt for the profession and every thing
that belonged to it. He now. studied the law^ with an in-
tent to practise ; and while thus employed, an incident
occurred which was important to his future fortune. This
was his rendering a service to a Mr. Tooke of Purley in
Surrey, in the case of an inclosure*bill, who, in gratitude,
made him bis" heir; but be did not reap the full benefit of
this intention, and it is said that first and last all be re-
ceived from Mr. Tooke amounted to no more than 8000/. *
It was on this account, however, that some time afterwards,
he assumed the name of Tooke. The particulars of th,is
cause are related with so little attention to fapts by.iQost
of his biographers, that we. have not thought it|iece§fary
to attempt reconciling the different accounts of a asatter
now of comparative insignificance. *
In 1775, Mr. Home having published an advertipement,
accusing the king's troops of barbarously murdering the
Americans at Lexington, he was prosecuted and tried at
Guildhall, where he pleaded his own cause ; but even in
* Mr. Tooke died in 1803, and left wood, that, whoeTer might be the for-
our author a legacy of only 500/. and tanate man, the prise ahotifd be equaliy
to his natural daugbten 200/, each, divided : but the balk of. thf property
He had endeavoured to guard against being bequeathed to a Mr. Beazelej,
the caprice of this benefactor by an the colonel would only give a l>ond for
agreement with his nephew, and sap- 4000/. which led to a tcdioas and ex-
poted <mJy competitor, colonel Bar. pensive chancery suit.
T O O K E. 45S
those factious days, the libel wbs too grdss for success, add
being found guilty, he was sentenced 'to an imprisonniient
of twelve months in the king's bench, and a &ne of 200/.
It was in consequence of this verdict, that he wrote a
*' Letter to Mr. Dunning," which contained the germ of
his subsequent philological work. In this, says the acute
, writer, whom we have already quoted, " be comes hot
ftmn the court of King^s Bench to discuss the nature of
partveled, of which, it seems, a shameful ignorance, on the
part of the judges, had just been manifested in a verdict
against him. His head is never clear from the politics of
xhe day long enough to write five pages together without
alladir»g to them : and be constantly rouses his readers from
calm meditation upon the origin of but and to and./ri9m, by
.tmart epigrams upon the natural objects of bis hostility,
the primiB minister and the chief justice for the time being.''
• When released from imprisonment, he attempted to be
cal'ted to tbe^bar, but was rejected. His friends are will*
ing to impute bis rejection to jealousy, but for this there
seelns no foundation.- His general character, and his cle-
rical orders^ df .wMch he eoitldnot divest himself^ afford a
more reasotiabl^^. exi^tise for the conduct of the benchers.
It may be siif>peGted, however, tbat this event would escas*
petale his antfpathies« *^ He could uot be a lawyer, and
th^efer# be rektsted the law, and reviled those who ad*
^ifii^t^r^d iu"' A/ habit of hatred, if we nmy so speaks had
gi^wii ap ^hh Mr. Tcf6k^' and was utidaabtedly strength*
ened by bk numetou^ disappointments, and that mediocritj
of ra^k,'to whiebvi^itb all bis talents and ail his bustle, he
was confined in the political world. The' same temper
•rendered* htm unjust to almost every species of excellence
in his contemporaries. <^ He bated Dr. Johnson, he hated
Mr. Burke, he hated lord Mansfield, he hated Mr. Pitt, he
hated Mr. Fox, and he spoke of them without any of that
respect or forbearance which great talents and high station,
and the esteem of the greatest part of the world, generally
extort from less resolute or less acrimonious adventurers.-*-
The Ishmael of literature and politics, his hand was against
every man, and every man's hand against his.'*
In 1780, he published an Invective against the war,
called <^ Facts,'* in which Dr. Price supplied two chapters
on finance ; but the war was soon over, and Mr. Tooke
became a farmer in Huntingdonshire ; but making no
figure in this employment, he returned to London at a time
454 To O K E.
when the contests between the administrations of Mr. Pitt
And Mr. Fox promised a wide field for his exertions. l%is
produced *' A Letter on Parliamentary Reform/' in which
he is the advocate for universal suffrage ; and he aided
with Mr. Pitt against Mr. Fox, whom be considered as dis*
graced by the coalition. It may be here mentioned, al-
though out of chronological order, that in l7S8'hepob-
lished *• Two Pair of Portraits ;" the figures in which were
the two Pitts and the two Foxes, of th^"^past and present
generation, the preference being given to the Pitts; but
praise was not much in Mr. Tooke's way ; and in a few years
both Pitt and Fox shared his aversion alike.
In i7S6 he published an octavo volume, Entitled ^* Epea
Pleroenta, or the Diversions of Purley,** which haa given
him a considerable rank in the literary world, ahhongh
opinions were long at variance on the merit of his systeiii,
which he afterwards expanded in two volumes, quarto. It
seems now generally agreed that this work evinces inge-
nuity and research ; and has served to illustrate some pas*
sages hitherto little understood in our aneient poets. It is
a mistake, however, to suppose that the idea originated
with Mr. Tooke : that all lanouac^re is reducible to nouns
and verbs (the point which he has laboured to establish with
respect to the English tongue), was perfectly well known
to the philosophical grammarians of antiquity: •*Aristo-
leles duas partes orationes esse dicit, vocabula et verba,**
saysVarro, " De Lingua Latina.'* This principle Mr. Todtc
kas successfully applied in the analysis and etymology of
a multitude of English words, especially conjunctions and
prepositions, by tracing them to their Saxon original. His
speculations, however, though undoubtedly curious, have
neither opened to us any new views of the human under-
standing, nor have they at all extended the limits of meta*
physical or logical science*^ as his admirers wished the world
to believe ; while his work, professfng to be a grammatical
treatise, was most preposterously used as the vehicle of po-*
Ktical invective ; and, as occasion offered, was nuide sub-^
Servient to other purposes still more reprehensible. The
disquisition upon the word right is ingeniously contrived
to confound all moral distinctions, if the common honesty
of mankind did not rest upon some surer foundation than
tbe conclusions of an et3m:iologist of his principles.
In 1790, Mr. Tooke oflferjjd himself as a candidate to re*
present the city of- Westminster, io oppositioB-bofh'to M^
T O O K E. 4SB
Fox and lord Hood, and on the hustings from da^ to day
.displayed that kind of oratory which was likely to gain the
affections of a mob. He did not, however, succeed, al*
though he polled near 1700 ; but it afforded him an oppor*
tunity of sending a petition to the House of Commons,
filled with coarse invective, which was declared frivolous
and vexatioils. His next memorable appearance was at the
bar of the Old Bailey, where he was tried in 1794 for high
treason. The history of the trial is too recent to require a
particular detail. It is well known he was acquitted, and
that the event to him was no small triumph. . There was no
suBEicient proof of the charge ; and as he knew himself td
be perfectly safe, he displayed, on his trial, a degree of
coolness, presence of mind, wit and subtlety, which asto*
nished and delighted a great portion of his bearers. Even
bis adversaries have allowed that he was endowed with
every species of courage, active and passive, personal and
political, although some of them have expressed his cou-
rage by th^ more offensive word, impudence. When it
was reported that, upon being committed to the Tower,
his spirit had failed, and he had burst into tears, Wilkes
expressed great surprize, and said, ** I kiYew he was a
knave, but I never thought him a coward." On his trial
indeed he endeavoured as much as possible to keep prin«^
ciples oiit of view, and to prove that if he did associate
with men of factious designs, it was only to laugh at them ;
and it is certain that after he made his escape on this me-
morable occasion, he employed his powers of ridiculet,
which were very strong, against many of that character
whom he met with in other houses, or entertained in his
own.
In 1796*he appeared again as a candidate for Westmin-
ster, ia opppsition to sir Alan Gardner, but not in con-
junction with Mr. Fox, and although not successful, polled
2819 votes, without expence, or any other solicitation than
the speeenes be delivered from the hustings. At length,
however, in 1801 he obtained what appeared to have been
his fond aim, a seat in the House of Commons, an anti-
padiy against which assembly, it has been said, was one of
his earliest, strongest, and most enduring feelings. The
errors of representatipn had been long a standing topic with
him, and rotten boroughs and corruption his never-failing
aiceusatioiis.^ But, like others, he seemed at last to think
that there was no barm in taking advantage of the present
456 T a O IC E.
tystem as long as it lasted. The borough of Old Sarum,
offered to hijn by a young and almost iusane Dobleinafi, and
which had been a bye-word aiboog parUamentary reformers,
bfid the singular honour of returning him to parliament,
lind he took bis seat, apparently, without any scruple as
|o the number or quality of his constituents; nor did his
dislike to the present order of things reach its utmost height,
till all the doors of the House had been finally barred
against him by an act of the legislature* In the mean time
the expectations excited by bis election were completely
disappointed. He made no figure in parliament that an-
swered either the hopes or wishes of his friends; and he
had not sat long before his incapacity, as being a priest,
was called in question, and it was proposed to expel brm.
The then mini!>ter, Mr. Addington, now lord Sidmoutb,
was of opinion that a milder course would be more proper,
and therefore brought in a declaratory act, efiectualiy pre-
venting a repetition of the abuse; and Mr. Tooke was per-
ipitted to sit till the dissolution of parliament in 1302« and
then to retire without the renown of martyrdom.. His laat
fippearance as the busy, meddling politicran, was in the
case of a Mc Paull, a man without birth, property, edu*
cation, or public services, who offered himself as a candi-
date for Westminster. This man, he first supported, and
afterwards deserted. The consequences to this unhappy
candidate are well known, but as they involve the characters
p{ persons yet living and perhaps reclaimable, we shall
pass them over in silence.
Mr. Tooke died at bis bouse at Wimbledon, March 1 9,
1812, in the seventy-seventh year of his age. He desired
that no funeral service should be said over bis remains, but
.that they should be deposited in a vault in his {garden.
This injunction, however, as his house was to be sold, was
dispensed with by his executors, and he waa buried in a
.vault at Ealing church. He was never married, but left
natural children, to whom he bequeathed his property.
In spite of labour and dissipation his life was protracted
to a period which indicated an originally sound and vigo-
rous frame. For the last twenty years, however, he was
subject to severe, distressing, and incurable infirmities.
These he bore with a patience and firmness which it was
impossible not tb admire. What remaihs untouched of
bis character shall be given nearly in the words of a writer
to whom we have already been indebted, and who appear!,
T O O K E. 457
of all who^ave written on the subject, to hare appreciated
bis character with most, candour and impartiality.
*< Mr. Took^ w$3 possessed of considerable learning,* as
indeed his ; writings sufficiently show. To other more ca«
sual acquirements he united a very extensive acquaintance
with the Gothic dialects, of which he has so copiously and
so judicioiasly availed himself in his etymological re-
searches ; and it seems probable that the leading ideas of
his philosophioal work first presented themselves to his
mind whilst he was pursuing this comparatively unfrequent-
ed track of literature. He was extremely well versed in
the law, a science, which both in theory and practice was
particularly congenial to his mind, and which he had once
studied with prpfessional accuracy in the hope of being
called to the bar. We are unable to state with precision
ivhat was the amount of his attainments in classical learn-
ing, but we apprehend he by no means possessed that ac-
curate acquaintance with the literature of ancient Greece
and Rome, which is necessary to constitute a great scho-
lar, in the ordinary acceptation of the term. He was fa-
miliar with all our best writers, most so with those of an
early date. His knowledge of modern languages was con-
siderable, and he was particularly well read in Italian au-
thors. On the whole, exclusively of philosophy and poli-
tics,' be would have passed for a very accomplished man.
^^ One of the taxes which men pay for being eminent is
to have their private as well as their public conduct made
the subject of criticism : we shall therefore offer no apo-
logy for adding a few such remarks as our information en-
iables us to supply upon that of Mr. Tooke. In the essen-
tial particulars of truth, honour, and justice, in all that^
in a popular sense, forms the morality of a gentleman, he
stood, we believe, unimpeached ; at least no charge against
him for the violation of it was ever substantiated, although
he lived for half a century exposed to the public eye, and
beset by the vigilant hostility of active and powerhil ene-
mies. His great lault, as a private man, was a libertinispi
in his habits and discourse, which ill became his character,
his profession, and, latterly, his age. It may seem an un-
charitable suspicion, but we are really afraid that the ten-
dency of which we complain, was rather increased than
checked by the profession to which, however unwillingly^
he belonged. He had a sort of spite' at all its restraints.
Many of them he never could throw off; but he was
45S < - T O O K E.
aoxious to show that in licenliousnets at least be could be
a layman.
** In the ordinary intercourse of life be was kind, friendly,
Mid hospitable. We doubt whether his temper was natu-
rally good ; but if it was not, be had a merit the more ; for
be had so completely subdued it by care and self-cpntroul,
as never to betray, under any provocation, the slightest
mark of that irritability which often accompanies talent,
and which gains so rapidly upon those who know not how to
guard against its approaches. Indeed the aspect under which
he appeared in private was by no means snch as the stern
<^nicism and feroctoos turbulence of his public conduct
would have led one to expect ; and those, whose opinion of
him has been 'formed exclusively upon his political charac-
ter and his writings, will liave some difficulty in believing
that the curate of Brentford was one of the best-bred gen-
tlemen of the age. In this respect he was a sort of phsaao-
menoo. He was born in a low station : at no period did
he appear to have possessed any remarkable advantages for
the study of good breeding ; on the contrary, the greater
part of his life was spent in constant intercourse with coarse,
vulgar, and uneducated men. Yet his natural tast-e was so
good, and he had profited so judiciously by whatever op-
portunities he enjoyed, that courts and high stations have
seldom produced a better example of polite and elegant
behaviour than was exhibited by the associate of Messrs.
Hardy and Thelwall. Indeed his manner had almost every
excellence that manner can disptay — grace, vivacity, frank-
ness, dignity. Perhaps, indeed, in its outward forms, and
in that which is purely conventional, his courtesy wore the
air of the * vieille cour,' and was rather more elaborate
than is consistent with the practice of this lounging uncere-
monious age : but ic was never forced or constrained, and
it sat not ungracefully upon an old man.*'
Mr. Tooke*s talents in conversation have been always
praised by those who knew him, and never praised too
liighly. He possessed an inexhaustible fund of anecdotes,
wbicbbe introduced with great skill, and related with neat-
ness, rapidity, and pleasantry. His principal fault as a com«-
panion was ** a love of paradox, and a tendency to dis^
putation which led him continually to argue for the mere
sake of victory, and in evident contradiction ta his own
real opinion — a [^acticd^ quite insufferable when adopted,
w it often is, by persons of ordinary understanding, and
T O O K E. 459
who only flatter themselves that they possess the acateness
with which Mr. Tooke was really endowed, and to which
we must own, that even bis liveliness, native ingenuityi
and felicity of iUostration, could never wholly reconcile us.
^* He possessed a rich vein of humoui*, sometimes coarse^
but always striking, comic, and original. His speeches
afforded some good specimens of it to the public, and he
indulged in it still more freely in private* Perhaps, in-
deed, it may be fairly objected to htm, that his conversa*
tion was hardly ever quit^ serious ; and that, what with
paradox, and what with irony, it was not easy to get at his
true meaning. The truth seems to be, that he comforted
himself for not having a larger share in the business of the
world, by laughing at every body and every thing it con-^
tained. His sceptical disposition probably kept bis mind
unsettled upon many important facts as to which the ge-
nerality of men entertain more fixed opinions, and he was
therefore ready to espouse either side with equal zeal and
equal insincerity, just as accideut or caprice incHned him
at the moment. There were other subjects on which he
was accustomed to speak more positively, but on which
we are apt to suspect that his esoteric doctrines were very
different from those which he taught to aldermen, shoe-
makers, and other patriotic persons. On such occasions
he could not have been in earnest. He must have seen
through the designs of those with whom he was acting-
he must have loathed their vulgarity— 4ie must have de-
spised their folly. We are aware bow- severe a censure
upon his honesty this opinion implies, but we really think
that a fair estimate of the strength of his understanding
can lead to no other conclusion." These remarks applied
very forcibly to many whom he admitted to his table, whea
company became necessary to him, sciolists and pretenders
in philosophy and politics, some of whom he delighted to
ridicule even to their faces, and this with an art, a force^
and a pleasantry, which were absolutely irresistible. On
such occasions, bad they been present, Mr. Tooke would
have suspended the prejudices, and caught the admiration
of his most inveterate enemies.'
TOPHAM (John), a learned antiquary, was a native of
Malton, in Yorkshire ; and, in an humble situation under
1 Stepheoi't life of Tooke.— 'Quarterly Reyiew, No. XIV .^Britith Critic, vol.
I. New Series.
MO T O P H A M.
ibe U$JC Pkiiip Carteret Webb, esq. toiioitor to the trea-
pury, acquired suds a knowledge of ancient blinds and am-
piments as raised him to a place in the state-paper office,
with his friends and patrons,, the late sir Joseph AyloStf
bart. who died in his arms, and Thomas Aaile, esq* Ho
was also one of the gentlemen engaged in preparing flor
the press the six volumes of the RolU of Parliament ;: aa
officp in which he succeeded his friend Richard -Blyke, esq.
with whom, in 177'5,he was jointeditorufGlanviUe's ^^ Re-
ports of cases of controverted Elections deteroiiaed and
adjudged in partiament, 21 and.22 Jac. I.'' 8vo.. To this
ia prefixed an historical account of the ^cient rights
of . determining cases upon controverted elections* He
was also editor, if not translator, of ao English edition of
sir John Fortescue's *^ De laudibus Legum AnglipB,'\ 1775,
Svo. On Mr. Webb's death he entered himself at Cragr's
Ion; applied to the study of the law; was. called to the
bar, and appointed a commissioner of bankropts. . He suc-
ceeded Dr. Lort as keeper of the archbishop of Cooier-
Wiry's library at Lambeth; was secreury to the commiB-
aioners for selecting and publishing the > public reoordst of
this, kingdom ; and registrar to the charity for relief of poor
.widows and chiidreo of clergymen^ aod treasarer to the
orphan charity-school« He marriedy in'17d4,<Hieof the
oaheiresses.of the late Mr. Swindoo^ aa eamenk ahid opu-
lent scboolmaster at Greenwich, in Kent. Mr. TophwD^s
ppblications in the Arcbasologia are, voL VL p. 116^ on
Esnecca, or the King's Yacht, in a charter of Henry U.;
ibid. 179, on the picture in Windsor castle repne^^iing
the emburkation of Henry VIII. at Dover; VII. S87, on a
aubsidy roll of 51 Edward III. The wardrobe account of
Hi Edward I. was published by theisociety in 1787, nnder
bis direction ; and he was one of the committee for pub-
lishing other wardrobe accounts, in '^ A collection of Or-
dinances and Regulations for the government of thie Royal
Household, in divers reigns, from Edward .III. to WilKam
and Mary," 1790, 4to. Mr. Topham • was elected F. S. A.
in 1767, and treasurer (on the death of Mr. Bartlet) in
1787, and was also elected F. R. S. in 1779. He died at
Cheltenham, Aug. 19, 1803.'
TOPLADY (Augustus Montague), a strenuoua cham-
pion for the Calvinism of the church of England, was born
1 Gent. Ma$. vol. LXXIII.— Nichols's Buwycr.
T O P L A D Y. 461
I
I
Ht Farnliam, in Surrey, Nov. 4, 1740. His fattber was Ri^
chard Toplady, esq. a captain in the army, and his inoth«t^
Catharine Bate, sister to the late Rev. Julius Bate, and to
the rev. Mr Bate, rector of St. Paul's, Deptford,by whom
chey were nkarried, at the said church, on Dec. 3}, 1737.
They had issue one son, Francis, who died in his infancy,
and afterwards the subject of our memoir. His godfatheri
were Augustus Middleton, and AdolphXis Montague, esqrs.;
in respect to wliom, he bore the Christian name of the one,
and the surname of the other. His father died at the siege
of Carthagena, soon after bis birth. He received the rudi-
diments of his education at Westminster school; but, it
becoming necessary for his mother to take a journey to
Ireland to pursue some claims to an estate in that kin^^dom,
be accompanied her thither, and was entered at Trinity
college, in Dublin, at which seminary he took his de^^r^e
of bachelor of arts. He received orders on Trinity Sunday,
the 6th of June, 1762; and, after some time, was inducted
into the living of Broad Hembury in Devonshire. Here
be pursued bis labours with increasing assiduity, and com^
posed most of his writings. He bad for some years ocx^lr^
sionally visited and spent some time in London ; but,' in
1775» finding his constitution much impaired by the moitft
atmosphere of Devonshire, with which it never agreed', 'he
removed to London entirely, after some unsuccessful at^
tempts to exchange ;his living for another,^ of equivalent
value, in some of the middle counties. In London, by thk
solicitation of his numerous friends, be engap;ed the chapel^
belonging to tlie French reformed, near Leicester-field';^^
where he pri^ached twice in the week, while his health
permitted, and afterwards occasionally, as much as, or ra-
ther more than, he was well able to do. He died Aug: 1 1*,
1778. His body was buried, agreeable to his own desire^
comrattnicat^d to sdme friends, in Tottenham-court chape).
It is supposed that his intense applioatiou to study, which
he frequently pursued tbrovgb the night to ^hree and Yotir
o^clock in the morning, was the means of inducing Iris dts*
order, ancl of accelerating his lend. From this severe
pursuit, 80 long as bis-'body was able to bear it, he could
not be dissuad^.
Hehad no preferment in the church besides the vicarage
of Broad Heoabury, which, as his mind could never brook
the idea of living in animosity with his parish upon the ac*
count of tithes, did riot amount, communibtis annis, to
4tfS T O P L A D Y.
eighty pounds a year. For this Uviog be excbaoged an-
otber, not far dbtant from it, which had been procured for
bnii by bis friends in a mode which (though usual enough)
his conscience conid not approve ; and therefore, when he
became acquainted with the manner of their diligence,
which was not for some time afterwards, he could not rest
satisfied till he had parted with it.
His publications were, 1. <^ The Church of England
vindicated from the charge of Arminianism ; and the case of
Arminian Subscription particularly considered ; in a Letter
to the rev. Dr. Nowell," 1769, 2. " The Doctrine of ab<-
solute Predestination stated and asserted ; with a prelimi-
nary discourse on the Divine Attributes : translated in great
measure, from the Latin of Jerom Zanchius ; with some
account of his Life prefixed," 1769. 3. << A Letter to the
Rev. Mr. John Wesley, relative to his pretended abridg-^
ment of Zanchius on Predestination," 1770, 2d edit 1771.
4. *^ A Caveat against unsound Doctrines: a Sermon
preached at Blackfryars, ApriL29, 1770.*' 5. *' Jesus seen
of Angels ; and God's mindfulness of man : three Sermons^
preached at Broad Hembury, Devon, Dec. 25^ 1770.'*
6. ^^ Free Thoughts on the projected Application to Par*
liament for the Abolition of Ecclesiastical Subscriptions,"
1771. 7. " More work' for Mr. John Wesley : or a vin-
dication of the Decrees and Providence of God from the
defamations of a late printed paper, qntitied * The Conse-
quence proved,* 1772.'* 8. "Clerical Subscription no
grievance : a Sermon, preached at the annual Vifiitation of
the archdeaconry of Exeter, May 12, 1772.'* 9. '< His-
torical Proof of the Doctrinal Calvinism of the Church of
England,*' 1774, 2 vols. 8vo. 10. ^^ Free-will and merit
fairly e^tamined ; or men not their own Saviours : a Ser-
mon preached at Blackfryars, May 25, 1774." IK
*^ Good News from Heaven ; or, the Gospel a joyful sound :
a' Sermon, preached at the .Lock-chapel, June 19, 1774.'*
12. ^* The scheme of Christian and Philosophical necessity
asserted, in answer to Mr. John Wesley's tract on that
subject," 1775. 13. ^^ Joy in Heaven, and the Creed of
Devils: two Sermons, preached in Lpndon," 1775. 14.
** Moral and Political Moderation recommended :*' a Ser-
mon, preached on the general fast, Dec. 13, 1776. 15
** Collection of hymns for public and private worship^
1776. 16. ^^ His dying avowal, dated Knightsbridge,
July 22, 1778.
99
9f
T O P L A D Y. 4M
Since liis death, 9, complete edition of his Works ha*
been primed in 6 vols. 8vo, besides a vplume of postbir**
mous pieces, concerning the authenticity of which some
doubts bad been entertained, but these were removed by
a letter from his executor, Mr. Hussey of Kensington,, to
whom he gave permission to publish them. How far this
was done with judgment has been doubted. It is ceruio
that some of Mr. Toplady*s posthumous works have placed
bis character in a diiferent point of view from that in whicb
bis followers and admirers were wont to contemplate it«
The chief object of his writings, as well as of his sermons,
was the defence of Calvinism, and the proof that Calvinism^
was to be found in the articles, &c. of the church of £ng^
land. His creed, says one of his reviewers, (we suspect
Mr. Badcock) was Calvinism in the extreme ; and when he
reasoned on some of its distinguishing principles, particu-^
larly predestination, be discovered no mean talent for dis««
putsilion. He understood all the niceties of that article ;.
iind if hi$ arguments could not convince, his subtleties
would confound an Arminian. He would take his adversary
on bis own ground, and make his own concessions contri'^
bate to his defeat. Of this we have a remarkable example^
related by himself, in a letter to Mrs. Macauley, in which
he tells her of a debate he once had with Mr. Burgh, au*
tbor of tbe^ '^ Political Disquisitions." *^ I should have
liad," says he, y a sharp onset if he had been in perfect
health* Eveii as it was, he could not forbear feeling my
pulse on the article of free wilL In the course of our de-^
bate, I drove him into this dreadful refuge, viz. ^ that God
doth all he possibly can (these were Mr. Burgh-s own words)
to hinder moral and natural evil : but he cannot prevail,'
men will not permit God to have his wish.' '' On Mr*
TopIady*s asking him, if this would not render the Deity
an unhappy being? he replied, ^^No, for he knows that he
must be disappointed and defeated, and that there's no hdp
for it : and therefore he submits to the necessity^ and does
not make himself unhappy about it."
As Mr. Toplady bad thus laboured in all his works for
the revival of Calvinism, he passed with the generality,
and particularly with the public critics, for an enthusiast,
^itb all 1^ supposed accompaniments of iausterity, bigotry,
imd separation from the enjoyments of life and from ali
society but that of his immediate followers. When there-
fore in his posthumous works it was discovered that he was
464 T O P L A D Y.
much more a man of the world than ever bad been sns*
pected, the opinion of many of hi) admirers was in some
measure altered. It appeared indeed that he mixed very
freely in all the habits of social intercourse with persons of
all persuasions and denominations ; and we have seen a let-
ter of his in print, in which he not only enters on an elabo-
rate defence of card-playing, but speaks even with gentle-
ness on the subject of theatrical and other public amuse-
ments. His admirers thought all this might be candid, or
liberal, but they could not conceive it to be consistent with
the spirit and tendency of his works, nor indeed discover-
able in them.— -Of his defences of Calvinism, his *' Histo-
rical Proof" is by far the most able, and although the same
arguments or proofs have been more recently repeated iti a
memorable controversy, excited by Mr. Overton's publica-
tions, they have not been placed either in a more fair dr
more clear light than by Mr. Toplady. As a controversial-
ist, in his disputes with Wesley and others, he has been
blamed for a degree of acrimony unworthy of his cause ;
but he possessed a warm and active imagination, and a de-
gree of zeal which was not always under the guidance of
judgment. Against Wesley he may be said to have had
a confirmed antipathy, and employed ridicule as well as
argument in opposing his opinions and conduct. The
last act of his life was to publish what be called his
f* Dying Avowal," in which he contradicted a report cir-
culated by Wesley or his followers, respecting his having
changed his sentiments. In this short ** Avowal," he in-
forms us that his Arminian prejudices received their first
shock from reading Dr. Manton's sermons on the xviith
chapter of St. John's Gospel. Besides the works above-
mentioned, Mr. Toplady was the editor, for some years,
of "The Gospel Magazine," began in 1774; and in it,
under the article, " Review of Books,'' will be fpund
some of his bitterest philippics against Wesley. Upon
the whole, however, be must be considered as one of the
ablest of modern writers in defence of Calvinism, and
brought a larger share of metaphysical acuteness into the
controversy than any roan of his time. *
TORCY (John Baptist Colbert, Marquis of), son of the
celebrated French minister, Colbert, was born Sept. 19, 1665.
Being sent early in^ life to several foreign courts, he was
* Life published in 177S, 8 vo.— Works, passim.-^Moatb, Rev. toI. LXX.
T 0 R C Y. * 4«#
' deservedly appointed secr^ary of ^ute for t)ie fojrpign inr
partment in 1686, director-general of the po^U in 1699,
and counsellor to the regency during the minprity of Louis
XV. ; all which offices he filled with great distinction. . Sis
embassies to Portugal, to Denmark, and to England^ pu(
him upon a level with the most able negociators. He di^
at Paris the 2d of September, 1746, at the age of eighty*
one, an honorary member of the academy of sciences. He
had married a daughter of the minister of state Arnauld de
Pomponne, by whom he had several children. Ten yeafs
after his death, in 1756, were published his ^< Memoirs of
the Negotiations from the treaty of Ryawic to the peace gf
Utrecht,^' 3 vols. 12mo, divided into four parts. The first
is assigned to the negociations for the Spanish successioa ;
the second to the negociations with Holland ; the third to
those carried on with England ; and the fourth to the affain
concerning the treaty of Utrecht. These memoirs, says
the author of the Age of Louis XIV. consist of particulars
interesting to those who are desirous of gaining a thorough
knowledge of this business. They are written with greater
purity than any of the memoirs of his predecessors : they
are strongly marked with the taste that prevailed in the
court of Louis XIV. But their greatest value arises from
the sincerity of the author ; whose pen is always guide'd by
truth and moderation. Torcy has been justly characterised
as profoundly wise in all great affairs, fertile in resources
in times of difficulty, always master of himself amid the
allurements of good fortune, and under the pressures of
bad. Though of a serious disposition, yet in company be
could be agreeably gay, especially whenever he chose t^
give way to a vein of delicate pleasantry which was peculiar
to him. His temper, always even, was neither ruffled nor
clouded by the most arduous circumstances. To this rare
quality he added that of a good husband, a tender father,
and a humane and gentle master.^
TORELLI (Joseph), an Italian mathematician, was born
at Verona, Nov. 4, 1721, and was educated at Padua, prin-
cipally in jurisprudente, in which faculty he took his doc-
tor's degree, but he did not confine himself to that science.
The knowledge which he acquired was so general, tha.t
upon whatever subject the conversation happened to turn,
he delivered his sentiments upon it as if it had formed the
1 OicL Hilt.— Sieole de Louis XIV.
Vol. XXIX. He
\
466 1:* O R E L L L
t>Dly object of hit ttody. On his return from the aniver-
•ity, he entered on the possession of a considerable for^
tone, and determined to devote himself entirely to literary
pursuits. The Hebreiv, Greek, Latin, and Italian lan-
guages occupied much of his time, his object being to un-
derstand accurately the two first, and to be able to write
and speak the two last with propriety and elegance. He
also learned French, Spanish, and English, the last parti-
cularly, for he was eager to peruse the best English writers,
and was enabled to enter into their spirit Ethics, meta-
physics, divinity, and history, also shared much of his at-
tention, and he displayed considerable taste in the fine
arts, music, painting, and architecture. Nor did he neg-
lect the study of antiquities, but made himself familiarly
acquainted with coins, gems, medals, engravings, &c.
Scarce any monumental inscriptions were engraved at Ve^
rona which he had not either composed or corrected. With
the antiquities of his own country he was so intimately ac-
quainted, that every person of eminence, who visited Ve-
rona, took care to have him in their company when they
examined the curiosities of the city.
But these pursuits he considered merely as amusements;
mathematics and the belles lettres were his serious studies*
These studies are in general thought incompatible; bat
Torelli was one of the few who could combine the gravity
of the mathematician with the amenity of the muses and
graces. Of his progress in mathematics we have a suffi-
cient proof in his edition of the collected works of Archi-
medes, printed at Oxford in 1793, folio, Greek and Latin.
The preparation of this work had been the labour of most
part of his life. Having been completely ready for publi-
cation, and even the diagramed cut which were to accom-*
pany the demonstration, the manuscript was disposed of
after his death to the curators of the Clarendon press, by
whose order it was printed under the immediate care of
Dr. Robertson, the present very learned professor of astro-
nomy. It seems to be the general opinion that there have
been few persons in any country, or in any period of time,
who were better qiialified, than Torelli, for preparing a cor-
rect edition of Archimedes. As a Greek scholar he ;was<
capable of correcting the mistakes, supplying the defects^
and' illustrating the obscure passages that occurred in trea-
tises originally written in the Greek tongue ; his knowledge
Qf Latin, and a facility, acquired by habit, of writing ia
T O R E L T. t. 467
this latiguage, rendered him a fit person to translate the
Greek into pure apd correct Latin, and his comprehensive
acquaintance with mathematics and philosophy qualified
him for conducting the whole with judgment and accuracy.
Torelli wrote the Italian language with the classic ele-
gance of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, as appears
by his different works in that language, both in prose and
verse. He translated the whole of ^sop*s fables, into La-
tin, and Theocritus, the epithalamiuo) of Catullus, and the
comedy of Piautus, called *' Pseudolus/' into Italian verse.
The first two books of the ^neid were also translated by
him with great exactness, and much in the style of the
original. Among his other Italian tanslations was Gray's
His life, like his studies, was drawn after the model of
the ancient sages. Frugal, temperate, modest, he ex-
hibited a striking contrast to the luxurious manners of his
age. In religion he adhered strictly, though not super-
stidously, to the opinions of his ancestors. He was firm
in his resolutions, but not foolishly obstinate : and so strict
an observer of equity^ that his probity would have re-
mained inviolate, even though there had been no law to
bind him to justice. He never married, that he might
have leisure to <levote himself^ with less interruption, to
his favourite studies. Every one readily found admission
to him, and no man left him without being hoth pleased
and instructed ; such was the sweetness of his temper|
and the readiness with which he communicated informa-
tion. He adhered with great constancy to his friendships.
This was particularly exemplified in the case of Clemens
Sibiliati, whose life of him is prefixed to the Oxford
edition of his Archimedes ; with him he kept up the closest
connection from a school boy to the day of his death. He
was peculiarly attached likewise to many men of distinc-
tion, both in Italy and Britain, the late earl Stanhope^
^arl Mansfield, John Strange, esq. &c. Torelli died Au<»
gust iS, 1781, in the sixtieth year of his age. '
. TORFiEUS (Thermodus), a learned Danish historian
and antiquary, was born in Iceland, and partly educated
there, but completed his studies in Denmark. Here he;
became so well known for. his acquaintance with history,
1 Life by Sibtliati.— Memoria della Sociato Italiana, torn. II. 1784.— Eocy*
clopadia Britanoica, Dr. QlcigS Supplement. — Hatton'i Di<;tiauaiy, newvdit.
'HH2
468 T O R F iE U S.
that when Frederick III. king of Denmark, himself a very
learned prince, wanted some able scholar to translate cer-
tain Icelandic MSS. which were in his library, Torf^vt^
was recommended to him, and executed his task so much
to the king's satisfaction, that he retained him for several
years in his court, and employed him on other affairs that
had no connexion with his studies, and always admired
him as a man of talent and probity. As a reward he gave
him a valuable appointment in the customs, but Torfaeus
found it not very agreeable to one of his disposition, and
was about soliciting an exchange when the king died. His
successor and son. Christian V. appointed him his historio-
grapher for Norway, with a salary of 600 German crowns.
This enabled Torfasus to reside either at Copenhagen, or
at an estate he had in Stongeland, pursuing his researches
into history and antiquities. He died in 1719, or 1720,
nearly eighty years old. As an historian, he occupies a
^very high rank among his countrymen. His principal
works, or those best known, although all are scarce, are,
1. ** Historia rerum Norvegicarum,*' Hafnise (Copenhagen)
1711, 4 vols, in 2, fol. 2. '< Orcades, seu rerum Orcaden-
Slum historic libri tres/' ibid. 1697; 1715, fol. 3 ^* Series
Dynastarum et Regum Daniss, a Skioldo Odint filio, ad
Gormum Grandsvum,'* ibid. 1702, 4to. 4. ^^ Historia Vin-
JandisB antiquse,^' 1705, 8vo. 5. *' Groeolandia ^antique,
seu veteris Groenlandiae descriptio,'' 1706, Svo. '
TORNASIUS (John), the first of a family of eminent
printers and booksellers, called in French Detournes, was
born at Lyons in 1504, and learned printing first in the
house of Sebastian Gryphius. He appears to have esta*
blished another house about 1540, and printed many books
in the name and on account of Gryphius ; but from 1544
we find his own name to a number of very correct editions.
Among others may be mentioned, an edition of ^^ Petrarch,''
in Italian, 1545, 16mo, with a letter from him to Maurice
Sceva, of Lyons, in which he gives a curious account of the
discovery of Laura's tomb, in 1533, in the chapel of the
Cordeliers' church at Avignon ; a "Dante," 1547, 16mo ;
** Les Marguerites des Marguerites de la reine de Navarre,"
1547, Svo; ** Vitruvius," with Philander's commentary
and wood cuts 'finely executed, 1552, Svo; and " Frois*
sart'$ ' Chronicles," 1559 — 61, 4 vols. fol. Most of his
^ Mor€ri«
T O R N A S I U S. 46f
>
editions have Latin prefaces or dedications from his pen.
His talents procured him the honour of being appointed
king's printer at Lyons, where be died of the plague in
1564* His device was two vipers forming a circle, the
. female devouring the bead of the male, while she herself
is devoured by her young, with the inscription *^ Quod tibi
fieri non vis, alteri ne faceris/' This device is still to be
seen on the front of a house at Lyons, in the rue Raisin,
where his printing*ofl5ce stood. He was succeeded by his
son, John, who was also king's printer, and carried on the
business until 1585. His editions did not yield in elegance
or correctness to those of his father,' but being obliged at
the date above-mentioned to quit his country, upon ac-
count of his religion, for he was a protestant, he settled at
Geneva, where he had every encouragement, and in 1604
became a membef of the council of two hundred. Like
the Geneva printers, however, he deteriorated . what he
printed here by enOploying bad paper. He died in 1615.
His descendants continued the printing and bookselling
business at Geneva, and had established a very extensive
trade, when in 1726, John James^ ^nd James Detournes
purchased the stock of Anisson and Posnel, famous book*
sellers of Lyons, and obtained permission, notwithstanding
their religion, to settle there ; and as they also continued
their house at Geneva, they greatly extended their trade,
particularly to Spain and Italy. In 1740 the learned John
Christian Wolff dedicated to them his *^ Monumenta Ty-
pographica," as to the oldest printing and bookselling fa*
mily in Europe. Their trade, which consisted chiefly in
.theological works, having begun to fail off when the Jesuits
were suppressed, their sons, who had a plentiful fortune,
sold off the whole of their'stock in I7S0, and retired from
a business which had been carried on in their family with
great reputation for nearly two hundred and forty y^ars. *
TORQUEMADA (John de), a celebrated Dominican,
better known by the name of Tuiirecremata, was born in
1388, of an illustrious family at Valladolid. He attended
the council of Constance in 1417, was admitted doctor of
the Sorbonne in 1429, held some important offices in his
order, and became master of the sacred palace. Pope £u-
geniusIV. sent him to the council of Basil, where he stre*
nuously supported the court of Rome. He was created car-
I Biog. Uoiv. io alt. DetouroPi.
470 T O R Q U E M A D A.
dinal in 1439, did i^reat services to his order, and died at
Rome, September 26, 1468, aged eighty. His works are,
** Commentaries on Gratian*s Decretal,** Venice, 1578,5
torn. ; a treatise '^ On the Church and the Papal Authority,**
Venice, 1 562, fol. ; " Expositio super toto Psalterio,*' Rome,
1470, 4to, reprinted in 1472, and at Mentz in 1474 ; ** Me-
ditationes,** Rome, 1467, often reprinted in the same cen-
tury, and all uow of great rarity. He wrote also various
others in Latin, in which, says L*Avocat, he servilely de-
fends the Ultramontane opinions, like a slave to the court
of Rome, rather than like ap impartial divine, and a bishop.
He was unquestionably an excessive bigot, and of a most
persecuting spirit. Father Touron has written his life. '
TORRE (Philip della), a learned antiquary, was born
in 1657, of a noble family at Ciudad in the Frioul. His
connexions with Octavio Ferrari, one of the most learned
antiquaries of Italy, increased bis natural taste for that
study. Having settled at Rome, he gained the esteem and
friendship of the cardinals Imperiali and Noris, pope In^
nocent XII. and Clement XI. which latter gave him the
bishopric of Adria, in 1702, where he died in 1717. His
works are, ** Monumenta veteris Antii,'* 1700, 4to, much
valued; " Taurobolium antiquum,'* Lugduni, 1704, re-
printed in Sallengre*s "Thesaurus Antiquitatum J** " De
annis imperii M. Antonii Aurelii Heliogabali,'* &c. 1714,
4to ; Diss^tations on worms in the human body, and on
an eclipse of the Sun, with several other learned pieces in
the Italian journals. •
TORRE (John Maria de la), a celebrated philosopher,
was born at Rome in 1710, of a family originally of Genoa,
and studied in the Clementine college at Rome. He be-
came afterwards professor of philosophy and mathematics
at the college of Ciudad, in the Frioul, Thence he went
to Naples, and caught these sciences in the archiepiscopal
seminary. Charles of Bourbon, king of Naples, appointed
him in 1754 to be his librarian, superintehdant of the royal
printing-office, and keeper of the museum, which enabled
him to devote his time to his favourite pursuits, one of
which was the iniprovement of microscopes, which he
brought to a very great degree of perfection, by inventing
the highest magnifiers that had ever been known, four of
which he sent in 1765 to our royal society. An account
* DupiQ.— -Care, vo). I f.'*— Antonio Bibt. Hisp. Vet.
• NiceroD, vol. 1. — Tirabo»chi«
TORRE. 471
of them may be seen in the Philosophical Transactions, vols.
LV. and LVi. This ingenious author was a member of
the principal academies X)f Italy, and a corresponding mem-
ber of those of Paris, London/and Berlin. He died March
7, 1782, not more regretted as a man of genius, than as a
man of private worth and amiable manners. His principal
works are, "On Natural Philosophy," Naples, 1749, 2 vols.
4to. 2. " Elementa Physic*," ibid. 1767, 8 vols.. 3. " His-
tory and phenomena of Vesuvius," 1755, 4to. 4. " Mi-
croscopical Observations," 1766, &c. '
TORRENTl US (LiEViNUs), in his native language called
VAND£a B£KEN, a very learned man, who flourished not
long after the restoratipn of letters, was born at Ghent, in
Flanders, in 1525, and educated at. Louvain. Thence he
went to Bologna, in order to study the civil law and anti-
quities ; where he so distinguished himself by his skill in
polite literature, and particularly in poetry, that he became
known all over Italy, and acquainted with all the learned of
Rome, Venice, and Padua. He was not only a man of
leai^uing, but of business also ; and hence, after returning
to his own country, was thought a fit person to be employed
in several embassies. He took holy orders, and at length
was raised to the bishopric of Antwerp. Hence he was ,
translated to the metropolitical church of Mechlin, where
he died in 15^5, at seventy year« of age. He founded si
college of Jesuits at Louvain, the place of his education, to
which he left bis library, coins, &c. Besides an octavo
volume of ^^ Latin poems," printed by Plantin, at Antwerp,
in 1594, he wrote *' Commentaries upon Suetonius and,
Horace;" the former printed in 1592, the latter in 1608,
4to. Scaliger, Lipsius, Scioppius, and indeed all the
learned, have spoken well of his ^' Commentaries." Fa-
bricius, speaking of explications ^nd emendations of Hp-
race, says, th«it he at)d Lambinus were men of great learn-
ing and critical talents, and had carefully consulted the
best manuscripts, but, it is thought that Torrentius had in-
trusted the collation to some person who had not his own
accuracy. *
TORRICELLI (EvangeustaO an illustrious mathema-
tician and philosopher of Italy,, was born at Faenza, in 1608,
and was trained in Greek and Latin literature by an uncle
who was a monk. Natural inclination led him to cultivate
mathematical knowledge, which he pursued some time
* Diet. Hist. ' ' « Foppen BibK Bclg.— Moreri. — Saxil Onoinatt.
47t T O R R I C E L L L
irithout a master ; bat, at about twenty years of age» he
went to Rome, where be continued the pursuit of it under
father Benedict Castellt. Castelli had been a scholar of
the great Galilei, and bad been called by pope Urban VI IL
to be a professor of matbetnatics at Rome. Torricetli
knade so extraordinary a progress under tbis master, that,
having read Galilei's <^ Dialogues," he composed a ^^ Trea^
tise concerning Motion" upon his principles. Castelii,
astonished at the performance, carried it and read it to
Galilei, who beard it with much pleasure, and conceived
a high esteem and friendship for the author. Upon this
Castelli proposed to Galilei, that Torricelli should cocne
and live with him ; recommending him as the most proper
person he could have, since he was the most capable of
comprehending those sublime speculations which bis own
great age, infirmities, and, above all, want of sight, pre*
vented him from giving to the worlds Galilei accepted the
proposal, and Torricelli the employment, as things of ail
others the most advantageous to each. Galilei was at Flo-
rence, whither Torricelli arrived in 1641, and. began to
take down what Galilei dictated, to regulate bis papers,
and to act in every respect according to his directions. Bat
he did not enjoy the advantages of this situation long, for
at the end of three months Galilei died. Torricelli wai
then about returning to Rome. But the grand duke Fer-
dinand II. engaged him to continue at Florence, making
him his own mathematician for the present, and promising
him the chair as soon as it should be vacant. Here be ap-
plied himself intensely to the study of mathematics, phy-
sics, and astronomy, making many improvements and some
discoveries. Among others, he greatly improved the art
of making microscopes and telescopes ; and it is generally
* acknowledged that he first found out the method of ascer-
taining the weight of the atmosphere by a proportionate
column of quicksilver, the barometer being called from him
the Torricellian tube, and Torricellian experiment. In
short, great things were expected from him, and great
things would probably have been farther performed by him
if he had lived ; but he died, after a few days illness, in
1647, when he was but just entered the fortieth year of bis
Torricelli published at Florence, in 1644, a volume of
ingenious pieces, entitled '* Opera Geometrica,*' in 4to.
There was also published at the same place, in 1 7 1 5, *^ Lez-
TORRICELLI. / 471
sioni Accadeiniche,'* cDnsisting of 96 pAges in 4to« These
are discourses that had been pronounced by him upon dif*
ferent occasions. The first of them was to the academy of
LaCrusca, by way of thanks for admitting him into their
body. The rest are upon subjects of mathematics and phy-
sics. Prefixed to the whole is a long Kfe of Torricelli, by
Thomas Buonaventuri, a Florentine gentleman. ^
TORRIGIANO (Peter), an eminent Florentine sculp-
tor, was born about 1473, and was the contemporary of
Michael Angelo, in competition with whom he executed
some works in the town-hall of Florence. He was an artist
of very superior merit, but a proud, inconsiderate, and un-
governable character. It was in one of his passionate fits
that he struck Michael An^lo with such force as to flatten
•his nose. Benvenuto Cellini, in his own life, has recorded
this affair, as related to him by Torrigiano himself: '* Hit
conversation one day^ happening to turn upon Michael
Angelo Buonarroti, oii seeing a drawing of mine made
from the celebrated cartoon of the battle of Pisa : ' This
Buonarroti and I (said Torrigiano), when we were young
men, went to study in the church of the Carmelites, ill
the chapel of Masaccio ; and it was customary with Buo^
narrdti to rally thoise who* were learning to draw tfaere^
One day, amongst others, a sarcasm of his having stun^
me to the quick, I was extremely irritated, "and, doubling
my fist, gave him such a violent blow upon his nose, that
I felt the bone and cartilage yield as if they had been
made of paste, and the mark I then gave him he will carry
to his grave'.'*
Cellini's account of Torrigiano is, that ** he was a hand^
some man ; but of consummate assurance, having rather
the air of a bravo than a sculptor : above all, his strange
gestures and sonorous voice, with a manner of knitting bis
brows, enough to frighten every man who saw him, gave
him a most tremendous appearance, and he was continually
talking of his great feats among those bears of EngKshrnen
whose country he had but recently left.*' At what time be
came into England is not known, but in IS 19, according
to Stow, he executed the superb tomb of Henry VII. in
Westminster-abbey, for which he received 1 000/. for tbm
whole stuff and workmanship. It is also said by Vasari
that he executed variety of works 4n « marble, brass, and
> Fabnwi Viu» Italoriiai.--Chaufepie.— HuUoo's Oict.
474 T O R R I G I A N O.
wood, in concurrence with other masters of this country,
over all whom be .was allowed the superiority. Vertue
ascribes to hioi the tomb of Margaret countess of Rich-
mond, motht-r of Henry Vll. ; and that of Dr. Young
master iof the Rolls in the chapel at the Hoilsio Chancery-
lane ; and lord Orford is inclined to attribute to him a bead
of Henry VIIL in plaister in a round at Hanjpton-court.
His lordship adds, that at Strawberry-hiil is a model in
stone of the. bead of Henry VU. in the agony of death.
It is in the great style of Raphael and Mich^^el Angelo,
and worthy of either, though undoubtedly by Torrigiauo.
The ungoveroable and restless habits of this artist preci-
pitated him into great difficulties, and the circumstances of
bis death furnish a melancholy instance of the vicissitude
of life, and the baneful effects of inquisitorial jurispru-
dence. Upon leaving England, he visited Spain, and after
distinguishing himself by many excellent works, was em-
ployed by a Spanish grandee to sculpture in marble a Ma-
donna aud Infant Christ, of the size of nature, with high
promises to be rewarded in proportion to its merit ; and as
the grandee was of the first rank, Torrigiano flattered him-
self with proportionate expectation.' After much study
and application he completed his work to his own satisfac-
tion, and the grandee saw the performance with delight and
reverence, bestowing on him the highest praise. Impatient
to possess his treasure, he immediately sent for it, and that
bis generosity might be displayed to the greatest advantage
he loaded two lacqueys with the money to defray the pur-
chase. The bulk was promising ; but when the bags were
found to contain notbingbut brass maravedi, which amounted
only to the small sum of thirty ducats, vexation and dis-
appointment roused Torrigiano*s resentment, who consi-
dered this present rather as an insult than as a reward
for his merit, and, on a sudden, snatched up his mallet, aud
without regard to the perfection of his workmanship, or
the sacred character of the image, he broke it in pieces,
and dismissed the lacqueys, with their load of farthings, to
tell the tale. The grandee, with every passion alive to tbis
merited disgrace, and perhaps impressed with superstitious
horror for the sacrilegious nature of the act, presented
him before the court of inquisition ; and impeacbtd him
for his conduct as an infidel and heretic. Torrigiano urged
the right of an author over his own creation : reason pleaded
on his side, but all in vain ; he was condemned to lose bis
TORRIGIANO. 4T5
life with torture. The holy office, however, lost its vic-
tim, for Torrigiano starved himself to deatli in prison, in
1522. '
TORSELLINO. See TURSELLINUS.
TORTEL LI US (John), otherwise Aretin, from being
born at Arezzo, was one of the learned men of the fifteenth
century, although our accounts of him are not very satis-
factory. He either composed or translated a ** Life of St.
Athanasius.'^ He was admitted into the confidence of Ni-
cholas V. whose chamberlain he was. His conversation
and candour have been much praised. ' He was principally
skilled in grammar, as appears by his book ^^ De Potestate
Literarum." Gesner's " Bibliotheca" gives the titles of
many other works; and Magius quotes a " Lexicon" of his.
Laurentius Valla must have been one of his admirers, as he
dedicates to him his books " De Latina Elegantia." He
died in 1466.»
TOSSANUS, or TOUSSAIN (Daniel), a learned pro-
testant divine, was bom at Montbeillard, then belonging to
the dukes of Wirtemberg, July 15, 1 541. His father, Peter
Toussain, who was minister of that place, had formerly
been a canon of Metz, but afterwards embraced the re^
formed religion, and was employed by George duke of Wir-
temberg to introduce it at Montbeillard, which he did with
great effect until his death in 157S, in his seventy-fourth
year. His latter days were embittered by the loss of two of
his sons, one of whom was assassinated at Montbeillard, and
the other perished in the massacre at Paris in 1 572.
Daniel, the subject of this article, aftef some education
in his native place, was sent to Basil in 1555, where he stu-
died for two years, and was admitted to the first academic
degree, probably that of bachelor of arts. He then went
to Tubingen, where be continued his studies for two more
years, under the patronage and at the expence of Chris-
topher duke of Wirtemberg, who thus wished to reward his
-father^s services to the infant-church of Montbeillard. Her^e
he applied himself to belles lettres and philosophy, and
took the degree of master of arts. He had^ also gone
through a course of divinity ; for we find that when his fa-
ther recalled him to his native place, he preached there,
both in French and German ; but finding himself indiife-
1 Walpo^e's Anecdotes.-- Doppa's Life of Michael Angelo. .
^ Gen. Oict.--rMoreri.— Saxii Onoraast.
476 TOSSANUS.
rently acquainted with the former of those languages, he
went in 1559 to Paris, where he might acquire a greater
facility in speaking and writing, and at the same time carry
on his other studies. The following year he left Paris for
Orleans, where he taught Hebrew for some time, and be-
ing admitted into the ministry, officiated in the church
there, which was one of the most numerous and flourishing
of the protestant congregations in France. There in 1565
he married the daughter of an advocate of parliament* who
had been counsellor to queen Catherine de Medici before
the troubles.
While Tossanus was here, he was frequently exposed to
the greatest dangers during the war which broke out be-
tween the catholics and protestants, Orleans being besieg-
ed, and being full of adherenu to the duke of Guise and
bis party. But by Tarious means, although much perse-
cuted, he escaped all, and finally reached Heidelberg^
whither he had been inrited by the pious Frederick III.
elector palatine ; and was so well received by that prince
sod by all descriptions of people, as soon to be able to forT
get his many dangers and sufierings. The prince after-
wards employed him in visiting the reformed churches in
his dominions, and in composing some differences of opi-
nion among them, which he is said to have performed with
equal ability and zeal. On the death of that prince, how-
ever, in 1576, he experienced a reverse, his son Louis be-
ing a Lutheran, and unwilling to retain Toussain, who was
a Calvinisty in his service. His brother prince Casimir,
who was of his father^s persuasion, then invited Toussain
to Newstadt, made him superintendant of the churches
there, and on the death of Ursinus, professor of divinity.
He also officiated in the church of St. Lambert, composed
of refugees ; and preaphed to them in French, and by the
princess desire, joined Zanchius and Ursinus in the publi-
cation of various works in support of the reformation. In
1578 he presided at a synod which prince Casimir had as-
sembled for the purpose of establishing conformity in doc-
trine and discipline, and of assisting the exiles of the pala-
tinate. With this prince Toussain became so great a fa»
vourite, that his highness took no steps in ecclesiastical
matters without consulting him, and such was the general
report of his character, that foreign princes or ambassadors
who visited the court at Newstadt, made it a point to pay
their respects to Toussain. On the death of the elector
T O S S A N U S. 477
Louis IV. in 1583, prince Casimir, hjs brother, bad the
charge of his infant son and successor Frederick IV. On
this he removed to Heidelberg, in order to take the regency
into his own hands, and employed Toussain in promoting
the reformed religion. In this, however, he was much ob*
structed by the violence of the Lutheran party ; and the
prince, after in vain endeavouring by conferences to allay
the fervour of their zeal, was under the necessity of dis-
missing the most turbulent from their situations in the
church or university. This was no more than had been
done by the late elector without any ceremony : but the
prinCe regent in the present case took every pains to show
that it was a matter of necessity with him, all other means
of pacification having failed.
In the mean time Grynaeus, first professor of divinity at
Heidelberg, having been removed to Basil in 1586, Tous*
sain was appointed to succeed him, and after entering on
the office, complied with the statutes of the university by
taking his doctor^s degree. In 1587 his wife died^ and
about a year and a half after he married the widow of M.
Chppelle, who had been chaplain to the prince of Conde.
In 1592 he lost his illustrious patron prince Casimir, but
as the young elector adhered to the same sentiments in re-
ligion, no change took place in ecclesiastical matters. In
1594, Toussain was chosen rector of the university, aa
office which be filled with great credit. In 1596 when the
plague had driven not only the court, but most of the pro-
fessors and students from Heidelberg, Toussain remained
at his post, preaching, and administering what support and
consolation he coujd to the sufferers. Beginning now to
feel the infirmities of age, he would have resigned his pro->
fessorship, but this was not accepted, although be was per-
mitted to relax in every way suitable to his health. He died
Jan. ro, 1602, in the sixty-first year of his age, and was
buried in the chapel belonging to the university.
His son Paul, also a divine of much learning and'reputa-
tion in his time, published a life of his father, *'Vita et
obitus Danielis Tossani," (8cc. Heidelberg, 1603^ 4to, with
various other works, mostly of the controversial kind, and
a translation of Luther's Bible with notes, ibid. 1617, folio.
These notes were attacked by the Lutheran divines, and
defended by the author in jan ^^ Apologia pro suis notis Bib-
licis, &c." 1618, 4to. He published also a <^ Lexicon Con-
cordantiale Biblicumi &c.'' of which there have been seve-
♦7» T O 8 S A N U S.
/
I
ml editioDSi the last at Francfort in 16^7, folio. He died
in 1629. — His father's works^in German and Latin, amount
to many volumes 4to and folio, principally comnientaries
on various part^ of the Bible, and defences of particulac
doctrines of the reformed church. A list may be seen ia
any of our authorities.'
TOUP (Jonathan), a very eminent critic, was descend-
ed from a family formerly settled in Dorsetshire. Hi3 grand-
father, Onesiphorus Toup, bad been a man of good pro-
perty, and patron, as well as incumbent, of Bridport in
that county ; but he appears to have been embarrassed in
bis circumstances before his death, as he parted wit|i the
advowsoo, and left a numerous family very slenderly pro-
vided for. His second son, Jonathan, was bred to the
church, and was curate and lecturer of St. Ives, Cornwall*
He married Prudence, daughter of John Busvargus, esq. of
Busvargus in Cornwall, and by her had isstie Jonathan,
the subject of this memoir, and one daughter.
Joqatben, our critic, was bom at St. lyes, in December
1713. He received the first priuciples of his education kt
a grammar-school in that town, and was afterwards placed
under the care of Mr. Gurney, master of a private scbool,
in the parish of St. Merryn. He was removed from this
school to Exeter college, Oxford, where he tppk his de*
gree of batcbelor of arts; but his oiaster of arts degree
was taken at Pembroke hall, Cambridge, in 1756. In
1750, he was appointed to the rectory of St. Martin's, aiul,
in 1774, was installed prebendary of Exeter. In 1776, be
wa^ instituted to the vicarage of St. Merryn's. He owed
these two last pieces of preferment to the patronage of Dr«
Keppel, bishop of Exeter.
Mr. Toup had lost his father whilst be was a child : and
his tpother sometime after marrying Mr. Keigwin, vicar of
Landrake in Cornwall, his uncle Busvargus (the last male
of that family) took him under bis care : considered him
as his own child ; and bore the whole charge of his edu-
cation both at school and college. By the death of this
excellent man, without issue, in 1751, Mrs. Keigwin suc-
ceeded, as heir at law, to his estate and effects. A will
was indeed found, supposed to have been signed by old
Mr. Busvargus two days before his death : but there were
so many 'suspicious circumstances attending it, that the
^ Melchior Adam.— Niceron, vol. XXXVl. — Chaufepi*.
. T O U p. 47^
persons who would have been benefited by it never Ten-
tuted to prove it. Mrs. Keigwin died in 1773^ and left a
will, bequeathing theT whole of her estates to her son Jo-
nathan, which accounts for the property of which he died
possessed, and which could not hav&accuaiulated itom bit
preferments or his publications.
In 1760, Mr. Toup published thq first work which made
bim known to the world a^ a critic. This was the first part
of his ^' Emendatiorfes in Suidam, in quibus plurima loca
veterum Gtsecorum, Sophoclis et Aristopfaanis iaiprimis,
cum explicantur turn emendantur,'' 8vo. The second part
appeared in 1764. This work procured him the notice of
Jbishop Warburton, who, from the time of- its publica-
tion, honoured him with his correspondence and patroi^-
age. The bishop, in one of bis letters, laments his having
a see without any preferment on it : " had it been other-
wise, he should have been too selfish to invite any of his
brethren to share with him in the honour of properly dis-
tinguishing such merit as Mr.Toup's." All, however, that
the bishop could do, he did with the warmth and earnest-
ness of sif»cere friendship. He repeatedly recommended
Mr. Toup to archbishop Seeker, to tte trustees for dis-
posing of his options, to lord Shelburne, and to bishop
Keppel ; and the favours that prelate conferred On Mr.
Toup were owing to the solicitations of bishop Warburton.
In 1766 the third part of the *' Ememiatianes in Sui-
dam'* was published, and in the following y^ar archbishop
Seeker expressed a desire that Mr. Toup would lend bis
assistance towards a new edition of Polybius, which was
then in contemplation ; and bishop Warburton, who se-
conded this wish, advised him to lay aside for a while the
notes he wars preparing for Warton's edition of Theocritus^
but it does not appear what progress was made in this
edition. In 1767, he published his v^Epistola critica ad
virum celeberrimum Gulielmum episcopum Gloce'strien-
sem,'* 8vo. In this letter* to bis friend Warburton, he takes
occasion to correct and illustrate many passages in ancient
and especially Greek authors, with his usual acuteness and
judgment. In 1770, Mr. Wanon*s edition of Theocritus
was printed at the university press at Os^ford. Mr. Toup
bad been a large contributor towards the corrections and
annotations of this edition, in the title page of which is
noticed, *^ Epistola Jo. Toupii de Syracusis, ejusdemque
Addenda in Theocritum, necnon coUatioues quindecinoi
480 roup.
eodicum.*' Bat a note of bis oti Idyll. XIV. wriUen^ we
shottld have said, in au unguarded moment, had be not r«*
peated and attempted to defend it afterwards, gave sacb
offence (to Dr. Lowth particularly) tbat the vice-cbanceL?
lor of Oxford bad it cancelled and another aubstituied in
its room. Mr. Warton, according to Mr. Cole, pleaded
that Toup bad inserted. it witboat bis knowledge. On the
other band, our principal authority vindicates Mr. Toup,
by saying tbat Mr. Warton bad not stopped this note from
going to the press, and that ** a respectable friend, in a let-
ter on this subject, declares bis persuasion of Mr. Toup's
sincere veneration for religion.'* Mr. Nichols very can-
didiy adds, *< The matter is before the public, who mayi
form their own judgment on it^' One thing is very cer*
tain, tbat the note is grossly indecent, and such a one as
we should not have suspected from a man wbo had ** a
sincere veneration for religion ;" and that it was a deli-
berate act on the part of Mr. Toup, a|:^peared from his
publication in 1772 of his '* Curs posieriores, sive Ap*
pendicula notanim atque emendationum in Tbeocritum,
Oxonii nuperrimi pubiicatum,'* 4to, in which the can-
celled note is repeated, with a reflection (in the preface)
on the persons who had found fault with it, as '^ homun-
cull eruditione mediocri, ingenio nuUo»** and perhaps the
follo\4ing may allude to Lowtb, ** qui in Hebraicis per
emnem fori vitam turpiter volutati, in litteris eleganiiori-
bus pland bospttes sunt*' By the same spirit of captious
eriticisBi and eontempt for bis brethren, in which, it must
be allowed, Toup too frequently iadulged, be gave great
offence to Retske, wbo in compliineimng Warton for his ur-
banity, caUs Toup *' ferocious and fouUmoutbed,'* although
£sw critics have deserved this character more than Reiske
hiaifself.
Mr. Toup's next work was the ^< Appendiculum notarum
in Sttidam,'* 1775, which may be considered as a fourth
volume of his *^ Emendationes.** He closed bis labours in
I77S by bis edition of *^ Longimrs,'* which plaees his fame
as a critic, on an imperishable basis* Indeed as a writer
of profound learning, and singular critical sagacity, Mr.
Toup must be acknowledged to rank with the most eminent
men, in those departments. Dr. Burney, whose eight to
jfidge cannot easily be disputed, places bim as one of the
seven pre-eminent scholars who were the critical luminairies
of the eighteenth century.
t O V ^. 48t
I
As his Kfc was passed in literary re^ement, bis personal
character was known to few. His failings seem principally
tonfined to his works, in which we are often led to lament
dn eteess of conceit, and a petulant manner of noticing his
cont^mporArres. He censured too freely; and praised toa
sparingly. In private life he was a kind neighbour, an in^
dulgent master, and an affectionate and tender relation.
He was a man, too, of great humanity, which he delighted
to e^ttend to the brute creation. We may suppose he also
carefblly attended to his duties as a parish priest, for, of all
thhigs, he expressed the greatest aversion to non-residence,
and rejected every proposal to quit bis situation upon such
terms. Mr. ToUp died Jan. 19, 1785, in the seventy-se-
cond year of his age, and was buried under the commuoioti
table in his church of St. Martin. He bequeathed his pro«>
perty to a half-sister, a widow, and bet daughters, wh6
lived with him. It was one of his whims, in his latter writ*
ings to cftH himself J&annes^ instead of Jtmathdn Toup.
Many additional particulars respecting tbis excellent scho-
lai? may be found in our authority.^
'■ TOUR (Henry de la), viscount de Tihienne, a cde*
brated French general, was born in September 1611, at
Sedan, and was the second son of Henry de la Tour;
duke de'SdoHlon, descended from one of the most illostri^
ous French families. He very early discovered uncommon
talents for the military art, and made his first campaign \A
Holland under Maurice, and Frederic Henry of Nassau^
his uncles on the mother^s side. He went soon after intd
Lorrain with his regiment in 1634, and having contributed
to the taking of la Mothe, was appointed major-general,
though at that time very young. In 16^6 be took Saverne,
and the year following, the castles. of Hirson and Sorle,
and it was on this occasion, that he acted like Scipio, with
respect to a very beautiful woman, whom he sent back to
her husband. He was made marechal of France, in 1644,
and had the misfortune to be defeated at the battle of Ma*
riendal, 1645 ; but gained that of Nortlingen, three months
after, restored the elector of Treves to his dominions, and
the following year effected that famous junction of the
French with the Swedish army commanded by general
Wrangel, which compelled the duke of Bavaria to sue for
peace. This duke having broken the treaty he made with
< ' M iciiob's Bowycr,
Vol. XXIX. I I
M8 TOUR.
France^ the vUcouot de TureoQe defeated bim at Zumar-
sbauieD, aod drove bim entirely frqin bis dominioiia ia
1643. During the civil wars be joined tbe priaces^ aad
was defeated at the battle of Rbeteli in 1650; but bis ma-
jesty, being soon reconciled to bim, gave him the cpm-
mand of his army in 1 652. His conduct was afterwards
much admired at tbe battles of Jergeau, Gien, aud tbe
Fauxbourg St. Autoine, and in bis retreat before tbe army
pf tbe princes at Villeneuye-Sainte-George» la 1654 be
forced tbe Spaniards to raise tbe siege of Arras, and in
i655, tQok Cond6, Saint Guiilain, and several other places |
woo tbe famous battle of tbe Downs, and took Dankirk and
Oudeoarde, with almost all the rest of Flanders; which
obliged Spain to conclude tbe peace of tbe Pyrenees
io 1660. These important services deservedly acquired
bim tbe office of marecbaUgeueral of the royal camps
aod armies. A fresh war brea]king out with Spain, 1667,
Turenne- commanded under the king^s orders in Flanders,
wbeie be took so many places that tbe Spaniards were
forced, to propose peace the following year. lo tbe same
year, be abjured the Protestant religion, probably from an|-
bitiouK motives. In 1672 be commandea tbe French troops
during, the war against Holland, took forty towns in 22
days» drove tbe elector of Brandenburg quite to Berlin,
woy: U^ battles of Sintsbeim, Lademburg, Ensbeinit Mul-
bao^en aod Turkeira, and compelled tbe Imperial aroif ,
ooiisiating of 70,000! men, to re«pass tbe Ilbiiie. TW
campaign, acquired tbe viscount de Turenne immortal
boiiQur^. ..He crossed the Rhine to attack general Monte-
ciicuili, and pursued him to Saspacb, near (tbe^dovvn of
Aj^beren; but having ascended an eminence to observe the
enemy's camp, be was killed by aicannpiiibalV'^'iily 27,
16(5, at tbe age of sixty-four. ^11 Frashce lam^ntod tbe
loss /9f; this .great man, whose generosity .alnduAfoitesty^
joined ito his,mili4ary virtues, and tbe npbtestHqpaliliea w
tbdjierok had mode bim admired throughout Europe* :Tbe
king ftfdered a solemn service to be peribrnied ifqr bint- in
tbe catbedssl church at Paris, as for the first pi^incerof <die
bloody and that bis remains should be interred in 4be^bey
o£8t. Denys, tbe buryiog-^place of tbe royal persoqagea of
Fi^npe, where the cardinal, his nephew, raised a^i superb
mausoleum to his memory. He married Anne de Nompar
de Caumont, daughter of the duke and marechal de la
Force, but bad no children by her. His life faas been
T Q U RL 483
wrkten bjr the MM RagoeMt, and M. de Ramsay. — ^Tbe'
iTttctitint de Turenne, one of bis ancestors, wrote a valua*
ble ti^atise on '< The Military Art." >
TOURNEFORT (Joseph Pitton de), a famous bota-
nist of France, was born of a good family, at Aix in Pro-
T^enee, June S, 1656. He bad a taste for observing and
eolleetifng plants from bis cbildhood ; and, when be was at
iR?hool, used frequently to play truant, though he was fre-*
quiefitly punished for it, in order to traverse the fields in
queiit of new discoveries. The same passion continued
witen he was more grown up, and after he began to study
]lhUosophy and divinity; and, though all endeavours were
used by his father, who designed him for tbe church, to
cdfe him of it, his favourite study prevailed, and plants
dontidu^ bis object. In pursuit of them he was ready to
tral^erse the globe, as he did a great part of it afterwards ;
but, for the present^ was obliged to content himself with
wbftt'the neighbourhood of Aix and the gardens of the
curious nffbrded^ Becoming his own master by the death
of his 'fflither in 1677, h^ quitted theology^ which indeed
he had never relished, and gave himself up entirely to
phytic, 'natural philosof^y, and botany, at the instigation
of^aa uncle, who was a very ingenious and reputable pby-.
simian. In 1679» be^ran'over tbe mountains of Dauphin^
aad'Savoy, and thenee enriched his collection with a great
ii^faber«^oircuriou$ specimens. In 1679 he went to Mont*
pelier, to study medtciae and anatomy. In this town was'
a garden of plants,^ which had been established by Henry
IV. tMiti tbi» did not satisfy his curiosity : he travelled over
tbe Maiitry' round shout Montpelier, imd brought back
with him^^piaiifts wbiob "Were before unknown to tbe beta-*
nists^ofitbat^iilace. • <His curiosity becoming more ardent;
he fottMd'«'«cheiiiiie of passing over into Spain, and set
oat for 'Barcelona tii' April 1681. He spent some time in
the mMfHtains of Catalonia, whither he was accompanied
by ihe yeung physicians- of the country, and the students
in- pbyMiCf to whom he pointed out and explained the va*
riMswrts of plants; but was often expiised to dangers,
aiod^waaonce stripped . naked by tbe miquelets, a kind of
bendiisbt, who^ however, so far took pity on him as to re-
turit; him hia waisteoati in the lining of which, by good
luck^ he bttppen^d to have some silver tied up in a hmd-^
1 ■>
1 Diet, ttiit.
II S
4M TOUKNErORT.
Iwrebief. After ^tber riiks, be arrived safe at MonfpeKer
ill 16^1, and continued bit stodiet ig medioiDe, and bb
operations in cbymistry aad aaaMmjr. He was afterwurds*
veceived doctor of pbysic at Orifvge, and thence went to
Aix^ where bis passion for plants, whicb was aa high a»
ever, did isot suffer bins ta cesitinue longr He now visited
the Alps, and he brought back with him new treasures,
which he bad ac^ired wkh greet fotigue and danger.
His meric as a botanist now began to he known at Pafis,
wbither be wens in leSS, and wa» ietrodaeed to M; Fdgon,
first physician to the ^(aeen, who was m stvoek with the
iagennity anrd vest knowledge of Toornefort, that he pr^
cured him ta be made betawic professor in the king's gar-
den*. Toarnefevt inmiediatety aet kimaelf to favmsh k
with every thing thai was curious and vahiable; and, by
order of the bing^ tsaveited into Spain and Portaga), and
afteswarda into Holland and EnghHid,^ where he made a
]Mredig^oa8 collection of pkmtsi Hi;» name was became
eeleb^ited abroad as weK aS'at bcaae; and he bad the bo-
tanic profesforsbip at Leyden eftsred bim» which he did
not think proper to accept though >bi» present salary was
hrntstaaU. He faiad, however, tbe'prafttsofliia profession,
and of a great number of papiis in botany, #bichy with his
ownf private fortune, aapporled him verf iafandsoalely. In
liM he wae admitted a member of the academy of scien-
ce*; he*ivaa afteswavda made doiitor iw pbysic of tbe faculty
of Paris, and maintained a thesis for it, which be dedicated
ta bis friend aad patron M. Fagon,^
hs no^ be received an order fVom tbe kimg to travel to
Greece^ Asia, and Africa, not oifly to take* cognizance of
the ptawu which the ancienta have mennoned^ or even of
those which escaped th^ oksevvation, but to make ako
obsetvittions upon natvral history at fawge^ upon ancient
and modern geography^ and upon the reliigoioct, mamievs,
ind<wciBRawree$ ef different nations aad peoples Thanking
ordered Jartber A« Gundeisheimery a naiive of Anspsich,
aad physician to the king of Pruasia, to attend him as a
dnuqfhtsman, who might draw plants, atiiimls, or aaj
thing eurioas, that fell- in^ his way. A4aiost ibnearyeasa
were employed in this learned visage; and, as botany wae
if; Tournefart's fiivounta object^ be hefboriaed over all
the isles of tbe Archipelago, upon the coasts of tbe Black
Sea, in Bitbynia, Pontus, Cappadocia, Armenia, and
Georgia. At bis return he took a different route, in hopea
TOUENEFOBT. 4*5
of new subjects of o!bs6rvaU9^, mi canae through Gal«ti«,
Mysiai Lydidy aijMl loniai Tj^ plague betng ^ben in Egypt .
hindered hifoi fram proceeding jto Afiricaj yet be brougbt
home 1356 species of plants, entirely new.
He now resi^^ed the hi^iqess of his profession, which
his t^-avels had interrupted, a^d p^s 4^0011 after made pvo-
feasor of physic in the Golletg«*reyal. He bad also the of«
ficea of his hotanic profes^arjsh^p m the king's gardeti^ and
tb^ usual functions of the academy of iciences required of
every nien^ber, to attends together with the work of pre-
paring an Accoant of his traV'el9> which wds aow to be^ex-
peoted from him- This being fl^oive than his oonstkHUon
could bear, gradually impaired his health, bat it was an
unforeseen accident tfasM^ cost hi|n his iife : as be was going
to ibe academy his breast was vioj^eaiily pressed by the axle
of a carriage, ivhich brought on ^ spittiiig of blood, to which
he did not pay a proper reigard ; and this ending in a
drppsy of the breast, carried him off, after langidsbtiif^
some moAtbs, December 28, L708. He was the greatest
botanist of his time ; aod it was by hjs akill and care that
the king pf France's gi»r4eas, almost quite negteoted and
abandoned before, were afterwards holdea 10 honour, and
thought worth the atteiption of M the virtuosi ia Europe.
Yet he was not so particujariy atlaehed to botaay aa to
aeglect every thing else ; for he had made a most valuaible
collection of all kinds of natural, curiosities, which he left
by will to the king.
His writings are as follow : '< E16meDS de Botautque: ou,
Methode pour connoitre les plantes, airec figures, Paris,
.1(>9V 3 tomes in 8vo. He afierwarda eelai^ed this work
considerably, and translated it iato Latin for the benefit of
for^igjienh with |:his title, ^'laatitutipotareiherhariaB: sive,
Elementa botaoicof," Panis, 1709, 3 ^ols.4ttx The first
volume contains the names of the plitfits^ distributed ac-
cording to ius method ; the two other the figures of them,
very well engraven. This is his great work, and long made
him be eonsidei^d as the oracle lof botany. In bis system
he divided the plauts into tweoty«two classes, which he
determined by the different £>rmauoA<of the flower, and
their orders he as^e^r^^iiiied by the fruit. He divided all
the plants which were known to hm from the quality of
the flower f corolla J into cii^sses, which his predecessors had
limited by the fruit, and these classes he subdivided into
orders. He arranged the genera by solid, distinctive marks,
486 TOURNEFORT.
which he borrowed of the fmit ; gav^e thetn fixed generic
. names, and placed the species, with their manifeld'raria-
tions^ under the genera. This classification is Vy no meinis
difficoh, and were it not for the imperfect characters ot a
few of the classes, might certainly be followed; but^it
yielded at length to the Linnsfean method, with wtiieh it
certainly will not bear a comparison. His next work <ras
*^ Histoire des Plantes qui naissent aux environs de Paris,
avec leu r usage dans la m^decine," 1698, in l£mo, em-
larged by another hand, into 2 vols.* I2mo, in an edition
of Paris/l725. This was translated by Dr. Martyn'in 1732,
2 vols. 8vo. *^ De optima methodo in instituenda re her-
baria/' in 1697, 8vo. This is an epistle to onf Mr. Hey,
who had dissented from Tournefort's method of ctasarng
plants, and ranging them into their several gentfses. ^ Co-
rollarium institutionum rei herbariie, in quo plan tsalS56
muntfioentia Ludovici magni in Orientatibos regidniboi^ob*
aervatsB recensentur, et ad genera sua revbcantw,. Paris,
1608,'' in 4to» This work is printed in tbeiJiird vriwne
of Ray's " Historia Plantarum, 1740," in folio/ .<* Kdation
d'un voyage du Levant, contenant rhi'stcme^nmenneet
moderne de plusieurs isles d^Archipel, de Constantinople,"
&c. Paris, 1717, 9 Vols, in 4to, and S iii'8vt>, with figures;
reprinted at Amsterdmn, 1718, in 2 vols. 4mr Thii f^ork
comprises n6t only disobveries in botany, bti t' other oorious
'partioulars relating to history, geography, and natural phi-
losophy. Besides these larger works, there are several
pieces of Tournefort printed in the History of dbei^cadeaay
of Sciences. ' x'"^ -.
^ TOURNEMINE (Rbt^e Joseph db}, a learned FV^nch
Jesuit, was born at Rennes, April 426^ 1661, of a^n' ancient
family. He entered among the Jestitts in 16S0, and besides
other literary honours due to his merit, was appotntf^dili-
brarian to the society in Paris. 'Hitf tange of stqdy Mad
been so extensive that most of bis leahi^d conteitipor^ies
considered him afr an oracle in ev^r^^^branc'h ot^teiMte,
taste, or art. The holy scriptures/ tfi^totty^^'^^be belles
lettres, antiquities, sacred "and proftkne, c¥itm^,^'rfa^eft6
poetry, had all bee)[Vtbe^object^ of His f^ursUfit^ n^df added
to hii accomplishments. vHe wa^'$»r manjr^^^l^dditor of
the " Journal de Trevowif,^'^ one of the mobt^i^^raied in
r.'"
* £loge» by FQntenelle.— Life prefiiied to bis Voyage.— Sttever'i Ltfc of Ian-
T O y R N E M I N E. 487
France, in which he wrote a great many essays and cri-
ticisms 6f considerable merit and acuteness. He published
also a good edition of*' Menochius/' 1719, 2 vols. fol. aad
an edition of Prid^ux's History of the Jews. He died
. May 16, 1739; He was a man of a communicative dispo-
jskion, and very attentive to strangers. There was, how-
ever, some degree of vanity in bis composition, and he
even prided himself. on his birth, but upon the whole,' was
IM1 estimable character, and contributed, by his Journal, to
the diffusion of much useful knowledge.^
TOURNEUX (Nicholas le), a pious French divine,
^vi!^s boi^n April 30, 1640, at Rouen, of poor parents, but
tbt iikcUnation for learning which he discovered from his
childhood, induced M. du Foss^, mattre des comptes at
.Rouen, to encourage him in that pursuit, and to send him
: tDitbe Jesuits' college at Paris. He completed his philo-
:sopbioai studies at the college de Grassins, under M. Her-
'9efft, and was afterwards vicar of St. Etienne des Tonne-
iievty latRouen, where he distinguished himself by his pub-
lic 0ei^ces. Diirinfg a visit to Paris in 1 675, be gained the
prise given by the French academy. Reflecting afterwards
o» the iooonsiderate manner in which he had engaged in
the sacred office, be went again to Paris, und renounced
all the duties of the priesthood, that had done him so much
honour, till Af. de Sacy, to whom he applied for directions
in his peoitence, drew him from this state of dejection, and
persuaded him to resume the sacred functions. His talents
|>rocufed him a benefice in the holy chftpel, and the priory
of Villers, which the archbishop of Rouen gave him. M.
Toorneufc would gladly hare resigned his benefice in favour
of some pious ecclesiastie ; but only simple resignations
<wera at that (ime accepted. A change of this rule was
,bpped for, but did not take place during his life. The
.king gave him a pension of 306 crowns. He preached one
' Lent in the church of St. Benott, at Paris, to a prodigk>us
Dumber of auditiniis. M. leTourneux spent his last years
^;at bis «priory of Villers-sur-Fere, in Tardenois, in the dio-*
Mseseof Soissons. M. leMaitsre de Sacy, and M.<le'San«
)fteuil, who were bis firiends^ placed gresn confidence in bim,
^ asidiiireqi»ent}y considtad him, iaooosequenoe el which he
> was^ iiHiolved in some dlfficul^esk He died suddenly at
Paris, Nov. 28, 1686, aged forty-seven, and his remains
* Chaufepie.— Moreri, — Diet. Hist, •
4M TOUBNEUX,
«
V0v^ iotarrcd at Port Royal. The principal. Miotig his
onerous works are, *^ La Vie de Jetu Christ $*' '< l,^.
meiilurs maniere d'entendre la Metse;" *< VAnn6e Cbr^v
tleaoe," Paris, 1685, 13 vok. 12010; a Frfoch '^ Tcana*
lation of tba Roman breviary/' 4 vols. Svo; witb other
vorks suited to persons of bis communion. His translation
of the breviary was censured by « sentence from M. Cfae*
wn, official of Paris, 1683; but M. Aroauld midertook its
defence* An '< Abridgment of tbe principal Theological
Treatises," 4to, is also ascribed to M. le Toumeux. L'Avo-
cat says that be bad a peculiar talent for homilies and in*
fliructions, and it is said that while he preached the Lent
sermons at StBenott, in Paris, instead of father Quesnel^
who had been obliged to abscond, Louis XIV. inqaired of
Boileau concerning a preacher named le Tounieux, whom
every body was running after* ^' Sire," replied tbe poet,
** your majesty knows that people always run after 00-
Telties; this man preaches tbe gospel." The king then
pressing him to give bis opinion seriously, Boileau added,
** When M. le Toarneux first ascends the pulpit, his ugli-
Bess so disgusts the congregation, that they wish he would
go down again ; hot when be begins to speak, they dread
Ihe time of bis descending." '
. TOUSSAIN. SeeTOSSANUS.
TOUSSAINT (FAANCI3 Vincent), a French writer, and
eoe of the Encyclopedists, was born at Paris in 1715, and
wa^ bred an advocate, but forsook the bar to cultivate ge*
veral literature. In bis youth he is thought to have been
somewhat fanatical, as be wrote Latin hymns in praise of
lhe4^b^ Paris, at whose tomb extfaordii)aijr miracle were
pecfoimed. (See Paris). An entbasiasm of 1^ very oppo-*
lite kind cQfineeted him with tbe philosophers who. were
exerting their powers agsinst revealed .religion^ and in
1748 he contributed bis fitst share by his book called
1* JMkeurs," or ^^ Manners," in which* although V>lerably
disguised, are some of tbosis .bold attacks, both on .Chris^
tianity and morals, which afterwards appei^r^dn^orepUinly
in the writings of his associates D' A lembe^t^ JDidcfot^ &c.
7his work procured him, bowey^r^ a name in^ the world,
although some have endeavoured to. deprive him of it, by
ssserting that the work was written by an> impious pries^
and that Toussaint consented to bea^ the praise or blame.
'«"
1 Diet. Hist.
T O U S S A I NT. 499
For tbts, however, tbere geems little foundation; if, accord*
ing to the abb^ Barruel, he afterwards pablicly recanted
hU. errors. In the mean tiaie he published " Eclaircisse**
mens sur les Mq^urs," 1764, which he meant as an apolcgy
for the former, but it was condemned by the parliament of
Paris, and the author made bis escape to Brussels, where
he became editor of a French paper, devoted to the inte-
rests of the house of Austria. In this, of course, he treated
the king of Prussia with little respect, even using the epi«
thet, the ^^ highwayman of the North," and the philosopher*
king was not ignorant of this, but had been so much pleased
with his book on ** Manners," that be bestowed on him the
professorship of logic and rhetoric at Berlin, where Tous*
saint die4 in 1772. While there he published an excel-
lent translation of Geilert^s Fables ; and while in France
had contributed some articles on jurisprudence to the En-
cyclopfiedia, and assisted in a Dictionary of Medicine, piib*
Usbed in 6 vols, foiio. His ^* Mceurs" were translated into
Snglisb about 1750.^
TOWERS (Joseph), a political and miscellaneous wri«
ter, was born in South wark, March 31, 1737, where hia
father was a dealer in second-hand books, the easy access
to which gave bis son a taste for reading, and enabled him
at an early period of life to accumulate a fund of useful
knowledge. He appears to have had no regular education,
for when scarcely twelve years old, he was placed, as an
errand boy, in the shop of a stationer under the Royal
Exchange. With him be remained some yeara, until in
1754, he was bound apprentice to Mr. Robert Xroadby,
printer at Sherborne in Dorsetshire. During his 'first yeara
here, fae applied at his leisure hours to the I^in and Qree^
languages, and acquired a competent knowiedge of both,
^od by carefully perusing the best books ia other brancbea
of learning, he very successfully supplied the want o^ a
tegular education, although be never could be reckoned a
profound scholar in any pursuit.
In 1763, he commenced aijithor by publishing '^ A Re-*
view of the geouMie doctrines of Christianity,'' &c« in which
be stated his reasons for renouncing the doctriujes of CaU
vin, in which he bad been educated, and £rt>m which he
afterwards departed much farther. In the following year
' Diet. Hist. — Necrologie des HomoM^s Celebres pour anaee 1773. — ^Thi«-
baulfs Anecdotes of Frederick the Great, vol. I. 5880, fol. If. 420.-^Barriiei*i
492 TOWERS.
Ufa poioU out the numeroof tdTantages, which may be de-
rived from industry and application ; and shows how much
ipay ^|)e. done^j in overcoiaing the obstructiojis of poverty
and want of education, by a steady attention, accompanied
with mpral habits and prudent cecoDomy* His. acqui«-
sitions were certainly very considerable: and his know*
Jedge (^ literary history, and of ecclesiastic conunoversy,
very extensive. His manners also were pleasing, ao4 re-
commended him to the best society ; and his conversatioD,
e^yi good-humoured, and instructive, was enlivened by
anecdotes and remarks, which rendered him eyery where n
welcome guest. '
TO\Y£RSON (Gabriel), a learned English di«ine» of
the seventeenth century, was a native of Middlesex, and
became a commoner of Queeu^s college, Oxford, in 4SSQ,
where he completed his degree of master of arts in 1657«
In 1660, he was elected fellow of All Souls, about which time
he entered into holy orders. His first preferment was to the
rectory of Welwy n in Hertfordshire. He took his degree of
X>. D. iu 1677, and in April 165)2 was inducted into the tiving
of St. Andrew Undershaft, London, where he became a very
disiinguisbed preaeher. He was presented to this rectory
by king Willuim, on the promotion of Dr. Grove to the
bi^opric of Chichester, and in consequence of the recom?
Piendatioo of archbishop Tillotsoii. This he acknowledges
in <the epistle dedicatory to his Latin '* Traetatns in JCpisl.
ad Pbilippevses," ^nd in the same place gratefully acknow-
ledges bis obligations to Dr. Tudor, rector of Tewing in
Hertfordshire, to whom probably he was indebted £ar the
)iving of Welwyn. He died in Oct. 1697» and was in*'
terr/ed at Welwyn. Dr. Stanhope preached his funeral
9erp9pn at St. Andrew Undershaft, and gave him a very
high character for piety, humility, and learning. His
wqrks aa:«, 1. a pamphlet, entitled ** A brief account of
SQn^e expressions in St. Atbanasius's creed," Oxon, 1663>,
4to. 9* '^ An. Explication of the Decalogue, or Ton Coss*
mandmems,' ' and *^ Explication of the Catechism of the
church of England," in three parts or volumes, London,
1676 — 1680. foi. 3./* Of the sacramenu in general, in
pujrsuance of an explication of the catecbisip of the church
of Sugland," Lond. 1686, 8vo. 4. <^ Of .the sacranient of
Baptism in particular ; of the right of baptisip ^oiong the
' * Funeral "Scnnon by Dr. LiDdsay.— >GeBt Mag. to), LXIX. and other ac-
to in the Literary Jou^fnaU. •
T o w G a o d; 499
beafhcD and Jews ; and of tbe institiitioti of Christian bap«
tiMB," &c. ibid. 1687, 8vo. *
^ TOWGOOD (Micajah), a protestanr^ diesenung divine
Off oonsiderable eminence^ was bom at Axminster/ in De*^
vdnsbire, I>ec. 6, 1700. His father vtas a phyeietan of the
stttne place, and tbe son of Mr. Matthew Tovrgood^ otie of
ther ministers ejected by tbe act of umfcn^mity in ^063•
He bAd bis grammar learntn^^ under the reT« Mr. Okad^^
winek ^ Onaunton : and in 17 17 entered upon aeonrseof
acadcrmioal studies in the same piace, under tbe dire'etimr
of Mn Stephen James and Mr. Orove. Swhi after be bad'
commenced a preaeher, he settled with a congregatfon*of
dtssdtifeeils' at MoreODn-Hampsted in Deronsbire^ and'^aa
ordaiMd tbere in< August 1732, and tbe fokiowing year*
married' the dapghter of James Hawker, esq. of Lupprt*'
He reniored to Credtton, in tbe same county, in 17S5, and
soon afoer published^ without his name, a pious tract en«>*
titled ** Reeofery from Sickness." He likewise published
without hts name, a pamphlet entitled *^ High flown epis-^'
iSipai and priestly claims freely examined, in a dialogue
bettr^een aecntntrj gentleman and a country vicar," .1737.'
Dr. Wttrren^ rector of St. Mary Stratford, Bow, a zealoas'
cbwopiollr of the cborch of Engiandi having in a voiome- of^
pestbomotts sentoons, compared the schism of the dissent
ten to 'that of tbe Saraarttaos, Mr^Towgood wrote <^Tbe*
Dissenters Apology,'* 17S9, inwhich he endeavours to Tin*
dfcate a separation from ibe church. In 1741, when the
nation was engaged in a war with Spain, he assumed ar
dtflfereat ^baracter^ by publishing '^ Spanish cruelty and
injustice, a justifiable plea for a vigorous war with Spain/*
In this pamphlet, he encourages Britons to hope for suc-
oei» from the justice of die war on our part : the cruelty
of our enemies towards Pagans, Jews, Mahometans, and
Christians: and from ibeir trusting in false protectors.
He published afterwards several occasional sennotis ; and
dertn^ tbe rebellion in 1754, a pamphlet against the legi-
timate birth of the Pretender, Tbe woi'k, bowever, by
wbtob be i0'<held ifi bi^est esteem afinong his party ^ is^
•• The Dissenting Gitotleman^s answer to Mr. White,*' a
dlergyman of tiie - dioeese of Norwich, ' who bad written*
against tbe prineiples of the dissenters with so muck abi-
lity as to deitlattd the eit^rttons of their best writers. Mr>
> Alh. Ox. TOl. IL->Fun. Ser. by Staiibope>-Ncwco«A'« Repertorinro.
494 T o w G (yo>a
'Birtv^abd^ft iMen to iuiiv apftfeMnBd. we^niaiyifbonk\riA
ie/l94S, 'attdi bare pwted tbVougkv.ttid'4&4nioi»r'A^^a^
MkiiTilMFp ■iiac€onipqotad iiy ft^ponii«iibGf:(tkM'<a{iufaor, from
i^j|^Bd|i9)bg^-Opie.'^ In 174«( fae frablialMMl ^fti^Mo^
iot#i)d0d:<a ctioniiisb theMipact paiii «a xb^ oiBiaovf ^
ki0giCb«id« L le omabts prtocipiily 4)f vwctraois fton
hitftocian V Jrat k lAetftiax^ in ioipMital iii«eittiffliiK»* fie
vhU JDote MioonsM iot^flOv aibeii M«4cd at JkdCR^ io
mmti pimpbkta in defianee of ittiant baptiwai. ^ola Iffilh
baiaaMm iaaafaeviiiaa.!aoailatnf at EaretiBr Sm:^imeiaar
tianiitf dbt0Bi»gr»iiu$tefaL Ha ofica ivras utniiaeture m
tha .Naw Tasnmieo^ wbii:b be cotiiiiMbd '^1^1769- i>
1W# the infinattie» of ag» oUigail biaa^io-aestgii iHtpub*
lift aiifii<tiy4> kvenjojEed^bowever^ a aftorfi^saae ikm <)(
haakk aod. apirita until Jan« Si, 1790^ a>beiv/M' iKeiat
Bxalsr^ in tfae nitiaty-Mifcond jiear of bis age* >* Htapiiftte
cbaradar ia fqiraseoted* as bigbly amiable^ aadvbis learn-
ing, had a very axteosive r«»ge. Hia-'puUfG|dB»Mtcr
may b«:QattBcied frnm the contenu «f < b» fpubfeatioBs.
*' .Hi8>iialigiau8 iantimaiitt/' we aae told^ ^ were «iich as
«Mre?dMinad bigbly Jierettcal'fvben be> first eatcted spoi»
pjibUieililey.>aiK wfaieh aecooat be found < aomie djfficultjf
iUi fnqaifing ordiattiony aad esperiencefd fbe reasntmeD^
oiiig^tsihamgm&mrz hut they laadid he^esleeDied iA»t^
tanaed < laiElhadosy by many, in . the fwesent: dayy^asbet^
toibaaed te Christ a Ugb.stegfee ol prenesiiteiit digoiqft
aad danoiereik; bin as a pmper objcat .of rebgioDSxaor'
sbip.^5 »)fltaa|ipeavs by this account that, in deparasgfi^
the creed of his forefathers, Mr. Towgood went li^k*
tban' hi» Qoetfitnporarieay and oot so .&« (aatfaf s miiceis99»
TSOWihihEiY {Cbaaimb)^ an aceooaFdisbad' sababr m
caanoisMwr^ :was : the eldest sob of Wiiiiaait'^wnlefff^
Tamrfdbjfty; etqji ami Cecilia bis^atife, sole b^ireai/ol iBflr
Staudiiib^ af Slandiab in Ladcashive, esq.: byf>li4dyjBfail>ff*
Hoarard^ da^bterof Henry dxike of rNorfirikupiiifi^fatef'
oal g«addteotber.«ras heiress of the bouse ofi^Waddrio^
He. wat bevft iu the bouse of hia ancestors Ottol^^) ^'^^^'
aad auceeeded to the family esute,% theipreosatare dea«^'
of ids rialbet, in 17412. This event, united miih rclipflf'
caosidelHttions, sent him in early childfaood toicsfloe^^
ednca|iea(fqt0 frbicb, however, much morer atieiti^i>^
paid tbt08^ ^i^altinj^b^^aeorinaries of that cooutiy*' ^^^
,j* _.mfe\t}y Jitmei MaQning, 1792. 8to.
3<
^ >•
T O W N t E Y;
Hter pedod he ivas connniiled to Abe <»re^' of Tocb9vii^
Needbam, a man of coosiderable reputatiea at tb^^ tiaMr>
itpon the Contkient as a natural philotopber. Hta gtira a»*
tiT^%aate mod acliivity of miDd carried Um far bejoad hi»
Qumpaiitoin in classical attaioeaents:; and a. graoe&il per**
scm; eaaUy fldapted itaelf to all the forms of poUsbed iitd-
driass, wtbieh aie systematically taughl in Fram^e*^ Tfantf
a^comptisbed be came out into. (be worlds aeid v^as eager hp
redei«6d into the &nit circles of gaieiy and Csshion, from
tbe'dttsipaitidiis of which it would be vain to say tbiat be
wboUyLeseaped. ^ These habits of life, however, in which
imbecility gtdwsoU without the power, and vanity mthoiK
the,! wAl^ to change^ after haviog tried them for a few
yearsi^j^tis vigonms «nd independent mind shook off aa
OQcd;' 4nd4y one of those decisive efforts' of which k woe:
alway8.;capable, he withdrew to the Continent, fesmaedr
his liierary pursuits, studied with critioal esactnels the
wieslumid principles of ancient art, and gradaally becbai0
one cof:.tbe. first connoissenra in Eumpov Doriklgthii pe^
riod ^kf^his^ife he principftliy resided atRome; fioqii'Wheace^
ifsodtffereat eicctirsioaa, he visited the remotest pasts 'of
Afa^mtfiGrseeni and Sicily. He has been heard to rela^.
tha&.'on< mfrivaig at Syracuse after a lon^^ and hili§mf^
jQumt^ be could take siditber rest nor refeedmmnt ti^Jbe
had visiied t\^e fduntain of Aretfausa. This, thotigh a sri«
^ng( is a< characteristic circuraistanoe ; for^ he ^msver
sparedfrbimseif, nor ever desisted from any pnnub^ till fae-^
hadei^ier obt^ned bis. object or ocmpletely ez;)HUisted bis
s^fiai^th. '
Though £ar from indifferent to any of the fine arts, sta^
tuary was his favourite, and be soon became toa iirdent a
lover, of antiquity to remain a spectator of its fairest foma
wi4iout courting the possession. His principal ageofat.
Ibtpie, after be deased to reside there, was Mr. Jenkins.
How be' acquired so many specimens of ancient a<t frou •
tlMrEast we have now no means of learning. When;bis
'' dead family,** as he was wont to call'themv grew consi*
durable, be purchased for their reception two<5accessi<re
hottsef in London ;. the latter of which (in Park-street,
Westminster,) he fitted up with great elegance^ and mada
it his puineipal reaideuce till his death, which happened, to
the tiuspeakable grief of his friends, January 3, iSOf.
. The Townley Marbles were now become a national
object; the trustees of the JBritish Museum, therefore.
49«
T O W N L K Y*
<ibtained from Pftrliament a gittnt ^ 20,0001. probalfly. not
batf ttie original cost ; and for thU sum tbejr were por**
chased from the family. In the mtdit of an expennre wmr,
and under the administration of one whose gre^ tmmd
rarely condescended to patronize the fine artSy this oasy
be considered as a remarkable testimony to their value.
They were, on the whole, undoubtedly the most sriecc as-*
semUage of Greek and Roman sculpture erer brought into
England. That of the earl of Arundel, the first which
travelled so far l^eyond the Aips^ though much more nu-*
meroos, appears from the remnants of it which are pre**
served, to have been filled with subjects of very iuferior
merit The same perhaps may be said of a few celebrated
collections yet remaining in som* nobte houses, fiat in
the Townley Museum there was not a single statue, bnar^
or basso relievo, which did not rtie far above mediocrity ;
and with the exception of seven or eight subjects beyood
the hope or pbssibility of private attmumeat, it certainly
contained the finest specimetis of ancient art yet remaining
in the world. Among these may be distinguished the fat^
fcmed head of Homer, the apotheosis of Marcus Aurelius^
the younger Verus, the Astfagalteontes, a small but ex-
quisitely beautiful group*, the Isis^ the female Bacchus,
the ilry^-crowned Muse, atid the small bronze of Hercules
Alastor, found at Biblus in Syria.
The Townley Museum was also rich in gems, terra cottasg
#epulcbral monuments ; and, above all, in a series of Ro«
man imperial, large brass, second only in extent and pre-
servation to that of the late king of France, which alone
had cost the collector above 3000/. The Greek medals
were rather specimens than a collection } having been se**
}ected for a particular purpose, which will now be ex^
plained.
Mr. ToWnley ivatf a zealous advocate for the mytbolo'*
gical system of D^Ancarvilet; who compiled the greater
* Tbii m piobablT a copy from the
bronze group by Polycktus, mention-
ed by Pliby, as existing in his time, in
tlMS Atrinoi of Htus, 1. uxIt. o. S.
t See *< 9^cherches sur rOrigine et
Tes Progr^s des Arts de la Qrece ; & Lon-
dfes^ >k.i>ec.uaaF." Dr. Wbitaker
lias a cofiy of this work, enrjchod with
Mr, Townley's notei; and with Engrav-
ings nerer published of the principal
sistHti aoA busts in his pgistession.
The Hornet has been ftDf rsved for tbt
splendid edition of the Hiad lately
publiihed at OxfoM«. Prefited to th«
introdnotioA, of it^ RbcheirdMS is a
profile of Mr. Townley, as on a Greek
medal, reverse IIPONOIA -, but the
likenest Is not a good one* He was
hittuelf no contemptible cBgraver; and
a sardonyx bicolor, in the same work,
bears his name, Car. Townley sonlp-
BiU Pr, Wbitaker ad^llMl lilt l«b|
T O W N L E Y. 497
part of bis curioas work it) Park-stroet, aod derived ioaai^
of bis best illustrations fram specimens in that collection.
Of this system^ which has not been generally received in
England, it must be allowed that, amidst the silence of tbe^
earlier writers of aiUiquity, it is powerfully supported by
tbe iater Platonists, and the reoiains of ancient art. The
symbols employed by sisulptors and engravers to adumbrate
the creative, destroying, and restoring powers of the uni*^
Verse, appear to have been connected with the mysceries.
By the vulgar they were considered as the attributes of
common Polytheism ; by the initiated they were referred
to the AnOPPHTA of their own system.
Though an indefatigable writer, Mr. Townley never
printed any thing but a dissertation on the Ribciiester hel^
met, in the '* Vetusta Monumenta'' of tbe Society of Anti-
quaries. Tbe reason of this reserve may partly have been
much native delicacy of mind, and partly a consciousness
that his English st^le was tinctured with foreign idioms.
Indeed, he never spoke his native tongue but with some
hesitation, and had frequent* recourse to French and Ita^
lian words to remove his embarrassment. He had much
native delicacy of mind ; a qnntity never more conspicuous
than in the ^timiliar, extenuating manoer iti which he spoke
of bis own antiquarian treasures : — treasures such as tbe
Medici migtit have boasted of;
*' Contemptae dominus splendicSor rei.'*
To young connoisseurs, and in general to his inferiors
in taste and' science, who sought bis assistance, he \^as aii
active and zealous patron, sparing neither his interest nor
jbis exertions to promote their views.
> But it would be injurious to the memory of this excel-
lent person to consider him merely as a virtuoso. He was
one of the most benevolent and generous of men.' The
demands of taste, however importunate, could never tempt
him either to rapacity or retention. In his conduct to a
numerous tenantry he wa$ singularly considerate and hu-
mane i and whether present or absent from his house in
tbrovn on tbe architectural projections tolerable likeness of bimself at forty-
in Basire's beautiful plate of the clois- five; and of his friends the bon. Mr.
tcr court of Whalley was from a cor- Grevile, Mr. Aslle, and Mr. DMncar-
rection by Mr. Townley's hand. At vile. But the misforcune ia, that, for
the time of his death a magnificent tbe sake of effect, many of the subjects
plate of one apartment in his museum, have been trausferred from their resvl
from a painting by Zoffani, was under 'situations. The stipulated price of
tbe engraver's hands. It contains a this plate was nO less than ISOO/. '
Vol. XXIX, K ic
498 T O W N L E Y.
the country, the stream of his bounty to the indigent never
dried up or diminished. In one year of general distress,
approaching to famine, he distributed among the poor of
the neighbouring townships a sum ecfuiTalent to a fourth
part of the clear income arising from the estate. His per-
sonal habits, though elegant, were frugal and unostenta-
tious. He never even kept a carriage. He was an early
riser, and an exact OBConomist of bis time. To bis own
afiairs he was minutely and skilfully attentive. In bis later
years he grew more attached to his native place, and dis-
played in adorning the grounds about it a taste not inferior
to that which distinguished bis other pursuits. His temper,
though naturally cheerful, was calm and sedate. His con-
versation, though regulated by the nicest forms of good-
breeding, was seasoned with -a kind of Attic irony, not
always unfelt by those about him. His manner bad much
both of dignity and sweetness. He was happy in a vigo-
rous constitution, and still more so in a slow and sensible
decay ; for, after haff a century of uninterrupted health
and spirits, which gave but too keen a relish to every en-
joyment, a lingering disorder which hung over him for the
three last years of his life, co-operating with other means,
brought him to a deep and serious sense of religion ; and
in this sense he died.
Mr.Townley was interred, Ja'n. 17, 1805, in the family
chapel at Burnley in Lancashire, where those who love his
memory would rejoice to see the best judge of sculpture in
Europe commemorated by a bust at least. Added to that
memorial his name would be enough^: for, till this genera-
tion shall have passed away, the truest sepulchral pane-
gyric would be useless — in another it would be suspected.^*
* The following, however, hat at length been chosen, and » entitled to-a
place here for iii classical purity and elegance :
«* M. S.
CAROLI TOWNELEII
viri ornati, modesti ;
Bobilitate stirpis, amcBDitate ingeaii, saavitate morum,
ioiigDis }
qui omBinm bonamra artinm, prsiertim Qmcamm,
spectator eiegantissimus, asstimator aoerrimns, judex peritissimusy
earum reiiquias, ex urbium ?eteruin ruderibus effossas,
suromo studio conquisivit» sua pecunia redemik, iu usum patris reposuits
ea liberalitate aoimi» qua, juveliis adhoc*
hereditatem alteram, vix patrimooio oiinorem«
fratri sponte cesserat, dono dederat.
▼ixit aooos lxtii menses iii dies iii
mortem obiil Jan. iit. A. S. MBCccr."
I Or. WhiUker's Hist, of Whallej.
T O W N L E Y. 499
TOWNLEY (James), a learned master of Merchant
Taylors* school, was the second son of a merchant, and
born in London in 1715. He was educated at that school
over which he afterwards presided, whence he was elected
to St. John^s college, Oxford. Soon after taking orders,
he was chosen nft)rning preacher at Lincoln^s-inn chapel,
and lecturer of St. Dunstan^s in the East. He married, in
1740, Miss Jane Bomiin of Windsor, descended froih the
Poyntz family, and related to the late dowager lady Spen-
cer, through whose patronage Mr. Townley obtained the
living of St. Bennett, Gracechurch-street, London. He
afterwards became grammar-master to Christ's hospital;
and in 1759 was chosen high master of the Merchant Tay-
lors' school, in which office he died July 15, 1778, having
been presented in 1777 to a living in Wales, by bishop
Shipley, to whom he was chaplain. He ^as the close inti-
mate of Garrick, from whom he held for some years \he
valuable vicarage of Hendon, in Middlesex ; and it has
been supposed that nUatny of Garrick's best productions and
revisals partook of Mr. Townley's assisting hand. He was
the long- concealed author of the celebrated farce of " High
Life below Stairs," anno 1759, a piece which has held its
constant 'place on the stage, against all the variations of
dramatic taste and literary caprice. He also produced, in
1764, ** False Concord,'' a farce, for his friend Woodward's
benefit; and^ in 1765, the "Tutor," a farce, under Mr,
Colman's protection, at Drury-lane, but which, from the
juvenile characters, did not succeed. It is to be remarked,
that " False Concord" contains three characters- of lord
Lavender, Mr. Suds, an enriched soap-boiler, and a pert
valet, who are not only the exact lord Ogleby, Mr. Ster-
ling, and Brush, of the ^^ Clandestine Marriage," brought
out in 1767 by Garrick and Colman conjointly; but that
part of the dialogue is nearly verbatim. We leave the ap-
plication of the inference to the reader,
Mr. Townley also (with Dr. Morell) materially assisted
his friend Hogarth in his <^ Analysis of Beauty,^' as JMr.
Hogarth's erudition was wholly of the pencil. Although
bestowing so much attention on the business of the stage,
be is said to have been much admired as a divine. *^ His
manner of delivery was graceful, impressive, and energetic.
The style pf his discourses was correct, yet unstudied, and
(what is the highest praise of sacred oratory) adapted to the
understanding of a general auditory. Some single sermons
KK 2
500 T O W N L E Y.
only are in print** 'When chosen head master of Merchant
Taylors* school^ the first improvement which he suggested
ia the system of education, was the introduction of naathe-
matical learningi for which be had acquired a taste at
Christ's hospital, but this he was not able to accomplish*
He was more successful, howereri in substituting, instead
of the old practice of declaimingi repetitions, every three
or four months, of select passages in Hebrew, Greek, Latin,
and English, which first took place in February 1761. In
the following year, his partiality to theatrical representa-
tions induced him to request permission from the company
of Merchant Taylors for the boys to perform a Latin play.
This was at first granted, and plays were performed for
two seasons, but the company finally disapproved of them,
and we cannot help thinking, very justly, as likely to draw
the attention of the scholars from more useful pursuits, and
more important acquirements. In other respects, be ap-
pears occasionally to have differed from the guardians of
the school, but was upon the whole a diligent master, and
many of his pupils are now filling the highest stations in
the three professions of divinity, law, and medicine.'
TOWNSON (Thomas), a late very learned diyine, was
the eldest son of the rev. John Townson, M. A. rector of
Much Lees, in Essex. He was born in 1715 ; and, having
been instructed a-while by his father, was placed under
the rev. Henry Nott, vicar of the neighbouring parish of
Terling, where he was soon distinguished for quickness of
apprehension and a most retentive memory. From Terling
he was removed to the free-school at Felsted, then under
the direction of the rev. Mr. Wyatt. On March 13, 1735t
he was entered a commoner of Christ Church, Oxford,
where he had for his tutor the rev. John Whitfield, M. A.
afterwards poetry professor. In July 1735, he was elected
demy of Magdalen college^ and two years afterwards feUow
of that society, having in the intermediate year (Oct. 20}
been admitted to the degree of B. A. He commenced M. A.
June 20, 1739; and was ordained deacon, Dec. ^, 1741,
and priest Sept 1 9, 1 742, by Dr. Seeker^ bishop of Oxford.
Three days after this he set out for Franioe with Mr.
Dawkins, in company with Mr. Drake and Mr. Holdswortb;
and, after a tour in Italy, Gennanyj HolUnd? &c. returned
in 1745. From the minutes, of hi^JgiifDalv ^^^ ^^ ^^^
» Gent. M9f. vol. LXXV.—WilsQtt's Hist, of Merchaut Taylors' SchooL
T O W N S O N. 501
Ifularity and marked with intelligence, an agreeable volume
might easily have been formed, had he been disposed to
attempt it. But of the accuracy of such books of travels
as are usually given to the public from a transient view of
a country, he entertained no very favourable opinion ; in
support of which he occasionally related the following anec-
dote of bis friencf and fellow-travellef, Mr. Holdsworth.
When this gentleman first went into Italy he composed
with some care an account of what he saw. On visiting
the same country again, with his former journal in his hand,
be altered the narrative, and contracted the substance of
it. When he made the tour a third time, he burnt bis
papers.
On. his return to college he resumed the employment of
tutor. Mr. Lovibond, the poet, and lord Bagot, were two
of bis pupils. In. 1746 be was presented to the living of
Hatfield Peverel, in Essex; In 1749 be was senior proc*
tor of the university ; and, resigning Hatfield, was pre*
sented to the rectory of Blithfield, in Staffordshire, by sir
Walter WagstafTe Bagot, bart. Soon after he quitted the
proctorship he was admitted (June 15) to the degree of
B. D. and the same summer Mr. Drake offered him the
lower njediety of Malpas, in the county of Chester. After
some reluctance, principally arising from his unwillingness
to leave Oxford, he accepted this offer, and was instituted
Jan. 2, 1751. At the close of the year (Dec. 19) he quitted
Oxford, and resigned his fellowship the month following.
He now divided his time between Malpas and Blithfield,
which he held for a few years with his new preferment;
and then, having resigned it, he inducted (Feb. 23, 1759)
bis worthy successor, the rev. Walter Bagot, M. A. son of
his esteemed friend and patron. In 1758, a very consider-
able accession of fortune came to him by the death of the
rev. William Barcroft, rector of Fairsted and vicar of Kelve-
don, in Essex, who bequeathed him his library and the
principal part of bis fortune, amounting in the, whole to
more than eight thousand pounds. According to the testi-
mony of his biographer, his conduct as a Christian pastor
seems to have been in all respects most exemplary.
About 1766, and for some time afterwards, he employed
himself in composing an exposition of the Apocalypse.
This he finished, but never published. "It was his hum-
ble request to God, that if his system were wrong, tb«
work might never see tKe lights and it so proved, that
602 T 0 W N S O N.
whenever he thought of revising his pa|>ers and preparing
them for the press, something still intervened, and hindered
bis design.*' In this uncertainty, as to the probable suc-
cess of his undertaking, it was suffered to lie quiet in his
study, with a direction to be burnt, which he never re-
scinded. He found leisure, however^ while employed on
it, to attend to the controversy excited by the publication
of *' The Confessional,'*/ and published, but without his
name, 1. *' Doubts concerning the authenticity of the last
publication of the Confessional, and the current editions
of certain books cited in it; addressed to the author of that
learned work," J 767. ,2. " A Defence" of them, in an-
swer to <^ Occasional Remarks," &c. 1768; and 3. in the
same year, *' A Dialogue between Isaac Walton and Ho-
mologistes ; in which the character of bishop Sanderson is
defended against the author of the Confessional." All these
valuable pamphlets are reprinted in the late edition of his
works.
In Sept. 1768) at the earnest request of his friend and
patron, Mr. Drake, Dr. Townson went abroad with his
eldest son, Mr. William Drake, a gentleman commoner of
Brazen Nose college, and performed nearly the same tour
which he went over twenty-six years before. After his re-
turn to Malpasin October 1769, he studied and produced
his ^* Discourses on the Four Gospels." They originated,
in a sermon iBrst preached in the parish church of filich-
field, and afterwards before the university, June 2, 1771,
where he was desired to publish wb^t had been heard with
so much satisfaction. This induced him to re-consider the
subject ; and, by a progress which every literary man will
readily understand, it grew under his revision to its present
form and size, and was published in 1773, in a quarto vo-
lume, and received with the universal approbation of his
learned brethren. Bishop Lowth's testimony to its merit
may be sielected from a number : *^ It is a capital perform-
ance, and sets every part of the subject it treats of in a
more clear and convincing light than ever it appeared in
before." But, adds his biographer, he received testimony
to the merit of his book, on which he set a higher value
than on the commendation of any individual, however ex-
alted in character, or dignified by station. I'his was the
degree of D. D. by diploma, which was with perfect una-
nimity conferred on him in full convocation, by the univer-
sity of Oxford, February 23, 1779. This honour will ap-
T O W N S O N. ' 50S
pear the greater to our readers, when they are told that
diploma degrees are very rarely conferred by this uni-
versity.
' The ** Discourses on the Gospels*' were scarcely pub-
lished, when some cavils respecting one of the evangelists,
and an. attack made upon Mr. West's book on our Lord's
resurrection, induced Dr. Townson to consider the part of
the Gospels which relates to that subject ; but he did not
at this time pursue it. In the summer of 1778 he published
a sermon, entiiied " The Manner of our Saviour's teach-
ing," preached before Dr. Porieus at his primary visitation
of the see of Chester; and two years after the' bishop be-
stowed on him the archdeaconry of Richmond. The arch-
deacon of Richmond has a stall in the cathedral of Chester,
and his portion in the duties of the church ; but in ot^er
respects he has really no authority or charge belonging
to him; for the bishop is himself, in effect, . archdeacon
both of Chester and Richmond ; the endowments of which
two archdeaconries constitute th^ principal revenue of the
see. The bishop, however, laudably solicitous for the good
of his diocese, gave him a special commission, April 25,
1782, to visit the five northern deaneries within the arch-
deacortry of Richmond, in the execution of which Dr.
Townson rode, by his own computation, being then almost
seventy years of age, 572 miles, and from the informa-
tion obtained in this journey, composed a very elegant
and methodical register, exhibiting a fall and distinct view
of each parish and chapelry, under the several heads pointed
out for his examination.
' In 1783 the divinity chair of the university of Oxford,
then vacant by the death of Dr. Wheeler, was offered to
him by lord North, chancellor of Oxford, in a very haoosome
letter ; but this offer he declined, ^' as he was now so far
in the decline of life, that he was very apprc^hensive, or
rather satisfied, that he was not equal to the exertions
which a faithful discharge of the duties of that office would
require."
During the same year, when the attention of the reading
and literary world was occupied by the controversy between
Dr. Priestley and Dr. Horsley (then archdeacon of St. Al-
ban's) Dr. Townson sent to the archdeacon some remarks
on his opponent's letters, which were printed in the ap-
pendix of Dr. Horsley's Letters to Dr. Priestley, published
in 1784, but without his name, which he concealed.
504 T O W N S O N.
tn the northern part of the diocese of Chester, the Ro-
man Catholics form a considerable body. This induced
our author to turn his mind to, examine the claims of the
church of Rome, and he accordingly composed a disserta-
tion on the subject ; but, although this work was highly
approved by his friends, and was even transcribed for the
press, he deferred the publication with his wonted diffi-
dence ; nor did he at last, when the question was pat to
him, pronounce decisively whether it should or should not
be printed. This, however, was done in 1797, and it now
forms a part of his esteemed works. In 1764* he printed
part of the work on the Resurrection, already noticed as
begun in 1778, under the title of *^ A Discourse on the
Evangelical Histories of the Resurrection and first Appear*
ances of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ/* 4to. Of this
he dispersed six or eight copies among those in whose
Judgment he placed confidence; but the final publication
was posthumous.
Dr. Townson died April 15, 1792, in the presence of
his biographer, Mr. archdeacon Churton, to whose inte^
resting narrative we must refer for the circumstances of
his departure, and his general character. " Never, per-
haps,^' adds Mr. Churton, ** in these latter ages, has any
man, in a like situation, been equally esteemed and
equally lamented.*'
The above sketch has been taken from the ** Account"
prefixed by Mr. Churton to " The Works of Dr. Townson,"
collected and published by him in 1810, 2 vols. 8vo. The
contents of these volumes are: Vol. 1. the ** Discourses on
the Gospels," to which is subjoined " A Sernrwn on the
manner of our Saviour's teaching." The original part of
this volume consists of a sermon^ entitled ^^ The Quota-
tions in the Old Testament considered," preached before
the university of Oxford, at St. Mary's Oxford, in 1807,
by Mr. Churton, and placed here *^ in bumble hope that it.
may form no impropeir introduction to the Discourses of
Dr. Towbson on the Gospels, by shewing that what is there
maintained, in the case of the evangelists, was the known
and established piractice of revelation^ from the days of the
first prophets that succeeded Moses." Prefixed to this ex-
cellent discourse, is an introduction of very considerable
lengthy principally in vindication of Dr. Townson from the
attack lately made on bis work by the author of ** Discurr
T O W N S O N. 505
I
9ory Considerations on the Hypothesis of Dh Macknigbt
and others, that St. Luke^s Gospel w^ the first written.**
In handling this controversy, Mr. Churton displays abilities
of which it is certainly nbt too much to say that they place
him in the first rank of biblical scholars ; but, what is per-
haps yet more valuable, they exhibit that uniform candour
and calmness of temper, which, if they do not end in con-
viction, would certainly make many controversies end in
peace.
Vol. II. contains Dr. Townson*s ^< Discourse on the
Evangelical History, from the interment to the ascen*
sion of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ,^' first edited
by Dr. Loveday in 1792. Three " Sermons,** 1. On Re-
ligious Meditation; 2. The History of the Rechabites;
3. The Righteousness and Peace of the Gospel. These
were selected from his MS Sermons by Mr. Churton, and
for reasons stated in a short preface to them. " Babylon
in the Revelation of St. John, as signifying the city of
Rome, considered with reference to the claims of the Rod-
man Church,** first published in 1797. '* Doubts con-
cerning the Confessional, &c.'* " A Defence of these
Doubts," and ** A Diatosrue between Isaac Walton and
Homologistes ; in which the character of bishop Sanderson
is defended, &c.*' These volumes, we doubt not, will find
a place in every theological library, and perpetuate a
name which the scholars of past times were accustomed to
mention with respect, and which the friends of Revelatit>n
will at all times recollect with gratitude.^
TOZER (Henry), a learned divine who deserves to be
recorded as a rare specimen of. a doctrinal puritan, who
retained his loyalty to the king and attachment to the
church with equal firmness, was born at North-Tawton in
Devonshire, in 1602. He was educated at Exeter- college,
Oxford, where he took his degrees, and was chosen fellow
in 1623. Having afterwards taken orders, he was, accord-
ing to Wood, useful in moderating, reading to novices,
and lopturiog in the chapel. He was also an able and
laborious preacher, had much. Wood says, of the primi-
tive religion in his sermons, and *' seemed to be a most
precise puritan in his looks and life, on which account his
sermons and expositions in the churches of St. Giles's and
St. Martin at Oxford, were much frequented by the puri-
,1 Life as abore. '<
iOS T O Z Z L
of medicioe and mathematics. He was also employed to
supply the place of Andrevr Lamez, another of the pro-
feasors, and often gave four lectures in a day. At length
be succeeded to Cornelio*s professorship of the theory of
medicine, which he filled with increasing reputation. In
1679 he had attained such high fame, that the university
6f Padua solicited him to accept a chair there ; but this
and many other most liberal offers he declined from his
attachment to Naples, where he was deservedly appointed
physician to the hospital of the Annunciata, and first phy-
sician to the state. On the death, however, of Malpighi,
in 1694, be was induced to change his resolution. Pope
Innocent XII. appointed him, in the year following, to
succeed Malpighi as his first physician, and having ac-
cepted this honourable situation, the pope gave him the
principal professorship in the college of Sapienza. After
the death of this pontiff in 1700, Tozzi was chosen phy-
sician to the conclave, but could not accept it, as he was
invited to Spain to attend the king, Charles II. then in a
bad state of health. But hearing, wnen on the road to Ma-
drid, of this king*s death, he returned to Bome to pay his
respects to the new pope Clement XI. by whom he was
highly esteemed, and who made him great offers if he
would remain at Rome. His former attachment however
to his native country , returning, he proceeded again to
Naples,, whence the duke of Medina Cell, the viceroy,
would not allow him any more to depart, a constraint
which was perfectly agreeable to bis inclination. He died
at Naples, March 11, 1717, in his seventy-seventh year.
He published several professional works separately, which,
with many additions, were republished in 5 vols. 4to,
under the title of " Opera omnia Medica,'' Venice, 1711
— 1728. Tozzi, in his practice, as well as theory, held
some singular opinions. He rejected blisters and blood-
letting, and did not admit of the existence of plethora.
With Van Helmont and Sylvius de Le Boe, he consi-
dered acidity as the cause of most diseases, which he^
endeavoured to obviate by absorbents. His specific in
continued fevers, was a precipitate of mercury : and in
consumptions distilled water of vipers. *
TOZZETTI, or TORZETTI (John Targioni), aft
eminent botanist, the son of Leonard Targioni, born at
1 Eloy, Diet. Hisl de MedeciDe.— -Cbaufepie.— NiceroD> vol. XVII. — HaUer,
Bibl. Med. Pract
_L
T O Z Z E T T I. 60t
Florence Sept. il, 1722| was sent to the university of
Pisa, where be very soon distinguished himself by a thesis
on the use of medicine. At the age of nineteen he became
acquainted with the famous botanist Micbeii, by whom ha
wa9 protected, with whom he kept up an uninterrupted
friendship till 1737, when Michel! died, and whom he sue-*
ceeded in the care of the famous botanic garden. Of the
plants in this garden Micbeli had already made a catalogue,
which Targioni published after bis death, with very consU
derable a^dditions by himself. In the year 1737, he was
made professor of botany in the Studio Fiorentino, a kind
of university at Florence, and at the same time member of
the academy of Apatisti. In 1738, he became a member
of the CoIIegio Medico, or faculty of Medicine. Much
about the same time he was named by government consult-*
ing physician in pestilential disorders, and had the place of
fiscal physician (physician to the courts of justice). Ttiia
last place obliged him to write a great deal,, being often
consulted on the accidents that became discussions for a
court of justice, such as deaths by poison, sudden deaths,
unheard-of distempers, and (when, as it sometimes h^p*
pened, foolish accusations of the kind were brought into
court) witchcraft. Some time after, he was named, to-
gether with the celebrated Antonio Coccbi, to make a ca-
talogue of the library, begun by Magliabecchiand increased
by Marni,, duke Leopold, and others, which consisted of
40,000 volumes of printed books, and about 1 100 volumes
of manuscripts. It is to this nomination we are indebted for
the five volumes of letters of famous men, as, during his
employment in this capacity, be used to make extracts of
the curious books which fell into bis hands. On Micheli's
death i;n 1737, Mr. Targioni had inherited his Hortus Sic-
cus, MSS. and collection of natural history, which last,
however, he purchased, but at a very cheap rate, with his
own money. This seemed to lay him under the necessity
of publishing what his master had left behind him, and ao<»
cordingly he had prepared the second part of the *^ Nova
Plantarum Genera,*' but not exactly in the manner in
which Micbeli himself would have published them ; for,
though the drawings were too good to be lost, as they
have all the accuracy which distinguish tl^r other works
of the great naturalist, Targioni could not suffer the work
to coanft forth with the ZQcuphytea aud Keratopby tes classed
510 T O Z Z E T T I.
among the plants, asMicheli bad intended. Targioni tbere^
fore meant to have given the work another form. It was
to be divided into two parts, the first of which would have
oonuined the <* Fucus's, Alge, and Confervas ;'* and the
second the ** Zoophytes :** the first part was finished a week
before Targioni^s death. Many of the plates are from
drawings by Ottaviano Targioni, the son of John Targioni,
who succeeded bis father as reader of botany in the hospital
of Sancta Maria Maggiore, a new establishment formed by
the grand duke upon a liberal and extensive plan, in which
ducal professors of medicine, anatomy, chemistry, pbysi*
ol<>gy) surgery, &c. read gratis on the very spot where
examples are at band to confirm their doctrine. In 1739,
Targioni was chosen member of the academy Naturae Cu-
riosorum; and, in 1745, the Crusca gave hinr a public
testimony of the value they set upon his style, by cbusing
bim one of their members. In 1749, be was chosen mem-
ber of the academy of Etruscans at Cortona, as he was of that
of the Sepolti at Vokerra in 1749. Tbe academy of Bota-
nopbiles made bim one of their body in 1757 ; as did that
of practical agriculture at Udinoin 1758. In 1771, he was
chosen honorary member of the royal academy of sciences
and belles lettres at Naples ; and, finally, was named cor-
responding member of tbe royal society of medicine at
Paris in 1780. It is much to be regretted that we cannot
give an account of his manuscript works, several of which
are known to be very important, as he was one of the most
celebrated physicians of this time, and is known to have
written a great deal on inoculation (of which he was one
of the first promoters in Tuscany), putrid fevers, &c. &c.
His printed works are extremely numerous; among tbe
first of them was his *^ Thesis de prasstantia et usu Plan-
tarum in* medicina.^' Pisis, 1734,'* folio; and the latest,
^^ Notizie degli Aggrandimenti delle Scienze Fisicbe ac-
caduti in Toscana nel corso di anni 60, nel secolo 17, Fi-
renze," 1780, 4 vols. 4to. He had just published tbe
fourth volume of this last great work, on the improvement
made in natural knowledge and natural philosophy in Tus-
cany in sixty years only of the 17th century, when he
died of an atrophy in 1780. Mr. Targioni had a large ca-
binet ofvuatui^l history, the foundation of which, as has
been said, bad been laid by Micbeli. It consists of the
minerals and fossils which are found in Tuscany, and tbe
T O Z Z E T T I.
511
r
Zoophytes and Hortus Siccus of Micheli. There is adra\yer
made atAmboyna, by order of Rumphius, containing ail
the sorts of wood of that island. Besides this, there is a
great suite of animals and shells and petrified animal sub*
stances, particularly of the bones of elephants which are
found in the environs of Florence. '
t Maty'B Reyiew, vol. IV.^Haller Bibl. Bot.
INDEX
TO THE
TWENTY-NINTH VOLUME,
Those marked thus *^are new.
Those marked t are re-written, with additions.
Page
SuAREZ, Francis 1
fSuckling, sir John 2
fSuetonius, C. S. T 5
Sueur/Eustache le 8
Suger, the Ahb^ 9
Suicer, John Gaspard ib.
Suidas 10
Sully, M. de Bethune 11
Sulpicia 23
Sulpicius Severus 34
Sulzer, John George 25
Sumorokof, Alexander .... 36
Suienhusius, Will 39
♦Surita, Jerome ib.
^Surius, Laurentius 30
fSutcliffe, Matthew ib.
*Sutton, Richard 33
t Thomas 35
*Suworrow, Alexander .... 38
f Swammerdam^ John 45
*Swaneveli, Herman . . . . '. . 48
Swedenborg, £aianuel .... ib.
*Swert, Francis 50
i
Pajfe
Swift, Jonathan 51
Deane 68
♦Swinburne, Henry 69
* . — Henry, traveller 70
Swinton, John ib.
Sybrecht, John 74
Sydenham, Floyer ib.
t Thomas 75
♦Sykes, A. A ,... 82
Sylburgius, Fred , ... 84
Sylvester, Joshua 85
Sylvius, James 87
Symmachus, Q. A 89
Synesius ib.
Synge, Edward 93
Tabourot, Stephen 95
Tachard, Guy 96
fTacitus, Caius Cornelius ib.
Tacquet, Andrew 101
Taffi, Andrea ib.
*Talbot,John ./.... ib.
* ^Charles 106
* ■ Catherine 109
INDEX.
497
Page
*Talboti Peter:. 112
* '■ Robert 113
fTaliacotius, Gasfiar 114
Tallard, Camille d*Hostim 115
*Tallents, Francis 116
Tallis, Thomas ib.
• Tamerlane 119
^ancred, Christ 120
Tanner, Thomas 121
Tansillo, Lewis . . , » . . 123
Tarin, Peter r. .... 124
Tartini, Joseph . . . ; ib.
♦Tarrantius, Lucius 126
*Tartaglia, Nich 127
♦Tassie, James , . ib.
fTasso^ Torquato . » 130
. Tassoni, Aiess. 150
*Tate, Francis 151
Nahum 152
tTatian. 154
Tatisichef, Vassili 155
Tatius, Achilles ; . yb.
fTaubman, Fred 156
*Taulerus, John. 157
*Taurus, Calvisius 158
*Taverner, Richard ...... 159
iTavernier, J. B 162
Taylor, Brook 163
t Jeremy '. 166
t John (Water-poet) 175
John, Dissenter . . 177
t — ■ — John, Critic ...:.. 179
*— Silas. .,^.. 187
* : — Thomas ., . .^ * . . . 189
*Teis8ier, Anth ib.
*Telesius, Bernard 19Q
Tell, William 192
Tellier, F. M. Le 194
* Michael 195
Tempesta, Ant 196
* Peter ib.
tTemple, sir William 197
Templeman, Peter 212
Tencin, Claudine de. 214
Teniers, David * . . 2 15
• :- son 2]L6
f Tenison, Thomas 217
Terburgh, Gerard 226
Terentianus, Maurus ib.
Terentius, Publius ib.
Vol. XXIX.
Page
*Terrasson, Andrew 230
f * John %,........ ib.
* — : Gaspard. , . . . . . 231
* Matthew 232
Tertre, F. J. Duport du . . . 233
* John Baptist.de. . . . ib.
Tertullian, Q. S. F 2^4
Testa, Pietro : «5S
*Texeira, Joseph Peter .... 239
♦Thales WO
Themistius 241
Themistocles 243
Theobald. Lewis 245
fTheocritus 247
Theodore, king of Corsica 250
* ^ abp. of Canterb. 254
« of Mopsuestia . . . ib.
Theodoret 255
♦Theodosius, Tripolites 258
*Theodulphu3 ; .259
Theognis * ib.
*Theon / 260
Theophanes, P 261
*Theophile 263
*Theophilus, of Alexandria . .ib.
• of Antioch . . . 264
fTheophrastus 265
Theophylact 268
*TheiSpis.; ib.
Thevenot, Melchisedec . . . 269
*Thevet, Andrew 270
*Thew, Robert ib.
^Thierri, or Theodoric .... 271
Thiers, J. B 272
Thirlby, Styan 273
Thomas, Ant Leonard. . . . 277
* Christian 27»
— ' Elizabeth ..:... 281
* John. ib.
William .... 285
William, bp : 286
Wm. the antiquary 296
^Thomassin, Lewis 297
♦I'hompson, Benj 298
* Edward 310
* Waiiam 312
Thomson, James 314
Thoresby, Ralph 320
*Thorie, John 324
fThorius, Raphael 325
Kk
496
INDEX.
Page
^Tkomdike, Herbert 396
Thomhill, sir James 399
f Thornt(m» Bonnel 339
♦Thorpe, John 336
♦— John, son ,....* 337
Thou, or Thuanus, J. A. . . 338
♦Threlkeld, Caleb 343
♦Throsby, John ^ 344
Thucydides 345
♦Thuillier, Vincent 349
Thurloe, John ♦ ib.
•Thurlow, Edward 359
*ThwaUes, Edward 355
•Thynne, Francis 356
Thysius, Ant 358
fTibaldi, or Pdlegrino ib.
Tibullus, Albius 361
TickelU Thomas 363
Richard 366
♦Tiedemann^ Dieterich .... 367
♦Tileniis, Daniel 368
fTillomans, Peter .... 369
fTillemont, L. B. Le Nam de ib.
♦ I^ter .... 379
Tillotson, John ib.
^Ollly, Count de 388
«Tim»us 389
♦Timanthes 390
*Timon 1 ib.
Tindal, Matt 391
Nich 398
fTintoretto, Giacopo 400
♦Tiptoft, earl of Worcester 404
♦Tiraboschi, Jerome 405
Tiraqueau, Andrew 409
fTisi» Benyenuto 410
fTitian, Veceliio ib.
Titley, Waiter 413
*Titon, Everard 414
Tixier, John 415
*Toaldo, Joseph 416
Todd, Hugh ib.
Toland, John
•Tolet, Francis
♦Toilet, Elizabeth ^ . . .
Tollius, James
♦Tolmach, Thomas .«•....
♦Tomasini, James Philip . .
♦Tombes, John
♦Tomeo, Nic. Leo
"Toromasi, Joseph Mai^ia • .
Tooke, Andrew
George
Thomas
♦ John Home
♦Topfasmi, John . . ^
♦Toplady, Aug. Mont
Torcy, J. B. C. marquis of.
♦Torelli, Joseph
♦Torfeus, Thermodus ....
♦Tornastas> John
♦Torquemada, John de . . . .
♦Torre, Philip della
♦ John Maria
418
435
.ib.
436
437
439
440
44S
. ib.
444
445
44S
.449
.459
460
464
.465
ToiTentius, LdBvinus
Torricelli, Evangellsta . . .
*Torrigiano, Peter
♦Tortellius, John
^Tossanus, Daniel
fToup, Jonathan
*Tour, viscount Turenne . .
TOurnefort, J. P. de
^Toumemine, R. J. de . . . .
*Toiu*neux, Nicholas de. . . .
^Toussaint, Francis Vincent
*TOwers, Joseph
^Towerson, Gabriel
^Towgood, Micaiah
*Townley, Charles
*—— — James ...... . .
^ownsoD, Thomas
*Tozer, Henry
♦Tozzi, Luke
Tozzetti, JohnTargioni ..
468
469
470
. .ib.
471
. ib.
.473
475
. ib.
478
481
493
494
499
505
507
508
END OP THE TWENTY-NINTH VOLUME.
Printed by Nichols, Son, and Bentley,
Red Lion Passag^e, Fleet Street, Londuu.
-•^f